两种黄芪多糖药物佐剂对兔瘟免疫效果的影响

多糖是来自于高等植物、动物细胞膜及微生物细胞壁中的天然大分子物质,是所有生命有机体的重要组成成分,并与维持生命所必需的多种功能有关。近年来研究发现,许多中药尤其是补益类中药具有免疫促进作用,多糖是其活性成分之一,对机体的特异性和非特异性免疫功能具有增强作用,其作用机制是通过刺激单核-巨噬细胞系统的吞噬功能,促进淋巴细胞增殖和转化及抗体生成,诱导细胞因子的分泌,激活补体系统等途径实现对机体免疫系统功能的调节,而且多糖是天然产物,对动物及人类安全,无     

植物多糖及其对奶牛主要疫病的作用

<正>免疫调节主要是指机体识别和清除抗原,对自身成分产生免疫耐受,维持内环境的稳定。主要是免疫细胞和免疫分子之间以及与其他系统如神经内分泌系统之间的相互作用。而植物多糖可通过与免疫细胞表面的多种受体结合激活不同的信号通路来调控动物机体的免疫系统。本文主要介绍了多糖的种类及其对奶牛疾病的作用及应用。     

免疫多糖在水产养殖中的应用

免疫多糖作为一种重要的免疫促进剂 ,可激活自身免疫系统 ,增强机体抵抗病毒、细菌、真菌和寄生虫的能力 ,增加机体抗应激能力 ,提高动物生产性能。此外 ,免疫多糖具有高效、低毒、无残留的特点 ,符合绿色饲料发展的需求。因此国内外学者对免疫多糖在水产养殖上的应用进行了较多的研究 ,免疫多糖作为一种绿色饲料添加剂必将在水产养殖上发挥重要作用。1　免疫多糖的作用大量药物试验证明 ,免疫多糖对免疫系统发挥着多方位的调节作用。1 1　对细胞因子的作用　细胞因子是指免疫细胞和非免疫细胞合成和分泌的小分子多肽类因子 ,在免疫系统中…     

植物多糖对动物免疫细胞的影响及调节机制研究进展

植物多糖是由10个或10个以上单糖聚合而成的大分子物质,是一类重要的生物活性天然产物,具有无毒副作用、来源广泛等特点,在调节动物机体免疫系统、预防疾病方面具有极高的利用价值。文章综述植物多糖对动物巨噬细胞、T淋巴细胞、B淋巴细胞和树突状细胞的影响及其可能的作用机制,为植物多糖在动物生产中的应用提供参考。     

多糖对巨噬细胞功能影响的研究进展

巨噬细胞具有吞噬、杀伤、递呈抗原、分泌生物活性物质、调控局部组织微环境以及抑制肿瘤等多种免疫功能,是机体非特异免疫的重要组成部分。以往研究结果表明,多糖具有调节巨噬细胞活性的功能,同时发现具有抗肿瘤的作用。近年来,人们不断研究发现具有增强巨噬细胞活性和促进其分泌作用的活性多糖,并深入研究巨噬细胞表面的多糖受体和细胞内信号转导途径,以揭示多糖调节动物机体免疫机能的机制。     

中草药多糖的免疫调节机制及其应用

在畜牧业的长期生产中,抗生素等药物的普遍使用产生的抗药性、药物残留,危害人类健康,破坏生态环境,使人们开始积极探寻能取代抗生素的成分。中草药多糖是普遍存在于自然界植物、动物及微生物组织中的醛糖和(或)酮糖通过糖苷键连接在一起组成的天然高分子化合物。中草药多糖来源广泛、天然无毒,具备各种活性功能。近年来许多专家、学者对多种中草药多糖的作用机理进行了大量研究,结果表明,中草药多糖能从多个方面调节机体的免疫系统,具有抗病毒、抗氧化、抗肿瘤、降低血糖等作用。本文主要就中草药多糖对畜禽免疫系统的作用及研究现状和前景…     

多糖与动物免疫的研究现状

多糖在自然界分布极广,亦很重要。多糖具有调节动物机体免疫功能的作用,如激活巨噬细胞、自然杀伤(NK)细胞和T、B淋巴细胞;而且激活补体系统,促进抗体生成、能诱生多种细胞因子等。多糖在抗菌、抗癌、抗炎、抗病毒、抗寄生虫、降低血脂以及提高动物生产性能等一系列作用。     

浅析黄芪多糖对动物机体的影响

通过大量的试验研究表明,黄芪多糖有益气固表功效,对动物机体的免疫系统有重要影响,可以增强机体免疫功能,从而具有抗应激、抗病毒、抗肿瘤和提高动物生产性能等作用。     

植物多糖通过核因子κB及丝裂原活化蛋白激酶/核因子E2相关因子2信号通路发挥抗氧化作用的机制

植物多糖是植物提取物中重要活性成分之一,具有抗氧化、免疫增强、抗肿瘤等多种生物学作用。在抗氧化作用方面,植物多糖通过核因子κB(NF-κB)信号通路减少炎症因子的分泌,缓解氧化应激损伤;通过丝裂原活化蛋白激酶/核因子E2相关因子2(MAPK/Nrf2)信号通路清除机体或细胞内自由基,提高抗氧化酶活性或含量,增强机体或细胞对氧化应激的抗性。本文主要综述了氧化应激产生的原因及其危害,并阐述NF-κB及MAPK/Nrf2信号通路在植物多糖发挥抗氧化作用中的研究现状以及存在问题,为植物多糖作为抗氧化剂的研究与应用提供理论参考。     

植物血凝素的研究应用

<正>植物血凝素(植物血细胞凝集素,PHA)是一种从红芸豆中提取的有丝分裂原,作为一种低聚糖与蛋白质的复合物,植物血凝素有促进淋巴细胞有丝分裂、激活免疫细胞——淋巴细胞的作用。据美国《科学》杂志报道,机体免疫系统通过识别植物血凝素而识别病毒,并产生相应的抗体和其他免疫反应,以从体内清除病毒。植物血凝素与黄芪多糖等多种中草药联用具有增效作用,与部分抗生素联用具有相加作用。因其强大的增强机体非特异性免疫力的作用以及强效的抗病毒作用,植物血凝素在兽药中的应用也日益广泛。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein