牧压和肥力对亚热带山地牧草净生产的影响

在亚热带山地湿润环境条件下,研究牧压和土壤肥力对人工草地净生产的影响.三年试验结果表明,绵羊在轮牧下,产草量和磷肥对全年及各月牧草净生产具有显著影响.禁牧时,夏季地上生物量积累到一定程度后,只有很少量的净生产.放牧时,产草量在1000 kg DM/hm2左右时,净生产最大,当产草量低于300 kg DM/hm2以下时,净生产量则降低.每年施一次P2O5 36～60 kg/hm2,可以显著增加牧草净生产,尤以春末夏初时施肥更为显著.最低产草量出现在不施肥处理.     

宁南山区苜蓿生产现状与产草量提高途径

1996-2000年5a在8个试区的测试结果表明,宁南山区苜蓿鲜、干草产量分别为21740和6905kg/hm²,属低产区。灌水能提高苜蓿产草量,并减缓衰退过程。施肥能显著提高苜蓿产草量,纯N施肥量应在300kg/hm²。适宜播种量为7.5～15kg/hm²,田间密度宜在20～40株/m²。为提高越冬率,苜蓿播种期不能早于4月下旬,也不能晚于8月中旬。选用DEI、美国杂交和SD等高产优良苜蓿品种是提高宁南山区苜蓿产草量的重要技措。     

干旱灌区次生盐渍化土壤红花配方施肥研究

在干旱次生盐渍化土壤条件下,采用“3414”配方施肥方案,研究了氮、磷、钾配施对红花产量构成因子的影响。结果表明,配方施肥对红花株高、分枝高、单株花球数、花冠和籽粒产量均有显著影响,其中以配施N 180 kg/hm²、P 90 kg/hm²、K 120 kg/hm²的处理N₂ P₂ K₂红花花冠和籽粒产量最高。分别对红花花冠产量和红花籽粒产量与氮、磷、钾肥料的相关性进行回归分析,均达到显著水平。在干旱灌区次生盐渍化土壤上,红花花冠理论最高产量为667.98 kg/hm²,最佳施肥量为N 150.59 kg/hm²、P₂O₅ 93.09 kg/hm²、K₂O 98.75 kg/hm²;红花籽粒理论最高产量为2 644.47 kg/hm²,最佳施肥量为N 169.50 kg/hm²、P₂O₅ 94.60 kg/hm²、K₂O 102.75 kg/hm²。     

不同豆禾混播组合在帕米尔高原牧区产草量和营养品质的比较

试验旨在探究豆禾牧草混播组合在帕米尔高原牧区的产草量和营养品质,开展了以箭筈豌豆(Vicia sativa)分别和燕麦(Avena sativa)、小黑麦(Triticale)及黑麦(Secale)的混播组合研究。试验设置单播边锋255 kg/hm²(B-D)、凯速255 kg/hm²(K-D)、速捷255 kg/hm²(S-D)、捷达冬牧70 255 kg/hm²(J-D)、陇箭2号150 kg/hm²(L-D)为对照,混播边锋210 kg/hm²+陇箭2号120 kg/hm²(BL-H)、凯速210 kg/hm²+陇箭2号120 kg/hm²(KL-H)、速捷210 kg/hm²+陇箭2号120 kg/hm²(SL-H)、捷达冬牧70 210 kg/hm²+陇箭2号120 kg/hm²(JL-H)为处...     

施肥和豆禾混播对松嫩平原退化草地修复的影响

【目的】探索适合松嫩平原中度退化草地的最佳修复模式,为松嫩平原退化草地的保护修复提供技术支持。【方法】设置紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)与羊草(Leymus chinensis)2种混播比例,结合不同N施用量,分析土壤养分含量、牧草品质和产量之间的关系。【结果】施肥水平显著影响群落物种丰富度(P<0.01),施肥水平、混播比例及二者交互显著影响土壤有机质、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、牧草粗蛋白含量及产量(P<0.05)。土壤全氮、牧草粗蛋白含量与施氮量存在极显著正相关性(P<0.01)。两种混播比例下,土壤全氮含量变化与N施用量一致;N施用量300 kg/hm²的牧草粗蛋白含量高达20.22%,与其他处理差异显著(P<0.05)。【结论】N施用量200～250 kg/hm²在试验当年秋季和第二年春季均获得最佳产量;豆禾1∶2混播的群落丰富度和多样性优于2∶2混播,其中N施用量150kg/hm²表现最佳。     

施肥对苏丹草产草量和氮磷钾养分吸收的影响

研究施肥措施对苏丹草产草量以及对氮磷钾养分吸收的影响。结果表明:推荐施肥能显著提高产草量,比习惯施肥增产28.2%,比对照区增产150.0%。各处理的干物质日积累量均在出苗后第38~62d达最大值,分别为335.6、322.9和213.8 kg/hm²/d。在试验条件下,每生产1t苏丹草鲜草,推荐施肥需吸收N 2.59 kg、P₂O₅0.65 kg和K₂O 3.13 kg,其N:P₂O₅:K₂O=1:0.25:1.21;习惯施肥需吸收N 2.56 kg、P₂O₅0.76 kg和K₂O 3.30 kg,其N:P₂O₅:K₂O=1:0.30:1.29;对照区需吸收N 2.39 kg、P₂O₅0.98 kg和K₂O 3.06 kg,其N:P₂O₅:K₂O=1:0.41:1.28。     

刈割次数与留茬高度对内农1号苏丹草产草量和品质的影响

研究刈割次数和留茬高度对内农1号苏丹草(Sorghum sudanense Stapf.cv.NeinongNo.1)产草量及品质的影响。结果表明:在生育期间,刈割3次粗蛋白质产量最高,达到3.24t/hm²;刈割2次鲜草产量最高(96.80t/hm²);刈割1次干草产量最高(35.04t/hm²);留茬以8cm为宜,鲜草、干草及粗蛋白质产量分别达105.11、27.64和3.29t/hm²,高于或低于8cm均影响其再生速度、产草量和粗蛋白质含量。     

施肥对草坪型高羊茅种子产量及其组成的影响

1999年8月～2000年7月在宁夏农林科学院生物中心实验基地研究施肥对草坪型高羊茅种子产量及产量组成的影响.结果表明,施氮肥可显著提高高羊茅种子产量,以施氮量90kg/hm²(秋季45kg/hm²+春季45kg/hm²)种子产量最高,达3533kg/hm²,与对照相比,生殖枝数/m²、小穗数/生殖枝、小花数/小穗、种子数/小穗均显著增加.     

不同施肥水平与组合对饲用黑麦经济效益的影响及施肥决策

应用回归均匀设计构造试验方案,研究氮肥、磷肥、钾肥不同水平与组合对饲用黑麦经济效益的影响及优化施肥方案。结果表明,饲用黑麦干草价格较低时,应减少肥料投入以降低生产成本为主,使所获利润最大;干草价格较高时,应适量增加肥料投入以提高产量,从而获得较高利润; 在饲用黑麦生产中,施肥量多少取决于所追求的目标。以产量为目标,就要投入较高的施肥量,以经济效益为目标,就要求适宜的施肥量,考虑到牧草品质,就要求较多的施氮水平。只有饲用黑麦产品实行优质优价,才能基本达到三者目标的统一。综合考虑,施肥量投入应为N:225 kg/hm²左右,不应低于150 kg/hm²,P₂O₅为75 kg/hm²,K₂O为30 kg/hm²以下比较适宜。     

高寒区施肥和豆科混播水平对燕麦人工草地土壤酶活性的影响

主要探讨了燕麦人工草地土壤酶活性对燕麦品种、施肥水平和豆科混播水平的响应,为合理评价燕麦人工草地的生态效应和对土壤培肥的影响提供理论依据。采用4个燕麦品种(A₁:青燕1号;A₂:林纳;A₃:青海444;A₄:青海甜燕麦)、4个施肥水平(B₁:不施任何肥料,CK₀;B₂:尿素75 kg/hm²+磷酸二铵150 kg/hm²,IM;B₃:有机肥1500 kg/hm²,OM;B₄:尿素37.5 kg/hm²+磷酸二铵75 kg/hm²+有机肥750 kg/hm²,IM+OM)和4个箭筈豌豆混播水平(C₁:0 kg/hm²;C₂:45 kg/hm²;C₃:60 kg/hm²;C₄:75 kg/hm²)的三因素四水平正交试验设计,开展三因素对燕麦人工草地土壤酶活性(脲酶、纤维素酶和转化酶)影响的比较研究。结果表明,燕麦品种、施肥水平和豆科混播水平均能显著提高土壤酶活性;高寒区0~20 cm耕作层土壤脲酶、纤维素酶和转化酶活性范围分别为400~900 μg/g,80~180 μg/g和4~7 mg/g;3个因素对土壤酶活性影响的强弱顺序为:施肥水平>品种>豆科混播水平;在3个因素的影响下,随着生育期的推进,土壤脲酶和纤维素酶活性分别呈“先增后减”、“先降后增”的变化,分别在开花期和拔节期出现单峰值,转化酶活性呈“增—降—增—降”或“降—增—降”的变化,在拔节期和抽穗期出现双峰值。土壤酶相对活性指数和土壤酶相对活性综合指数能很好地反映土壤酶的变化。选用青海444或青海甜燕麦,混播箭筈豌豆45 kg/hm²,施尿素37.5 kg/hm²、磷酸二铵75 kg/hm²和有机肥750 kg/hm²时,对提高土壤酶活性效果最佳。     

Vegetation Production Responses to October Grazing in the Nebraska Sandhills

Understanding the long-term effect of summer grazing date and fall stocking rate on herbage production is critical to extending the grazing season in the Nebraska Sandhills. A study was conducted from 1997 to 2002 at the Gudmundsen Sandhills Laboratory located near Whitman, Nebraska, to determine the herbage production response to summer grazing date and October stocking rate on two different sites. Site 1 was dominated by warm-season grasses and site 2 was dominated by cool-season graminoids. At each site, three 0.37-ha pastures were constructed in each of four blocks before application of summer grazing treatments. Pastures in each block were grazed at 0.5 animal-unit months (AUM) · ha^?1 in June or July, or were deferred from summer grazing. Following summer grazing treatments, October stocking rate treatments (no grazing or 1.0, 2.0, or 3.0 AUM · ha^?1) were applied to subunits of each summer grazing date pasture during mid-October. Vegetation was sampled in each pasture in mid-June and mid-August and sorted by functional group to determine the effect of 5 yr of grazing treatments on herbage production and residual herbage. Herbage production was not affected by summer or October grazing treatments on the warm-season grass–dominated site. Increasing October stocking rate, however, reduced cool-season graminoid production and subsequent herbage production 25% by year 5 of the study. Residual herbage at both sites at the end of the October grazing periods explained as much as 16% to 34% of subsequent year’s herbage production. Grazing managers in the Nebraska Sandhills can extend the grazing season by lightly stocking pastures in the summer to facilitate additional fall grazing. Heavy stocking in October over several years on cool-season–, but not warm-season–, dominated sites will reduce production of cool-season graminoids on these sites.     

华北农牧交错带人工草地放牧系统植物补偿性生长研究

研究华北农牧交错带不同人工草地在不同放牧强度下的总净生长量及净生长量的变化.结果表明,无芒雀麦-杂花苜蓿草地在任何放牧强度下均表现为超补偿性生长,即净生长量增加;新麦草-杂花苜蓿和杂花苜蓿-新麦草-扁穗冰草草地在轻度放牧下,总净生长量增加,在中度和重度放牧条件下分别表现为等补偿性生长和欠补偿性生长;新麦草草地在轻牧下呈超补偿性生长,在中牧下为等补偿性生长,重牧时表现欠补偿性生长;杂花苜蓿净初级生产力变化同新麦草草地一致;无芒雀麦在所设放牧强度下均表现为超补偿性生长,表明其耐牧性极强.因此,草地放牧强度应根据其组成种群来确定,以保证可持续利用.     

喀斯特地区三叶草混播草地群落组分20年动态

三叶草（Trifolium）混播草地群落持久性研究对喀斯特草地建设与石漠化治理具有重要意义。在威宁灼圃示范牧场开展的由白三叶（T. repens）、红三叶（T. pratense）、无芒雀麦（Bromus inermis）、紫羊茅（Festuca rubra）,分别加上多年生黑麦草（Lolium perenne）、鸭茅（Dactylis glomerata）、黑穗画眉草（Eragrostis nigra）、鹅冠草（Elymus kamoji）组成4个5组分混播草地,在绵羊适度放牧下测定牧前、牧后草地现存量,连续进行20年持久性研究。结果表明：时间及组合×利用时间的交互作用对所有混播组合影响极显著,而组合间产量差异不显著,其动态变化与年降水量的动态变化之间无显著的对应关系,但同物种在各混播群落中的生产力和稳定性差异明显,说明各组分之间存在显著的生态位互补和竞争共存关系。各物种中生产力与稳定持久性最好的是紫羊茅和白三叶,其次是多年生黑麦草和鸭茅,最差的是无芒雀麦和鹅冠草;而在草地建植初期表现最好的是多年生黑麦草和红三叶。     

Optimal decisions in organic beef production from steers — Effects of criterion of optimality and price changes

Organic beef production from steers demands several decisions concerning grazing strategy, feeding level in the winter and aspects as slaughter weight and length of the finishing period. A model has been developed to optimise these strategies. The objective of this study was (1) to find optimal strategies for organic beef production from steers regarding grazing strategy, feeding level in winter, finishing and slaughter in organic beef production from steer concerning economic output per time unit using a multi-level hierarchic Markov process and (2) to analyse the stability of these results by sensitivity analysis. The results showed that in general the optimal strategy only changes slightly depending on the criterion (net returns per steer versus per time unit). An optimization per time unit in some cases favours a more intensive production based on high feeding level in winter and finishing of steers as well as earlier slaughtering compared to an optimization per steer. Finishing of steers seemed not to be an optimal strategy from an economic point of view and price changes in feed, beef and premiums did not favour finishing of steers. Beef prices as well as prices for ryegrass/white clover pasture and low feeding level seemed to be the most important factors that influence net return.     

Influence of grazing management on the production of an irrigated grass/legume pasture in the Rûens area of the Southern cape

Abstract

The production of an irrigated grass/legume pasture was determined using Merino ewes on rotational and continuous grazing systems. The clover content of the pasture declined, while the grass content increased under both systems. The lucerne content of the rotationally‐grazed pastures did not change, but lucerne failed to persist under continuous grazing. Rotational grazing resulted in a lower clover content and, consequently, in a lower production per individual animal at low stocking rates during two seasons, but in a higher pasture production and grazing capacity, than under continuous grazing. At high stocking rates the individual animal production was, however, highest under rotational grazing, resulting in a higher animal production per ha than under continuous grazing.     

The effect of grazing on cow mortality in Danish dairy herds

The effect of summer grazing in large Danish dairy herds and certain management characteristics of grazing were studied for their impact on dairy cow mortality. Mortality data (from the Danish Cattle Database) from 391 Danish dairy herds (>100 cows) were combined with information from a questionnaire survey of grazing procedures on these herds in 2008. In all, 131 of the herds were identified as summer grazing and 260 as zero-grazing herds. The mortality was affected by an interaction of summer grazing and milking system. The risk of a cow dying was reduced to 46% in a grazing compared to a zero-grazing herd having automatic milking system. In traditional milking system, mortality was reduced to 75% in grazing compared to zero-grazing herds. Within the grazing herds, the risk of mortality decreased with increasing number of hours on pasture during the season. Free access between barn and pasture was associated with increased cow mortality.     

Impact of molybdenum on the copper status of red deer (Cervus elaphus)

AIM: To determine the effect of increasing molybdenum (Mo) intakes on serum and liver copper (Cu) concentrations and growth rates of grazing red deer (Cervus elaphus). METHODS: Molybdenum- and Cu-amended fertilisers were applied to six 1.1-ha paddocks in a 3 x 2 design. Three levels of Mo were applied on two paddocks at each level in mid April (designated Day 1); levels were: none (control), 0.5 (medium) and 1.0 (high) kg Mo/ha as sodium molybdate. In late May (Day 39), two levels of Cu (none and 3.0 kg Cu/ha, as copper sulphate) were applied to each of the three levels of Mo-treated paddocks. Pasture Mo, Cu and sulphur (S) concentrations were measured at about fortnightly intervals. In late June (Day 74), ten 6-month-old red deer hinds were placed on the six experimental pastures, and serum and liver Cu concentrations were monitored at about monthly intervals for 102 days. The hinds were weighed on four occasions during the trial. RESULTS: Mean pasture Mo concentrations on Day 56 were 2, 4.6 and 11.3 mg/kg dry matter (DM) for the untreated control, medium and high Mo-treated pastures, respectively. Pasture Cu concentration was 95 mg/kg DM on Day 59, 53 mg/kg DM on Day 90, and 9 mg/kg DM by Day 153. Mean S concentration in pasture was 3.3 (range 3.03-3.45) g/kg DM. Copper application to pasture had no significant effect on serum and liver Cu concentrations in deer so data were pooled within Mo treatment. Mean initial (Day 74) serum Cu concentration was 9.2 micromol/L. In the deer grazing the control Mo pasture, this increased to 10.3 micromol/L on Day 112, before decreasing to 6.4 micromol/L on Day 176. In deer grazing the medium and high Mo-treated pastures, mean serum Cu concentrations were 3.8 and 3.9 micromol/L, respectively, on Day 112, and 2.5 and 3.3 micromol/L, respectively, on Day 176. Mean initial (Day 74) liver Cu concentration was 131 micromol/kg fresh tissue. In the deer grazing the control Mo pasture, this declined to 120 and 52 micromol/kg on Days 112 and Day 176, respectively. In deer grazing the medium and high Mo-treated pastures, liver Cu concentrations decreased to 55 and 52 micromol/kg fresh tissue, respectively, on Day 112, and 21 and 20 micromol/kg fresh tissue, respectively, on Day 176. Mean serum and liver Cu concentrations were not significantly different between deer grazing the medium and high Mo-treated pastures, and were lower (serum p=0.003, liver p<0.001) in those groups than in deer grazing the untreated control pastures. No clinical signs of Cu deficiency associated with lameness were observed. Deer grazing pastures that had Mo concentrations >10 mg/kg DM had lower (p=0.002) growth rates (100 vs 130 g/day) than those on pastures containing <2.4 mg Mo/kg DM. CONCLUSION: Increasing pasture Mo concentrations from 2 mg/kg DM to > or =4.6 mg/kg DM significantly reduced serum and liver Cu concentrations in grazing deer. Reduced growth rate was observed at pasture Mo concentrations >10 mg/kg DM.     

放牧改变了藏北高原高寒草甸土壤微生物群落

本研究基于2008年7月布设的3个围栏与自由放牧样地(一个高寒草原化草甸,冬季牧场;一个高寒草原化草甸,夏季牧场;一个典型高寒草甸,夏季牧场),开展了藏北高原高寒草甸土壤微生物群落组成对放牧的响应研究。土壤微生物群落组成采用磷脂脂肪酸方法(phospholipid fatty-acid,PLFA)测定。结果表明,冬季放牧显著降低了高寒草原化草甸的土壤真菌、革兰氏阴性细菌、放线菌和原生动物。夏季放牧显著降低了典型高寒草甸的土壤总PLFA、真菌、细菌、革兰氏阳性细菌、革兰氏阴性细菌、放线菌、丛枝菌根真菌和原生动物。基于冗余度分析,3个放牧与围栏条件下的土壤微生物群落组成都存在显著差异。土壤无机氮和水溶性有机氮显著影响着高寒草原化草甸冬季牧场的土壤微生物群落组成,而硝态氮和水溶性有机碳显著影响着高寒草原化草甸夏季牧场和典型高寒草甸夏季牧场的土壤微生物群落组成。因此,放牧对高寒草甸土壤微生物群落的影响与放牧季节和草地类型有关。     

放牧绵羊对亚热带人工草地地上生物量的影响

本文在放牧和封育条件下研究了多年生黑麦草和白三叶人工草地地上部第一性生产力及其形成的规律。结果表明，黑麦草生物量和地上生物量的形成规律为双峰型，而白三叶则为单峰型。在放牧采食率为69、55、45％和不放牧条件下，人工草地地上净第一性生产力分别为1210．9、1076．4、987．9和555．2g／m2，其中多年生黑麦草的地上净第一性生产力分别为899.8、777．0、746．0和372．0g／m2。白三叶分别为311．1、299．4和207．2g／m2。放牧地较封育地获得较大的净第一性生产力。试验结果表明，本试验设计的70％采食率是该混播草地较适合的放牧强度。     

Area use of two sheep breeds in contrasting summer alpine grazing environments in southern Norway

In Norway, approximately 2 million sheep are released for summer grazing onto highly heterogeneous outer-fields. The crossbred Norwegian White Sheep (NWS) is dominating, whereas the lighter short-tailed gregarious Spælsau (SP) is the second most abundant of the total Norwegian sheep population. We fitted 51 ewes with GPS collars in two contrasting alpine environment, Spekedalen (poor pasture) and Brathøa sauhavnelag (rich pasture), during the summer grazing seasons 2013 and 2014. We modelled breed differences in summer area use and found no significant effect of breed or pasture quality. No breed?* pasture interaction was found. Information of pasture quality and breed characteristics is vital to understand the resource–animal interplay and may prove important for sheep management.