不同浓度磷对茄子叶片光合及荧光特性的影响

为探求不同浓度磷对茄子幼苗光合、荧光特性的影响,采用水培方法,在Hoagland's基本营养液(CK)基础上,设置4个低磷处理。结果表明,对照的叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量显著高于其他处理。净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)随着浓度磷的增大不断增高,在0.60 mmol·L~(-1)磷含量时达最大值,且与其他处理差异显著。不同浓度磷处理下最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)均值相近,说明在不同浓度磷处理下茄子叶片均能保持较高活力。综合分析表明,0.60 mmol·L~(-1)浓度磷即可满足茄子正常生长对磷的需求。     

Nitric oxide alleviates adverse salt-induced effects by improving the photosynthetic performance and increasing the anti-oxidant capacity of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)

Summary

Nitric oxide (NO) is an active molecule involved in many physiological functions in plants. To characterise the roles of NO in the tolerance of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) to salt stress, the protective effects of exogenous sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a donor of NO, applied at different concentrations (0, 0.05, 0.1, or 0.2 mM), on plant biomass, photosynthesis, and anti-oxidant capacity were evaluated. The application of SNP alleviated the suppression of growth in eggplant under salt stress, as reflected by a higher accumulation of biomass. In parallel with growth, the application of SNP to salt-stressed plants resulted in enhanced photosynthetic parameters such as the net photosynthetic rate (P_n), stomatal conductance (g_s), transpiration rate (T_r), and intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i), as well as an increased quantum efficiency of PSII (F_v/F_m), efficiency of excitation capture of open PSII centres (F_v’/F_m’), quantum yield of PSII ( _psii) and photochemical quenching coefficient (qP). Furthermore, exogenous SNP also reduced significantly the rate of production of O₂^{? –} radicals and the concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) and H₂O₂. It also increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in eggplant leaves grown under salt stress. The results indicated that the protective effects of NO against salt stress in eggplant seedlings were most likely mediated through improvements in photosynthetic performance and the stimulation of anti-oxidant capacity.     

UV-B增强下6-BA、GA_3对油桃光合和抗氧化酶活性的影响

【目的】为探讨UV-B增强下植物生长调节剂对油桃光合作用的调控,【方法】以‘中油桃8号’为试材,研究了叶面喷施6-BA和GA3对UV-B增强下油桃光合特性和抗氧化酶活性的影响。【结果】结果表明,补充15μW.cm-2的UV-B辐射后,油桃的净光合速率下降,叶绿素a含量增加;补充30μW.cm-2的UV-B辐射,净光合速率和叶绿素a含量受到明显抑制,叶绿素b略有下降。喷施50 mg.L-16-BA和GA3可有效提高UV-B增强下叶片的Pn和叶绿素a、b含量。50 mg.L-16-BA处理14 d后,UV-B增强下叶片的SOD、POD活性明显上升,MDA含量显著下降,类黄酮含量与对照无显著差异;而GA3处理则提高了叶片的类黄酮含量,但MDA和抗氧化酶活性无显著变化。【结论】UV-B辐射增强下,6-BA对油桃光合特性的促进可能与SOD等抗氧化酶活性的提高有关。     

Grafting and calcium cyanamide as alternatives to methyl bromide for greenhouse eggplant production

Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) seedlings (cv. Tsakoniki) were cultivated in soil artificially infested with V. dahliae Kleb. and then sterilized by either methyl bromide (MB) or calcium cyanamide. Grafted seedlings on the wild species Solanum torvum Sw. and the control seedlings (auto-rooted) were cultivated in soil sterilized by MB and then artificially infested with V. dahliae. The plants grafted on S. torvum and the ones grown in soil treated with calcium cyanamide (2001) exhibited significantly lower leaf symptom index (average value LSI = 1.55 and LSI = 1.00) and disease index (average value DI = 2.05 and DI = 1.20), respectively, as compared to the controls (average value LSI = 3.80 and DI = 5.50). Grafted plants on S. torvum and plants grown in soil treated with calcium cyanamide (2001) were more vigorous, as measured by plant height, stem diameter and root biomass than the controls. This resulted in an increased (over years) early (487.8% and 416.2%, 2001) and late production (277.0% and 241.3%, 2001) and mean fruit weight (over years) in early (93.7% and 49.6%, 2001) and late production (38.3% and 22.8%, 2001) as compared to the controls. In conclusion, grafting of eggplant and soil sterilized by calcium cyanamide had positive effects on growth, production and Verticillium wilt control.     

采后UV-B对葡萄果实中多酚及PAL活性的影响

以酿酒葡萄‘赤霞珠(Vitis vinifera L.cv.Cabernet Sauvignon)’果实为试验材料,研究采后不同剂量UV-B对葡萄果实中多酚含量及PAL活性的影响,为人为调控葡萄果实乃至葡萄酒品质提供理论依据。以成熟葡萄果实进行UV-B照射0 min(对照)、15 min、30 min、45 min、60 min、120 min,并随机取样测定果实中总酚、黄烷醇类多酚及PAL活性,结果表明:采后UV-B处理能显著提高葡萄果实苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性,诱导采后葡萄果实多酚类物质积累。     

大蒜栽培常见病虫害及防治技术

大蒜营养丰富，风味独特，有杀菌、去风湿、健脾胃、止霍乱等功效而深受消费者的青眯。随着种植业结构的调整，近年来，大蒜种植面积越来越大，由于气候原因或管理措施缺位，病虫害发生严重，从而影响了大蒜的品质和商品性能，结合多年来的工作实践，就如何选择高效、低毒、低残留、低药害农药进行全面分析，避免用药种类单一，以防因病害产生抗药性而造成重大损失，结果表明，坚持综合防治，本着“预防为主，治疗为附”的原则，强化农药防治、物理防治和生物防治，可全面提高病虫害防治效果。     

Managing the potential for outdoor recreation: Adequate mapping and measuring of accessibility to urban recreational landscapes

Following the increasing public health concerns related to physical inactivity in the population, the relationship between outdoor recreation and public health has been increasingly acknowledged over the last decades. To improve public health, planners and policy-makers aim to provide good accessibility to recreational landscapes to facilitate outdoor recreational activity. At the same time, they are facing development pressure due to urban growth. In order for planners and policy-makers to secure people access to urban and near urban recreational areas, there is a need to map and measure access in a way that is adequate as a basis for decision-making in planning and design processes. Access is often defined as distance, or proximity, from residents’ homes to recreational areas. This paper explores different ways to map and measure distance to recreational areas, and aims to provide better decision support for planners and decision-makers. Moss municipality in Norway serves as a case study. We begin by addressing the meaning of the term ‘recreational landscape’ and how the choice of definition affects the results when mapping recreational areas. We also discuss who we are measuring distance for, and how different user groups will have different thresholds or critical distances affecting their frequency of visits to a recreational area. Last, we explore different methods for measuring distance within a GIS environment. The paper shows how the purpose of the analysis must be decisive when defining recreational landscapes and choosing methods for measuring access to recreational landscape, in order to provide valuable input to planners and policy-makers aiming at enhancing the possibility for outdoor recreation for people.     

Eggplant relatives as sources of variation for developing new rootstocks: Effects of grafting on eggplant yield and fruit apparent quality and composition

We propose the utilization of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) interspecific hybrids derived from crosses with closely related species as an approach for developing new improved rootstocks for eggplant. Here we investigate rootstock effects on fruit yield, apparent quality and proximate and mineral composition of S. melongena ‘Black Beauty’ (BB) scions grafted on interspecific hybrid rootstocks developed from crosses of S. melongena with Solanum incanum L. (SI × SM) and Solanum aethiopicum L. (SM × SA). The results are compared with non-grafted (BB control) and self-grafted (BB/BB) controls and with S. melongena ‘Black Beauty’ scions grafted onto Solanum torvum Sw. (STO) and Solanum macrocarpon L. (SMA) rootstocks. All treatments were grown in a soil naturally infested with root-knot nematodes (mostly Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood). SI × SM and SM × SA interspecific hybrids had high germination (≥90%) and total graft success (100%). Contrary to what occurred with all other treatments, no plants from scions grafted onto these hybrid rootstocks died during the experiment. In particular, the SI × SM hybrid rootstock conferred the highest vigour to the scion, which resulted in the highest values for fruit earliness and early and total yield. Little difference was observed among treatments for apparent fruit quality traits, except for a greater fruit calyx length and prickliness of fruit grafted onto SMA rootstocks. A similar result was obtained for fruit composition where phenolics content was higher in fruit from plants grafted onto SMA rootstocks. Grafting eggplant onto interspecific eggplant hybrids, especially on the SI × SM hybrid, has proved advantageous for eggplant production, as the high vigour and good compatibility of the rootstock with scion results in improved early and total yield without negative effects on apparent fruit quality or composition. Interspecific hybrids represent an alternative to the commonly used STO rootstock, which is a wild species with irregular germination.     

Mechanism responsible for pulmonary fibrosis induced by concomitant chronic smoke exposure and pentoxifylline administration

AIM: To investigate the impact of long-term administration of pentoxifylline (PTX) on morphology and inflammation of the lung in mouse models with chronic exposure of cigarette smoke. METHODS: Male BALB/c mice were randomized into the following four study groups: smoke-exposure only, shamed smoke-exposure, smoke-exposure and PTX administration, shamed smoke-exposure and PTX administration. Animals assigned to smoke-exposure were put inside a chamber twice a day for cigarette smoke exposure. The oral dose of PTX allocated to each mouse was about 20 mg·kg-1·d-1. Animals were sacrificed anaesthetically at day 120. Slices of lung were stained with H&E for pathological analysis. Modified ashcroft pulmonary fibrosis score (mAPFS) was estimated, and IFN-γ (a Th1 cytokine), IL-4 (a Th2 cytokine) in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and hydroxyproline in mouse lung tissue were measured by commercial kits of ELISA assay. RESULTS: Lungs in smoke-exposure only group exhibited emphysema-like morphology, low mAPFS (median 1.50, 95%CI 1.25-3.75), lowest hydroxyproline (2.43±0.11) mg/L and lowest ratio of IL-4 to IFN-γ (20.3±25.5), whereas lungs in smoke-exposure and PTX interference group exhibited interstitial fibrosis-like morphology, highest mAPFS (4.75, 4.09-5.71), highest hydroxyproline (5.57±0.55) mg/L and highest ratio of IL-4 to IFN-γ (70.7±59.9) among the four study groups (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Interference of pulmonary inflammation induced by chronic smoke-exposure with PTX leads to the development of pulmonary fibrosis, which may relate to the turnover of Th1 polarized inflammation into Th2 polarized inflammation of the lungs.     

苹果果实日烧研究Ⅰ日烧临界温度及光照

利用活体苹果果实日烧田间诱导试验表明光照与温度在诱导果实日烧方面同等重要.无光处理的果实即使达到同样的果面临界温度,仍无日烧症状发生.不同品种日烧敏感性有所不同.在试验的3个品种中,凯密欧最敏感(46±0.5℃),其次为嘎拉(48±0.5℃),红富士相对抗性较强(49±0.5℃).在一定温度范围内,低温长时间诱导与高温短时间诱导具有同样的效应.     

Effects of hypoxia exposure for different time on structure and function of red blood cells in rats

AIM: To investigate the effects of hypoxia exposure on the structure and function of erythrocytes in rats at different time. METHODS: Male SD rats (n=40) were randomly divided into 5 groups, normal control group, 1-week hypoxia group, 2-week hypoxia group, 3-week hypoxia group and 4-week hypoxia group, with 8 rats per group. The rats in hypoxia groups were placed in the simulated 5 800 m of high altitude in a hypobaric chamber for different time. The values of detected blood, erythrocyte deformation index, erythrocyte osmotic fragility, erythrocyte oxygen dissociation, erythrocyte apoptosis and bone marrow biopsy were determined. RESULTS: Compared with normal control group, the red blood cell count, hemoglobin content, mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin significantly increased (P<0.01). Eversion rate of phosphatidylserine of erythrocytes increased. Oxygen half-saturation of hemoglobin increased (P<0.05). Bone marrow erythroid proliferation increased. The erythrocyte deformation index and erythrocyte osmotic fragility decreased significantly (P<0.01). In addition, oxygen dissociation curves shifted to the right. CONCLUSION: In the early stage of hypoxia, compared with normal control group, the changes of erythrocyte structure and function increase the oxygen supply to the tissue and are conducive to adapting to the plateau. However, with the extension of hypoxia, excessive erythrocytosis results in thrombosis, microcirculation disturbance and aggravating tissue hypoxia.     

Characterizing green and gray space exposure for epidemiological studies: Moving from 2D to 3D indicators

The presence of green spaces has been associated with improved physical health and better mental health and wellbeing. In contrast, the presence of gray features including build-up areas might have a negative impact on the health and wellbeing of citizens. To date, the available evidence on the health effects of green and gray spaces have mainly relied on 2-dimensional (2D) indicators of these spaces such as land use maps or, more recently, satellite derived indices (e.g., green space indices such as normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) or gray space indices such as imperviousness). Although they are acceptable proxies of these exposures, 2D indicators could have inaccuracies when characterizing diverse set of vegetation types in combination with different types of gray spaces, which is typical of urban environments. To overcome this gap, we developed a set of three-dimensional (3D) indicators derived mainly from airborne LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) acquired in 2008 and 2010 over the metropolitan area of Rome (Italy). In particular, we extracted volume of green features such as shrubs and trees (Green volume [m3/ha]), volume of buildings (Gray volume[m3/ha]), a novel index called Normalized Difference Green-Gray Volume index (NDGG) as well as indicators of the tree count. We compared the 3D indicators with two widely used 2D indicators for characterizing green and gray spaces (i.e., NDVI and imperviousness) in different buffers around 79140 address points in the city. For the green indicators, we found that the Pearson correlations between NDVI and Green Volume were 0.47 (50 m buffer) and 0.33 (300 m buffer) while the correlations between NDVI and number of trees were 0.56 (50 m buffer) and 0.58 (300 m buffer). For gray indicators, the correlations between imperviousness and gray volume were 0.62 (50 m buffer) and 0.79 (300 m buffer). For NDGG, the correlations were higher with both NDVI (0.76 and 0.83 for 50 m and 300 m buffers) and imperviousness (−0.75 and −0.83 for 50 m and 300 m buffers). Our results showed that the use of 3D indicators can have potential benefits, especially regarding green features which can be highly heterogeneous in complex urban landscapes such as the city of Rome.