Pressure evaluation of 3D seamless knitted bras and conventional wired bras

Seamless knitting for making bras is a novel approach. The fitting evaluation of these products remains unknown and there is limited knowledge about the effects of knitting parameters on the bra tension. This study developed 3 styles of seamless knitted bras with various loop length and elastic yarn tension based on a 2² full factorial experimental design with one additional centre level. Therefore, a total of 3 × 5= 15 new seamless bra samples have been knitted. The skin pressure exerted by the new bras was compared with 4 commercial bras including 2 “cut and sewn” wired bras and 2 seamless knitted bras. Six women subjects of breast size 75B* in our newly developed breast sizing system were invited to wear all the bra samples. The skin pressure exerted by the bra was measured by the Novel pliance-X pressure sensors on 11 body positions. The results indicated that newly developed seamless bras showed lower pressure than the commercial bras, but had a considerably higher pressure at the cup base point. The new seamless bras with the largest loop length presented the lowest pressure values. Furthermore, empirical equations were established to predict 2 critical pressure points at “apex” and “side bottom band” from two major knitting parameters. This study provides the new knowledge of seamless knitted bra fitting and the resulted bra pressure, as well as some guidelines for seamless knitted product design and manufacturing.     

A three-dimensional biomechanical model for numerical simulation of dynamic pressure functional performances of graduated compression stocking (GCS)

The beneficial effects of graduated compression stockings (GCS) in prophylaxis and treatment of venous disorders of human lower extremity have been recognized. However, their pressure functional performances are variable and unstable in practical applications, and the exact mechanisms of action remain controversial. Direct surface pressure measurements and indirect material properties testing are not enough for fully understanding the interaction between stocking and leg. A three-dimensional (3D) biomechanical mathematical model for numerically simulating the interaction between leg and GCS in dynamic wear was developed based on the actual geometry of the female leg obtained from 3D reconstruction of MR images and the real size and mechanical properties of the compression stocking prototype. The biomechanical solid leg model consists of bones and soft tissues, and an orthotropic shell model is built for the stocking hose. The dynamic putting-on process is simulated by defining the contact of finite relative sliding between the two objects. The surface pressure magnitude and distribution along the different height levels of the leg and stress profiles of stockings were simulated. As well, their dynamic alterations with time processing were quantitatively analyzed. Through validation, the simulated results showed a reasonable agreement with the experimental measurements, and the simulated pressure gradient distribution from the ankle to the thigh (100:67:30) accorded with the advised criterion by the European committee for standardization. The developed model can be used to predict and visualize the dynamic pressure and stress performances exerted by compression stocking in wear, and to optimize the material mechanical properties in stocking design, thus, helping us understand mechanisms of compression action and improving medical functions of GCS.     

3D pattern construction and its application to tight-fitting garments for comfortable pressure sensation

Tight-fitting clothing pattern reflecting the accurate information of the 3D body shape has been one of the challenges for garment industry, however, fitting problems still exist. The objectives of the paper is to develop a 2D pattern which fits tightly to the 3D human scan data for sports suits that need comfort and function for maximum performance. In this study, the user graphic interface application software for the semi-automatic garment pattern generation has been implemented using the triangle simplification scheme together with 2D projections of free-falling of 3D surface polygons keeping the original 3D surface area preservation. A typical application of the developed pattern to the functional body suits is presented and verification of the proposed method is also provided.     

Wire frame representation of 3D moulded bra cup and its application to example-based design

Fabric or foam sheet moulding is an important manufacturing technique for the apparel industry, in particular for bra production. It is the most economical and convenient method to seamlessly form a garment part into a specified 3D shape. This paper proposes an example-based method for designing moulded bra cups. In this study, a total of 10 typical moulded bra cup specimens were scanned using the Steinbichler Comet white light scanner. Parameterization based remeshing and registration algorithm was used to characterize the 3D shapes of the convex surface of the scanned bra cups. Using an example-based method, virtual master moulds were constructed based on the 3D surfaces of the investigated bra cups after eliminating the style lines and size differences. Then a new bra cup design can be developed from the master mould, either by drawing the style lines in the virtual environment or using scissors to cut the moulded plastic shot along the desired style lines. Different sizes can also be made by grading the wire frame model in 3D manner. The present method will provide a scientific tool for the product development of new bra cups which was conventionally very time-consuming and ineffective.     

Chrysin Reduced Acrylamide-Induced Neurotoxicity in Both in vitro and in vivo Assessments

Background: Acrylamide (ACR) is a well-known industrial toxic chemical that produces neurotoxicity, which is characterized by progressive central and peripheral neuronal degeneration. Chrysin is a natural, biologically active flavonoid compound, which is commonly found in many plants. The antioxidant and neuroprotective properties of chrysin have been demonstrated. Methods: In this study, the possible effect of chrysin on ACR-induced toxicity was evaluated in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. PC12 cells were used as a suitable in vitro model. Cells were exposed to chrysin (0.5-5 µM) for 12 and 24 h, and then ACR in IC₅₀ concentration was added to the cells. Finally, cell viability was determined using (4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium assay. For in vivo assay, Wistar rats were treated with ACR (50 mg/kg i.p. for 11 days) alone or in combination with chrysin (12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg). At the end of treatment, behavioral index was evaluated. Results: ACR decreased cell viability and pre-treatment with chrysin (0.5-5 µM) significantly decreased ACR-induced cytotoxicity in the time- and dose-dependent manner. In Wistar rats, exposure to ACR significantly induced severe gait abnormalities, but treatment with chrysin (50 mg/kg) reduced ACR-induced neurotoxicity in animals. Conclusion: In the current study, chrysin exhibited neuroprotective effect on PC12 cells as an in vitro model and also on Wistar rats. Iran. Key Words: Acrylamide, Chrysin, Neurotoxicity, Antioxidant     

茶多酚体内外抗流感病毒作用研究

研究了没食子儿茶素(Gallocatechin, GC)、表儿茶素(Epicatechin, EC)、表没食子儿茶素(Epigallocatechin, EGC)、表儿茶素没食子酸酯(Epicatechin gallate, ECG)、表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(Epigallocatechin gallate, EGCG)、原儿茶醛(Protocatechuic aldehyde, PAD)、原儿茶酸(Protocatechuic acid, PA)共7种茶多酚类物质在MDCK细胞中的抑制流感病毒活性。结果表明,EGCG和ECG具有显著的抑制病毒作用,对感染H₅N₁、H₁N₁和H₉N₂ 3种亚型流感病毒的MDCK细胞50%保护率浓度(EC₅₀)分别在0.04~0.11 mmol/L和0.05~0.07 mmol/L范围,其保护效果均优于阳性对照药利巴韦林（EC₅₀：0.41~0.53 mmol/L）。7种茶多酚类物质对流感病毒神经氨酸酶（NA）均有不同程度的抑制作用,EGCG和ECG对H₅N₁、H₁N₁和H₉N₂ 3种亚型流感病毒NA活性抑制浓度（IC₅₀）分别在0.03~0.14 mmol/L和0.34~0.69 mmol/L范围。茶多酚对NA的抑制活性大小与其细胞中对病毒的抑制作用基本一致,表明对NA的抑制可能是其抗流感病毒机制。本文还研究了茶多酚含量为85%的苦茶(C. assamica var. Kucha)提取物对感染流感病毒小鼠的肺炎抑制效果,结果显示,1 000 mg/(kg·d)苦茶提取物对感染H₉N₂亚型流感病毒BALB/c鼠肺炎有显著抑制作用(P﹤0.05),肺指数抑制率达37%。     

杂交水稻腋芽在母体与离体条件下的再生特性研究

以杂交水稻龙两优072和深优9576为试验材料,对各节位腋芽在母体与离体条件下的再生特性进行了研究。结果表明,有效穗数和结实率对母体条件下再生稻产量起决定性作用,有效穗数和每穗总粒数对离体条件下再生稻产量起决定性作用;离体条件下再生稻的有效穗数、结实率和产量均高于母体条件,但千粒重略低于母体条件;离体条件下再生稻的叶面积指数、作物生长率均高于母体条件;再生稻全氮的转运主要发生在叶片,碳水化合物的转运主要发生在茎鞘,且碳水化合物的转运随节位的下降呈增加的趋势;离体条件下各节位各时期茎鞘和叶片的全氮和可溶性糖含量均高于母体条件,淀粉含量低于母体条件。     

茶多酚抗辐射研究进展

过量的辐射是多种疾病的主因,近年来摄入茶多酚被被认为有益健康,能够帮助人体抵御辐射。本文针对近年来茶多酚在体内和体外展开的实验,概括了茶多酚抗辐射的机理研究进展,新的研究理论表明茶多酚对人体健康有益,并阐释了茶多酚抗辐射的内在机理。     

Modeling the functional compression properties of hand-knotted carpets using factorial design and response surface methodology

The most performance quality of cut-pile carpets is related to mechanical behavior of surface piles under compression loading in use. In this study, main purpose was to achieve the predictive models of the functional compression properties of carpet including work of compression (WC), compressional resilience (RC), linearity of compression-thickness curve (LC), and thickness loss (TL) after recovery on hand-knotted carpets with symmetric (Turkish) knot. Eighteen hand-knotted carpet samples with different structural specifications were produced. Meanwhile, compression properties were investigated in new and worn out carpet samples by a Hexapod tumbler tester in 4000 and 12000 revolutions. Factorial experimental design and response surface method were applied for modeling of each compression properties. To optimize the initial models the Box-Cox transformation was used. In the final models, contribution of different variables was also determined. The models showed a desirable fit and high adjusted R² values were observed. The ANOVA test showed that the obtained models are valid at 5 % level significant.     

杀菌剂对芒果细菌性角斑病菌的室内毒力及田间防效

细菌性角斑病是芒果生产上的重要病害,为筛选有效的防治药剂,采用浑浊度法对22种杀菌剂进行室内抑菌活性初筛,对抑菌活性较好的药剂采用平板菌落计数法进行室内毒力及田间药效试验。室内抑菌活性表明,四霉素、辛菌胺醋酸盐、溴菌腈、乙蒜素和噻霉酮抑菌作用最强,2 mg/L处理浓度下抑菌率均达90%以上,其次为丙硫唑和中生菌素,10 mg/L处理下抑菌率在75%以上;溴菌腈、噻霉酮、丙硫唑、春雷霉素和噻森铜的EC₅₀值分别为0.048、0.103、0.900、21.970、189.347 mg/L。田间试验显示,施药后30 d,20%噻唑锌SC750倍防效最高,可达75%以上;其次为3%噻霉酮ME1000倍、20%丙硫唑SC1000倍和25%溴菌腈EC1000倍,防效均在70%以上;46%氢氧化铜WG保护作用最高,防治后病叶率最低。据此,氢氧化铜、噻唑锌、噻霉酮、丙硫唑和溴菌腈可作为防治芒果细菌性角斑病的供选药剂。     

Immunomodulatory Effects of Domoic Acid Differ Between In vivo and In vitro Exposure in Mice

The immunotoxic potential of domoic acid (DA), a well-characterized neurotoxin, has not been fully investigated. Phagocytosis and lymphocyte proliferation were evaluated following in vitro and in vivo exposure to assay direct vs indirect effects. Mice were injected intraperitoneally with a single dose of DA (2.5 μg/g b.w.) and sampled after 12, 24, or 48 hr. In a separate experiment, leukocytes and splenocytes were exposed in vitro to 0, 1, 10, or 100 μM DA. In vivo exposure resulted in a significant increase in monocyte phagocytosis (12-hr), a significant decrease in neutrophil phagocytosis (24-hr), a significant decrease in monocyte phagocytosis (48-hr), and a significant reduction in T-cell mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation (24-hr). In vitro exposure significantly reduced neutrophil and monocyte phagocytosis at 1 μM. B- and T-cell mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation were both significantly increased at 1 and 10 μM, and significantly decreased at 100 μM. Differences between in vitro and in vivo results suggest that DA may exert its immunotoxic effects both directly and indirectly. Modulation of cytosolic calcium suggests that DA exerts its effects through ionotropic glutamate subtype surface receptors at least on monocytes. This study is the first to identify DA as an immunotoxic chemical in a mammalian species.     

Effects of compression legwear on body temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure following prolonged standing and sitting in women

The present study was to examine the effects of skin pressures by compression legwear (CL) with different pressure levels on multiple physiological indices and the physical-mechanical stimuli of CLs on psychological comfort perceptions following prolonged standing and sitting period in women. Heart rate (HR), blood pressures (BP), core temperature at deep ear canal (T _{ear canal}), and skin temperatures on the breast (T _breast), arm (T _arm), thigh (T _thigh), and lower leg (T _lowerleg) regions were measured by using a Polar S810i heart rate monitor, Dynapulse 5000A ambulatory BP monitor, and thermistor sensors based on the Ramanathan method, in twelve healthy female subjects wearing CLs with four kinds of different pressure levels during designed 4-hour wear trials under a controlled environment chamber. No significant differences and variation in HR and systolic blood pressure (SBP) were found among different pressures applied. While HR significantly decreased with time, and constant skin pressures exerted by the CLs appeared to have reduced the activation of sympathetic nervous system, resulting in lower HR compared with that of the control condition. The application of CLs increased core temperatures (T _{ear canal}) and skin temperatures (T _breast, T _arm, T _thigh, and T _lowerleg) with elevation of pressure levels, but with increasing wearing time, the core and skin temperatures gradually decreased. Decrease in skin heat dissipation might have been responsible for the changes in T _{ear canal} and skin temperatures. CLs with light and mild pressure levels decreased the leg fatigue feeling and maintained a comfortable wearing sensation after wearing for 180 min. The application of CLs did not impose an unacceptable stress on the subjects. Wearing of CLs should be safe in leg health care and treatment of venous disorders. CLs with light and mild pressures enhanced wearing comfort, which would be more suitable for subjects whose work required sitting and standing for prolonged periods.     

A comparison of in vivo and in vitro estimates of protein digestibility of native and thermally processed vegetable proteins

Research was performed to determine the suitability of the rapid multienzymatic assay for in vitro protein digestibility estimation by using a group of native and thermally processed vegetable proteins which constitute the staple foods in developing countries. The in vitro digestibility was assessed by measuring the extent to which the pH of the protein suspension dropped when treated with a multienzyme system consisting of trypsin, chymotrypsin, and peptidase for 10 min, andStreptomyces griseus protease for 10 min more. The best correlation occurred between in vivo rat protein digestibility and the pH of the protein suspension after 15 min enzymatic treatment. The response of different types of proteins to the multienzyme assay was different, and thus distinct equations were derived for the in vitro digestibility estimation of the samples assayed. The first group included nonprocessed cereal grains and oilseeds, and cereal grain-leguminous seed mixtures. The second group was formed by leguminous seeds, and the third by thermally processed cereal and oilseed products. Although highly significant correlations between in vivo and in vitro estimates for the three groups were found, important differences occurred in the group of processed samples; therefore, more research is required with these types of samples.     

Marine Compound Catunaregin Inhibits Angiogenesis through the Modulation of Phosphorylation of Akt and eNOS in vivo and in vitro

Angiogenesis is the formation of blood vessels from pre-existing vasculature. Excessive or uncontrolled angiogenesis is a major contributor to many pathological conditions whereas inhibition of aberrant angiogenesis is beneficial to patients with pathological angiogenesis. Catunaregin is a core of novel marine compound isolated from mangrove associate. The potential anti-angiogenesis of catunaregin was investigated in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and zebrafish. HUVECs were treated with different concentrations of catunaregin in the presence or absence of VEGF. The angiogenic phenotypes including cell invasion cell migration and tube formation were evaluated following catunaregin treatment in HUVECs. The possible involvement of AKT, eNOS and ERK1/2 in catunaregin-induced anti-angiogenesis was explored using Western blotting. The anti-angiogenesis of catunaregin was further tested in the zebrafish embryo neovascularization and caudal fin regeneration assays. We found that catunaregin dose-dependently inhibited angiogenesis in both HUVECs and zebrafish embryo neovascularization and zebrafish caudal fin regeneration assays. In addition, catunaregin significantly decreased the phosphorylation of Akt and eNOS, but not the phosphorylation of ERK1/2. The present work demonstrates that catunaregin exerts the anti-angiogenic activity at least in part through the regulation of the Akt and eNOS signaling pathways.     

Soluble arabinoxylans extracted from soft and hard wheat show a differential prebiotic effect in vitro and in vivo

Arabinoxylans (AX) are part of dietary fiber. They are currently under study due to their potential prebiotic effect. Wheat whole grain flours contain all the grain layers and, therefore, present a higher arabinoxylan content than white flour. It is known that the chemical structure of these compounds varies with the type of wheat cultivar and the tissue from which they are extracted. In this work, water soluble extractable arabinoxylans (WE-AX) from two types of wheat whole flours (hard and soft) were extracted. We characterized the molecular size distribution and the potential prebiotic effect of those extracts. The prebiotic effect was evaluated in vitro and confirmed in vivo. Bacterial group abundance (Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, Enterococcus, Bacteriodes and total bacteria) was determined by quantitative RT-PCR. The molecular size of AX from hard wheats was significantly higher than AX from soft wheats. Both extracts showed potential prebiotic activity by increasing the growth of beneficial bacteria in vitro and in vivo, decreasing the pathogens in the profile of intestinal microorganisms and increasing the amount of short chain fatty acids in the intestine. WE-AX from hard wheat showed a higher prebiotic activity. Prebiotic effect assessed in vitro and in vivo assays showed a significant correlation between both types of analysis. This finding suggests that the in vitro indices performed allow predicting the potential prebiotic effect in vivo.     

Effects of material properties and fabric structure characteristics of graduated compression stockings (GCS) on the skin pressure distributions

Graduated compression stockings (GCS) have been widely used for the prophylaxis and treatment of venous diseases. Their gradient pressure function largely related to their fabric structure and material properties. By combing fabric physical testing and wear trials, this study investigated the GCSs fabric structure and material properties at different locations along the stocking hoses, and quantitatively analyzed the effects of fabrics on skin pressure longitudinal and transverse distributions. We concluded that, Structural characteristics and material properties of stocking fabrics were not uniform along the hoses, but a gradual variation from ankle to thigh regions, which significantly influenced the corresponding skin pressure gradient distributions; Tensile (WT, EM) and shearing properties (G) generated most significant differences among ankle, knee and thigh regions along the stocking hose, which significantly influenced the skin pressure lognitudinal gradient distribution. More material indices generating significant gradual changes occurred in the fabric wale direction along stocking hose, meaning that materials properties in wale direction would exert more important impact on the skin pressure gradient performances. And, the greater tensibility and smoother surface of fabric in wale direction would contribute to put stocking on and off, and facilitate wearers’ leg extension-flexion movements. The indices of WT and EM of stocking fabrics in series A have strong linear correlations with skin pressure lognitudinal distribution, which largely related to their better performances in gradual changes of material properties. Skin pressure applied by fabric with same material properties produced pronounced differences among four different directions around certain cross-sections of human leg, especially at the ankle region; and, the skin pressure magnitudes at ankle region were more easily influenced by the materials properties, which were considered to be largely related to the anatomic structure of human leg.     

Some morphological and anatomical studies of leaves and flowers of Murraya paniculata (Jack) Linn. in vivo and in vitro

In the present study, various explants of Murraya paniculata (Jack) Linn., such as cotyledons, shoots and young stems were cultured on MS medium supplemented with various concentrations of Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) under 25 +/- 1 degree C with 16 h light and 8 h dark and also 8 h light and 16 h dark to obtain complete plant regeneration. In vitro flowering was observed from shoot explants cultured on MS supplemented with 0.5-2.0 mg L(-1) Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) and also on MS basal medium under similar conditions. The leaves and flowers obtained from both in vivo and in vitro conditions were examined and compared. Morphological studies such as leaf clearing, epidermal peeling were studied using light and scanning electron microscope. Macromorphological studies of the flowers produced from in vivo and in vitro conditions were also examined. Morphologically, there were no differences between in vivo and in vitro flowers except the flowers produced from tissue culture systems were smaller in size with protruding stigmas. Differences were also found in the number of layers of palisade cells and the presence or absence of epicuticle layer of the leaves. Leaves produced from tissue culture system were smaller in size with membranous texture. Stomata were present only on the abaxial surfaces of both in vivo and in vitro leaves but the stomata were raised above the epidermis in the latter.     

硝酸银在离体培养和转化中的作用及其机理

综述了硝酸银在离体培养中对植株再生的影响,及其在遗传转化中的作用,并对硝酸银作用的生理生化机制进行了探讨。     

In vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of neorogioltriol, a new diterpene extracted from the red algae Laurencia glandulifera

Neorogioltriol is a tricyclic brominated diterpenoid isolated from the organic extract of the red algae Laurencia glandulifera. In the present study, the anti-inflammatory effects of neorogioltriol were evaluated both in vivo using carrageenan-induced paw edema and in vitro on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated Raw264.7 macrophages. The in vivo study demonstrated that the administration of 1 mg/kg of neorogioltriol resulted in the significant reduction of carregeenan-induced rat edema. In vitro, our results show that neorogioltriol treatment decreased the luciferase activity in LPS-stimulated Raw264.7 cells, stably transfected with the NF-κB-dependent luciferase reporter. This effect on NF-κB activation is not mediated through MAPK pathways. The inhibition of NF-κB activity correlates with decreased levels of LPS-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) present in neorogioltriol treated supernatant cell culture. Further analyses indicated that this product also significantly inhibited the release of nitric oxide and the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in LPS-stimulated Raw264.7 cells. These latter effects could only be observed for neorogioltriol concentrations below 62.5 μM. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing a molecule derived from Laurencia glandulifera with anti-inflammatory activity both in vivo and in vitro. The effect demonstrated in vitro may be explained by the inhibition of the LPS-induced NF-κB activation and TNFα production. NO release and COX-2 expression may reinforce this effect.