东北三省大豆蛋白质和油分含量生态区划

大豆品质区划是优化大豆种植环境和优质品种布局的重要依据,对于大豆优质生产具有重要指导意义.本研究根据5个大豆品种在东北三省11个地点种植的蛋白质与油分含量和年推广面积在3333 hm2以上的97份大豆品种的品质指标,依据大豆品质的地点效应和品种效应的加权平均数对东北三省进行了品质区划.结果表明,大豆蛋白质含量和油分含量的年份效应、地点效应、地点×年份互作效应、基因型效应、基因型×地点互作、基因型×年份互作效应、基因型×地点×年份互作效应均达到极显著水平.依据大豆蛋白质含量和油分含量的地点效应和品种效应的加权平均数的聚类分析结果,同时考虑各地自然条件,兼顾行政区的完整性,将东北三省划分为五个大区,即北部高油大豆产区(Ⅰ-1区)、中西北部蛋白质和油分含量平衡区(Ⅱ-1区)、中部高油大豆产区(Ⅰ-2区)、中南部蛋白质和油分含量平衡区(Ⅱ-2区)、南部高蛋白大豆产区(Ⅲ区).     

吉林省不同大豆品种脂肪和蛋白质含量生态分析

2005 ～ 2007年分别以3个高脂肪、3个高蛋白和3个普通品种为材料,在吉林省6个生态区种植,分析各地点脂肪、蛋白质含量及蛋脂总量的生态效应以及不同生态条件对不同品质类型大豆品质的影响.结果表明:各生态区间的大豆脂肪、蛋白质及蛋脂总量均表现出显著差异,同时脂肪与蛋白质含量之间呈显著负相关,综合分析后将吉林省中部南北平原区和东部盆地区划分为高脂肪区,中东部低山区和东南部山区为高蛋白区,西部干旱区为非优质区.     

东北大豆种质资源株型和产量性状的生态特征分析

为明确东北大豆产量相关性状(地上部生物量、产量、表观收获指数、主茎荚数)和株型相关性状(株高、主茎节数、分枝数目、倒伏程度)生态特性及各亚区改良方向,本研究采用1916-2012年间搜集或育成的东北地区代表性资源361份,于2012-2014年在东北4个生态亚区的9个代表性地点进行试验研究(Ⅰ亚区:北安、扎兰屯,Ⅱ亚区:克山、牡丹江、佳木斯、长春,Ⅲ亚区:大庆、白城,Ⅳ亚区:铁岭)。(1)将品种在所有环境下的平均值作为该品种的综合值,用以作为与生态区值比较的标准。结果表明:东北大豆群体及各熟期组在各生态区产量和株型性状的差异虽达到显著水平,但绝对差异并不大。第Ⅰ亚区主要包括黑龙江和内蒙古北部地区,东北大豆群体在该亚区的特点是植株高大主茎荚数偏低(仅为其它亚区值的一半左右);第Ⅱ亚区主要包括黑龙江中南部至吉林省长春地区,东北大豆群体在该亚区的特点是株型高大但倒伏问题突出;第Ⅲ亚区包括黑龙江西南至吉林省东北部缺水地区,东北大豆群体在该亚区的特点是植株矮小,主茎节数降低,但产量、主茎荚数和表观收获指数均较好;第Ⅳ亚区主要包括辽宁省大部地区,东北大豆群体在该亚区的特点是植株矮小,表观收获指数偏低、产量略低的特点。(2)通过将大豆按照产量高低分为3组(低产、中产、高产),讨论不同亚区不同产量类型大豆改良的方向及该亚区改良进展及理想的高产株型。结果表明:产量改良应通过改良地上部生物量来实现,不同亚区不同产量类型改良的方向略有不同。第Ⅰ亚区将中产型改良为高产型应重视主茎节数的增加,本地区高产品种应注意改良地上部生物量和主茎荚数,本群体在这两个性状优势有限;第Ⅱ亚区各产量类型改良均应注重主茎节数和株高的改良,中产型改良为高产型应重点关注主茎节数;第Ⅲ亚区改良与地上部生物量相关的株高、主茎、分枝性状均能改良各产量类型;第Ⅳ亚区应注意改良当地品种表观收获指数。根据各亚区内群体高产品种及当地适宜熟期组高产品种的株型特点,提出了不同亚区的高产株型,同时筛选出一批各生态亚区内高产品种供育种利用。     

密度和施肥水平对高产高油大豆合丰55油分含量及产量的影响

合丰55是黑龙江省农业科学院佳木斯分院2008年育成的优良大豆品种,该品种具有超高产、高油、抗病、广适应性等突出优点。为了进一步探索该品种的高产优质栽培技术,采用二因素三重复完全随机区组试验,研究不同播种密度与施肥水平对其油分及产量影响。结果表明:播种密度和施肥水平对高油大豆品种产量影响显著,随密度的增加和常规施肥量提高,高油大豆产量呈先上升后下降的变化趋势;不同密度和施肥水平对高油大豆油分含量影响达极显著水平,随着密度的增加油分含量下降明显,随着施肥量的增加油分含量先上升后下降;密度和施肥量互作对产量及油分含量影响显著。     

东北大豆种质资源生育期性状的生态特征分析

生育期是大豆重要的生态性状,为明确东北大豆生育期性状的生态特性,搜集东北地区代表性品种361份,于2012-2014年在东北地区9个代表性地点进行生育期试验。结果表明:(1)将东北地区按熟期和生态条件划分为4个亚区。第一亚区包括以北安、扎兰屯为代表的黑龙江、内蒙古北部地区,该地区积温偏低,5月中旬播种,9月中旬成熟(初霜),主要适合MG 000、MG 00熟期组;第二亚区包括以克山、佳木斯、牡丹江、长春为代表的黑龙江中南部至吉林省长春等地,该地区气候适宜,4月下旬至5月中旬播种,9月中旬成熟(初霜),主要适合MG 0、MGⅠ熟期组;第三亚区包括以白城、大庆为代表的黑龙江省西南部、吉林省东北部降水量低的地区,播种从4月下旬至5月上旬,9月中下旬成熟(初霜),适合MG 0、MGⅠ熟期组;第四亚区包括以铁岭为代表的辽宁省大部分地区,4月下旬至5月上旬播种,9月中下旬成熟(初霜),主要适合MGⅡ和MGⅢ熟期组。(2)明确了各熟期组大豆的生态特征。MG 000和MG00熟期组主要分布在第一生态亚区,在当地生长季节内正常成熟,在其他亚区生育前期、后期略有缩短、提前成熟,不能充分利用当地生长季节。MG 0和MGⅠ熟期组主要分布在第二和第三生态亚区,在当地生长季节内正常成熟,在第一亚区比当地品种晚20~30 d、前期晚7~10 d,在第四生态亚区比当地品种早10~20 d、前期早3~5 d,不适合在这些地区种植。MGⅡ、MGⅢ熟期组仅在第四生态亚区正常成熟,部分品种可以在第二、三生态亚区成熟,生育前期在第二、三亚区比当地品种晚约10 d、在第一亚区晚约20 d。     

黑龙江省大豆疫霉菌毒性变异及毒力结构分析

采用国外一套鉴别寄主对2009～2012年黑龙省大豆产区的疫霉菌毒性变异及毒力结构进行了系统测定.结果表明:黑龙江省大豆疫霉菌含有目前已知的全部致病基因,能克服所有已知的主效抗性基因.供试的300个疫霉菌株可分为28种毒力结构,毒力类型1a,7;6,7;7;1a,1c,6,7;1a,3c,4,6,7;1a,1d,3c,5,7;1b,1k,4,6,7是黑龙江大豆疫霉的主要组成类型,分别占测定菌株数的17％ 、21％、9％、7％、4％、5％、6％,前3种毒力类型在黑龙江省东部、中部和北部大豆主产区内均有分布.黑龙江大豆产区中的大豆疫霉毒力结构比较复杂,种类最多的哈尔滨和齐齐哈尔地区达到了15种.rps1k基因是重要的抗病基因,目前已经存在对它具有毒性的病原菌,并且所占比例为10.3％,表明黑龙江大豆生产区存在着疫霉菌的强毒性菌株.因此,亟需挖掘新的抗病基因和培育新的抗病资源.     

大豆主要农艺性状的遗传解析

利用亲本冀豆12(高蛋白)和冀nf58(高油)及其175份F_(9∶11)重组自交系(RIL)材料,对大豆12个主要农艺性状进行了相关性和遗传分析,以期初步解析影响产量的主要因素。结果显示:亲本在株高、主茎节数、分枝数、百粒重、油分含量、蛋白含量和单株粒重7个性状上具有显著差异。在RIL群体中,12个农艺性状均表现为典型的数量性状特征,且具有相对较高的遗传率。其中,株高的遗传率最高(0.98),茎干重最低(0.63)。除3个性状(油分、蛋白含量和百粒重)外,其它9个性状之间呈现极显著的正相关,相关系数为0.30~0.90;蛋白含量与6个性状显著负相关,但与百粒重显著正相关。各性状与单株粒重相关性依次为:单株粒数单株荚数叶干重株高分枝数叶片数茎干重、主茎节数百粒重蛋白含量油分含量。选取19个单产最高的家系材料进一步分析表明,所测试的9个农艺性状主要遗传于母本冀豆12,而株高和主茎节数受到父本冀nf58的改良,说明通过聚合不同品种优异性状仍有提高品种产量的潜力。本研究结果可为培育高产优质大豆品种提供理论基础。     

磷素对不同品质类型大豆光合生理的影响

以6个不同品质类型(普通型、高油型和高蛋白型各2个)的亚有限结荚习性大豆品种为材料,采用裂区试验设计,研究了3个磷素水平(0、82.5、165.0 kg.hm-2P2O5)对不同品质类型大豆叶片光合生理的影响。结果表明:施磷对不同品质类型大豆开花期至鼓粒期的光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、叶面积指数和水分利用效率有较大影响,且施磷有利于提高各品质类型大豆的光合速率、气孔导度等光合生理指标。此外,施磷使生育后期大豆的光合速率、气孔导度等下降速度减缓,其中对高蛋白品种的影响最为明显。高蛋白品种在高磷(165.0 kg.hm-2P2O5)处理下的光合速率、气孔导度等的下降速度均最为缓慢。     

黄河流域棉纤维品质区域分布特征

通过对黄河流域棉花品种区域试验中纤维品质结果分析，发现黄河流域棉纤维品质区域性分布有明显差异。纤维长度长短分布走向大体为：淮北平原亚区、华北平原亚区沿海地区华北平原亚区中心地带黄土高原亚区。比强度高值区为华北平原亚区中部和黄土高原亚区东部，低值区出现在淮北平原亚区大部和黄土高原亚区西南部。麦克隆值在本流域有沿东南西北方向降低的趋势。综合纤维品质以环缕纱强为例，高值区为河北大部，山东中西部和江苏北部地区；低值区有两部分：一是豫东南、鲁西南和皖北地区，其主要原因是纤维较粗、比强度偏低，二是黄土高原亚区的三原、临汾一带，其主要原因是纤维长度偏短     

东北春大豆籽粒性状的生态特性分析

为明确东北大豆籽粒性状的生态特性,采用东北地区代表性品种361份,于2012-2014年在东北地区北安、扎兰屯、克山、牡丹江、佳木斯、大庆、长春、白城、铁岭9个代表性地点进行了试验研究。本文将品种在所有环境下的平均值作为该品种在常规田间管理条件下获得的常规值,常规值的大小代表了品种的基因型值,用以作为与生态区值比较的标准。研究结果显示:(1)东北地区大豆的蛋白质含量、油脂含量、蛋脂总量为40.47%、21.35%和61.82%,百粒重总平均值为19.06 g。不同试点间蛋白质含量、油脂含量、蛋脂总量最大相差约2~3个百分点,百粒重最大相差约3 g;而品种间相对应性状则分别相差约8,4,6个百分点和20 g,品种间差异远大于试点间表达的平均差异。(2)品种按育成年代归类,不同育成年代品种平均值呈现一定的变异趋势,蛋白质含量和蛋脂总量随育成年代呈现下降趋势、油脂含量和百粒重呈现上升趋势,其中蛋白质含量从41.23%降至40.28%,蛋脂总量从62.16%降至61.74%,油脂含量从20.92%升至21.46%,百粒重从18.70 g升至19.29 g。但同一育成年代内品种的差异大于不同育成年代间平均值间的差异。(3)品种按熟期组归类,平均值呈现一定的变异趋势,蛋白质含量(39.97%~41.31%)呈现以MGⅠ组为底端,向早向晚均上升;油脂含量(20.42%~21.83%)与蛋脂总量(61.23%~62.92%)随熟期组变晚呈下降的趋势;百粒重在MGⅢ组(20.32 g)达到最大,在其它熟期组间(18.86~19.18 g)差异不显著。熟期组内品种籽粒性状的差异远大于熟期组间育成品种籽粒性状平均值间的差异。(4)各熟期组品种在各生态区籽粒性状的差异虽达到显著水平,但差异并不大。第Ⅰ亚区主要包括黑龙江、内蒙古北部地区,各熟期组在该地的蛋白质含量、油脂含量、蛋脂含量、百粒重平均值分别低于相应的全试验平均值约0.1~0.4、0.6~1.3和1~1.5个百分点。第Ⅱ亚区主要包括黑龙江中南部至吉林省长春地区,MG000-MGⅠ油脂含量在该地比相应的全试验平均约高0.1~0.2个百分点,百粒重高约0.45~1.1 g。第Ⅲ亚区包括黑龙江西南至吉林省东北部缺水地区,MG000-MGⅡ的蛋白质含量在该亚区比相对应的常规值高约0.3~0.5个百分点,MG000-MGⅠ的蛋脂总量在该亚区均高于相应的常规值,其中MG000高约0.5个百分点,其余各组高0.1~0.2个百分点。第Ⅳ亚区主要包括辽宁省大部地区,MG000-MGⅡ的蛋白质含量在该亚区比相应的常规值高约0.2~0.6个百分点,油脂含量比相应的常规值高约0.7~1.64个百分点,蛋脂总量则比相应的常规值高约1个百分点。第Ⅰ亚区综合生态条件并不利于大豆高品质的表达,第Ⅱ亚区综合生态条件有利于油脂含量、百粒重的表达,第Ⅲ亚区综合生态条件有利于蛋白质含量、蛋脂总量的表达,第Ⅳ亚区综合生态条件有利于各品质性状的表达。东北各亚区生态环境对籽粒品质性状的表达有一定作用,但各亚区内品种间的遗传差异更大。根据品种在各生态亚区的表现筛选出一批籽粒性状有特色的品种供育种利用。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.