中国玉米主要种质的改良与杂优模式的利用

本文通过对中国玉米生产和育种用种质的分析,发现我国玉米种质主要集中在四大杂优群,利用的主要模式有５种。重点讨论了各玉米区主要杂优群和杂优模式的选择、改良与利用等问题,并根据各地成功的经验和自己的育种实践,对其与地方种质、外来种质结合利用等提出了意见和建议。     

二十年来辽宁省玉米种质基础及杂优模式分析

对辽宁省近二十年来审定的玉米品种种质基础及杂优模式进行了分析。结果表明:辽宁省玉米育种中应用的种质主要有旅系、改良Reid、Lancaster、外杂选、黄改等类群,改良Reid×旅系杂优模式占主导地位。辽宁省玉米育种仍存在遗传基础狭窄问题。因此,需加强与国内外的交流与合作,不断引进外来种质,拓宽种质资源,同时不断更新观念,明确今后的育种目标,采用先进的育种技术与传统育种方法相结合,创造新的种质,不断提高玉米育种水平,以适应玉米生产发展的需要。     

辽宁省玉米杂优模式分析及种质基础

辽宁省玉米种质分为旅大红骨、改良Reid、外杂选、PN、Lancaster、塘四平头6个类群。通过对20年来审定玉米品种的杂优模式以及不同生态区主要种植品种进行分析,结果表明,在众多杂优模式中以改良Reid×旅大红骨模式应用最为广泛,说明旅大红骨种质在辽宁玉米育种中占主导地位。辽宁玉米种质资源匮乏,育种手段单一,急需加强与国内外的交流合作,拓宽种质资源,更新育种观念,明确育种目标,将现代生物技术与传统育种相结合,创造新的种质,从而提高玉米育种水平,以适应玉米生产发展的需要。     

"十五"期间辽宁省玉米种质基础及杂优模式分析

对辽宁省“十五”期间审定及生产应用玉米品种的种质基础及杂优模式进行了分析。结果表明,辽宁省玉米育种及生产应用种质可归于旅系统、瑞德系统、先锋系统、黄改系统、兰卡斯特、外杂选等系统类群中,多数为旅系统、瑞德系统、先锋系统。涉及的杂优模式主要有瑞德系统×旅系统、外杂选×旅系统、先锋系统×旅系统、外杂选×黄改系统、先锋系统×黄改系统等。瑞德系统×旅系统占绝对主导地位,辽宁省玉米生产仍然存在遗传基础狭窄问题。应从拓宽种质资源、深入研究和利用多种现有杂优模式、挖掘新型优势模式入手,不断提高辽宁省玉米育种水平。     

黑龙江省玉米育种现状及对策

概述了黑龙江省玉米育种现状,根据对玉米种质和优势群的划分及杂优模式的利用,提出了种质创新和改良的方法,对构建新的杂优模式进行了探讨,总结了在吉林省中西部地区,选育适用于黑龙江玉米杂交种应注意的问题。     

浅析Tuxpeno和Suwan等(亚)热带种质在中国玉米育种和生产中的作用

分析了20世纪70年代至今Tuxpeno、Suwan、墨黄9号和西南山区地方品种等(亚)热带种质选系及改良系在中国玉米育种和生产上的研究与应用.结果表明,优良玉米群体Tuxpeno、Suw明和墨黄9号等,优良玉米自交系S37、S11、S1611、QB39、毕405、449、D19、M9、五-151、J51和5311等,优良玉米杂交种恩单2号、会单4号、雅玉2号、桂单19、兴黄单89-2、交三单交和黔单13等,对中国玉米育种和生产产生了一定影响,其间利用的主要杂优模式为Suwan(Tuxpeno等)×西南山区地方品种选系或温改地选系或典型温带种质选系等.新世纪如何继续沿用原有杂优模式和利用(亚)热带种质改良中国骨干类群并创建新的杂优模式都值得玉米育种家高度重视,为中国玉米育种和生产再上新台阶奠定基础。     

我国西南玉米杂种优势群及其杂优模式研究与应用的回顾

四川农业大学于上世纪80年代,提出直接从热带种质选育自交系与温带种质自交系杂交,将温、热带种质的优点结合到杂交一代的西南玉米育种新思路,从Suwan-1群体中成功选育了自交系S37(苏37),构建了"温带种质自交系×热带种质自交系"的杂优模式。在此基础上,不断总结西南玉米育种的成功经验,经过研究和发展,又提出将西南玉米育种用种质划分为Reid(瑞德)、Non-Reid(非瑞德)和Tropical(热带)3个类群,其两两组配,可构成"Reid×Non-Reid(浅丘、河谷组配模式)、Reid×Tropical和Non-Reid×Tropical(深丘、山区组配模式)"三角形杂优组配模式。本文系统回顾了我国西南玉米育种中热带种质利用、杂种优势群划分及杂优模式研究与应用的发展历程,并对今后的发展趋势进行分析。     

应用美国玉米种质的经验和教训

主要阐述了应用美国玉米种质育成的优良玉米自交系及这些自交系目前在我国玉米生产上的主要杂优模式．并总结应用过程中的经验和教训,从而起到抛砖引玉的作用,使广大玉米育种工作者有所受益．能够更好地利用美国玉米种质育成更多更好的玉米品种,促进我国玉米生产的发展。     

贵州玉米品种(组合)杂优模式初探

对贵州玉米生产和育种概况进行描述,指出贵州杂交玉米良种推广潜力很大,增产潜力可挖,应引起大家的重视.对贵州玉米组合(品种)杂交类型进行简述,还分析了历年贵州省农科院旱粮所相关玉米新组合杂交类型,历年贵州省级审(认)定玉米品种杂交类型和贵州省主要玉米育种单位的玉米主要杂交类型,提出了贵州玉米育种杂优模式的发展方向应依据玉米气候区域来划分,主要分为:(亚)热带种质与温带和地方种质正反交,温带种质与地方种质和温带种质正反交。     

浅析塘四平头杂优群选系及其改良系在中国玉米育种和生产中的作用

分析了塘四平头杂优群选系及其改良系在中国玉米育种和生产上的研究与应用。结果表明,优良玉米自交系塘四平头、黄早四、515、444、昌7-2等和杂交种掖单2号、掖单4号、烟单14、鲁玉3号、京早7号等对中国玉米育种研究和生产应用产生了重大影响,也做出了巨大贡献。其间利用的主要杂优模式为塘四平头杂优群与Lan.杂优群Mo17亚群和改良Reid杂优群等。新世纪如何继续沿用原有杂优模式和创建新的杂优模式都值得玉米育种家高度重视,为中国玉米育种和生产再上新台阶奠定基础。     

Characterization of starches of proso,foxtail, barnyard,kodo, and little millets

Scanning electron microscope (SEM) pictures of small millet starch granules showed more large polygonal and few small spherical or polygonal granules. The granules of small millets resembled those of rice starch granules. The size of the starch granules ranged from 0.8–10 m. The size of the granules was larger in barnyard millet and smaller in proso millet. Several granules showed deep indentation caused by protein bodies. SEM of starch isolated from 24 hour-germinated kodo millet showed pitting or pinholes at some points due to the attack of amylases (preferentially on bigger granules). Brabender viscoamylograph studies on small millet starches revealed that the gelatinization temperatures ranged from 75.8 to 84.9 ^° C. Barnyard millet possessed lower amylograph viscosity, minimum breakdown, and relative breakdown values when compared to the other small millets.     

Effects of application of nitrogen fertilizer on concentrations of P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Na, Cl, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn in perennial ryegrass/white clover pastures in south-western Victoria, Australia

Effects of timing and rate of N fertilizer application on concentrations of P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Na, Cl, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn in herbage from perennial ryegrass/white clover pastures were studied at two sites in south-western Victoria, Australia. Nitrogen fertilizer (0, 15, 25, 30, 45 and 60 kg ha^–1) was applied as urea in mid-April, early May, mid-May, early June and mid-June 1996 to pastures grazed by dairy cows. At Site 1, N fertilizer resulted in a linear increase in P, K, S, Mg and Cl concentrations in herbage and a linear decrease in Ca concentration. For all times of application, concentrations of P, K, Ca, Mg and Cl in herbage increased by 0·0048, 0·08, −0·010, 0·0013 and 0·053 g kg^–1 dry matter (DM) per kg N applied respectively. For S concentration, maximum responses occurred in mid-May (0·012 g kg^–1 DM per kg N applied). At Site 2, N fertilizer resulted in a linear increase in P, S and Na concentrations in herbage, a linear decrease in Ca concentration and a curvilinear increase in K and Cl concentration. The maximum responses for P, S and K concentrations in herbage occurred for the N application in mid-June and were 0·015, 0·008 and 0·47 g kg^–1 DM per kg N applied respectively. For Cl concentration, the maximum response occurred for the N application in early June and was 0·225 g kg^–1 DM per kg N applied. Overall, applications of N fertilizer up to 60 kg ha^–1 did not alter herbage mineral concentration to levels that might affect pasture growth or animal health.     

Milling,functional and thermo-mechanical properties of wheat,rye, triticale,barley and oat

The milling potential of hulled barley, hulled oat, triticale, rye and wheat was studied using a long tempering process and a laboratory four-roller mill. Regardless of the investigated cereal, the results indicated a significant influence (p < 0.05) of volume per surface area ratio on the milling yield and ash contents of the flour. The lowest milling yield was obtained in case of hulled oat. Solvent retention capacity profiles were determined for all investigated whole cereals and flours for predicting the contribution of different polymers to the functionality of samples. For all solvents higher values were obtained for the whole cereals compared to the corresponding flour. Thermo-mechanical properties of the whole cereals and refined flours were also investigated. If in case of wheat the gluten proteins play an essential role on dough behaviour during kneading at 30 °C, in case of triticale, rye, hulled barley and hulled oat, the fibers play a major role as well. Thermo-mechanical properties of starch registered a large variation between cereals and/or flours. The lowest torque value corresponding to starch gelatinization (C3) was registered in case of the hulled oat flour, 1.92 Nm, while the highest value in case of rye flour, 2.65 Nm.     

Study of antimicrobial activity of aloevera, chitosan, and curcumin on cotton, wool, and rabbit hair

Aloevera, chitosan, and curcumin were applied in alone and in combination with each others on cotton, wool and rabbit hair by exhaustion method for the assessment of their antimicrobial activity. The antimicrobial activity of these natural ingredients was better in peroxide treated cotton, formic acid treated wool/rabbit hair fibrous substrates than their corresponding intact ones. Aloevera shown better antimicrobial activity than chitosan and curcumin when applied alone and its antimicrobial activity was enhanced by addition of both chitosan and curcumin. The application of aloevera+chitosan+curcumin combination on peroxide treated cotton and formic acid treated wool/rabbit hair fibrous substrate was fast up to twenty five washing cycles.     

酸碱条件对枯草芽胞杆菌FJAT-14254代谢物产生的影响

为考察酸碱条件对枯草芽胞杆菌FJAT-14254代谢物产生的影响,采用气相色谱-质谱联用分析枯草芽胞杆菌FJAT-14254菌株的胞内成分。结果表明：通过谱库扫描得到32种高匹配率代谢物的初步鉴定结果,主要包括氨基酸类、酸类、烷烃类等,其中含量相对较高的有7种;枯草芽胞杆菌FJAT-14254代谢物的种类和含量与其培养环境的酸碱度变化呈一定的相关性,强酸性(pH＝3)条件下培养的胞内代谢物具有特异性,而接近中性(pH＝5、7)条件及碱性(pH＝9、11)条件下培养胞内代谢物则相似。由此推断,不同pH条件影     

Structure Elucidation of New Acetylated Saponins,Lessoniosides A,B, C,D, and E,and Non-Acetylated Saponins,Lessoniosides F and G,from the Viscera of the Sea Cucumber Holothuria lessoni

Sea cucumbers produce numerous compounds with a wide range of chemical structural diversity. Among these, saponins are the most diverse and include sulfated, non-sulfated, acetylated and methylated congeners with different aglycone and sugar moieties. In this study, MALDI and ESI tandem mass spectrometry, in the positive ion mode, were used to elucidate the structure of new saponins extracted from the viscera of H. lessoni. Fragmentation of the aglycone provided structural information on the presence of the acetyl group. The presence of the O-acetyl group was confirmed by observing the mass transition of 60 u corresponding to the loss of a molecule of acetic acid. Ion fingerprints from the glycosidic cleavage provided information on the mass of the aglycone (core), and the sequence and type of monosaccharides that constitute the sugar moiety. The tandem mass spectra of the saponin precursor ions [M + Na]⁺ provided a wealth of detailed structural information on the glycosidic bond cleavages. As a result, and in conjunction with existing literature, we characterized the structure of five new acetylated saponins, Lessoniosides A–E, along with two non-acetylated saponins Lessoniosides F and G at m/z 1477.7, which are promising candidates for future drug development. The presented strategy allows a rapid, reliable and complete analysis of native saponins.     

氮磷钾肥对稻米铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙含量和产量的影响

 采用田间试验，在四川省西昌市用两个水稻品种研究了氮、磷、钾肥施用量对稻米中铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙含量和产量的影响。结果表明，稻米中铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙含量均随着施氮量增加先上升后下降，滇屯502的铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙含量和产量都以施用90 kg/hm2 N最高，稻谷产量以施用180 kg/hm2 N最高；而合系39的铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙的含量以施用180 kg/hm2 N最高，稻谷产量以施用270 kg/hm2 N最高，说明供试籼型品种滇屯502对氮肥的敏感性较粳型品种合系39强；磷肥明显降低了稻米中铁、铜、锰、钙的含量和产量，适量增施磷肥有利于增加稻米中镁的含量和产量；适量施用钾肥有利于提高稻米中铁、锌、铜、锰含量和产量，两供试品种铁、锌、铜、锰含量均以90 kg/hm2 K2O时最高，而钾肥明显降低了稻米中镁、钙的含量和产量。     

Evaluation of the enzyme-amplified ELISA for the detection of potato viruses A,M, S,X, Y,and leafroll

Various parameters,e.g. types of microtiter plate for DAS-ELISA (double antibody sandwich-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), use of fresh or frozen amplifier solutions for enzyme-amplified-ELISA, and use of sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (NaDIECA) in sample buffer in cocktail-ELISA were evaluated for the detection of potato viruses A, M, S, X, Y and leafroll from potato foliage. Dynatech Immulon immunoplates provided higher readings for all viruses. Fresh amplifier solution in amplifed-ELISA was superior to frozen solutions. Amplified ELISA gave only marginal improvement in the sensitivity over the standard DAS-ELISA. Addition of NaDIECA in sample buffer did not improve the detection of viruses in DAS-, amplified-, or cocktail-ELISA. Cocktail-ELISA can reduce antigen incubation time to as short as 15 min for PVA, PVM and PVX; 1 hr for PVY and PLRV; and 2–4 hr for PVS using pre-coated plates. Although amplified-ELISA is slightly more sensitive than DAS-ELISA for certain potato viruses, it is not suitable for large-scale indexing of potato viruses in Seed Certification Laboratories, in view of the additional steps needed in carrying out this procedure.     

云南元谋县葡萄品种应用现状及存在问题分析

介绍元谋县葡萄种植发展优势、品种应用现状、优势品种及存在的问题,并提出相应对策,为元谋县葡萄品种的发展提供参考。