GC-NCI-MS快速检测食用菌中菊酯类农药

建立了气相色谱-负化学离子化质谱法（GC-NCI-MS）快速检测食用菌中6种拟除虫菊酯农药残留量的分析方法。前处理对QuECHERS方法进行优化,样品用含0.5%乙酸的乙腈溶液提取,PSA吸附剂净化,GC-NCI-MS选择离子监测（SIM）方式对6种菊酯类农药进行检测。结果表明：6种拟除虫菊酯农药在0.007～5.0mg/L的浓度范围内线性良好,相关系数为0.999 2～0.999 9;最低检测浓度为1～3mg/kg;添加浓度为0.05mg/kg时,平均回收率为87.0～103.6%,变异系数为3.2～17.3%;添加浓度为0.1mg/kg时,平均回收率为82～99%,变异系数为2.1～14.5%。     

高效液相色谱串联质谱法快速检测大白菜中氰霜唑及其代谢物和氟啶胺的残留

建立了高效液相色谱串联质谱法检测大白菜中氰霜唑及其代谢物和氟啶胺的残留分析方法。样品经乙腈提取、净化后,高效液相色谱串联质谱仪检测,外标法定量。结果表明,在0. 01～1mg/kg添加水平范围内,氰霜唑及其代谢物(CCIM)在大白菜中平均添加回收率分别为93. 6%～97. 2%和87. 3%～103. 3%,相对标准偏差分别为3. 4%～10. 6%和2. 6%～4. 5%,最低检出浓度均为0. 01mg/kg。在0. 02～2mg/kg添加水平范围内,氟啶胺在大白菜中平均添加回收率为95. 0%～108. 1%,相对标准偏差为4. 4%～5. 8%,最低检出浓度为0. 02mg/kg。该方法快速简便,准确可靠。     

蔬菜和水果中菊酯类农药残留量的检测

用Agilent6890N气相色谱仪摸索建立了蔬菜和水果中的溴氰菊酯、甲氰菊酯、三氟氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯等拟除虫菊酯类农药残留量的检测方法。确定了12℃/min为最佳程序升温速率。当样品中的添加浓度为0.05～0.10mg/kg时,添加回收率为85.4%～110.4%。4种菊酯类农药的最低检测浓度为3×10-4～6×10-4mg/kg。     

二氯吡啶酸在小麦和土壤中的残留分析方法

本文研究了小麦和土壤中二氯吡啶酸残留量的气相色谱分析方法。当样品中二氯吡啶酸的添加浓度为0.01、0.1、1.0mg/kg时,样品的平均回收率为86.2%～100.4%,变异系数为2.76%～10%;该方法的最小检出量为1.25×10-11g,最低检测浓度为0.001mg/kg。     

高效液相色谱—质谱法测定土壤中乙草胺残留

本研究采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪，建立了土壤中乙草胺的分析方法。以乙腈和0.1%甲酸水溶液为流动相进行液相分离，ESI⁺模式下进行多重反应监测扫描。结果表明，在浓度为1～50μg/L范围线性关系良好，乙草胺、线性相关系数分别为0.997 9,在土壤中0.01、0.1和1 mg/kg 3个添加浓度的平均回收率在102.0%～112.0%之间，相对标准偏差(RSD)均<10%。方法最小检出限为0.000 2 mg/kg。     

中草药中14种有机磷农药残留量同时测定——微波辅助提取法

建立了14种有机磷农药在中草药金银花Lonicera chrysantha、三七Panaopseu-do-ginsen、枸杞Lycium chinense中的残留分析方法。采用微波辅助提取,C18-硅胶SPE柱净化,毛细管气相色谱测定,优化了微波提取和净化条件,并与传统振荡提取法进行了比较。标准添加回收率为80.5%～102.7%,相对标准偏差为1.2%～8.1%,最低检出浓度为0.004mg/kg(敌敌畏)～0.026mg/kg(丙溴磷),符合残留分析要求。     

碱解法—液质联用测定小麦中2甲4氯异辛酯及其代谢物2甲4氯

本研究采用QuECHERS及碱解衍生技术，结合高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(HPLC-MS/MS)建立了测定小麦籽粒和秸秆中的2甲4氯异辛酯和其代谢产物2甲4氯及其共轭物的残留量的检测方法。籽粒和秸秆样品经0.1%甲酸乙腈提取，0.25 mol/L的氢氧化钠溶液碱解，1 mol/L盐酸酸化，上清液经固相萃取剂净化后，HPLC-MS/MS上机检测。结果显示2甲4氯异辛酯在籽粒和秸秆添加浓度0.02～5 mg/kg的范围内，回收率范围为86%～96%,相对标准偏差为2.1%～5.6%,2甲4氯在籽粒和秸秆添加浓度0.02～5 mg/kg的范围内，回收率范围为94%～106%,相对标准偏差范围为3.0%～6.3%,籽粒和秸秆的方法定量限均为0.02 mg/kg。该方法试剂和材料易得，操作过程简单快捷，回收率及精密度满足农药残留分析要求，可用于实际样品的2甲4氯异辛酯、2甲4氯及其共轭物的残留检测，便于2甲4氯异辛酯在小麦的膳食风险评估。     

QuEChERS-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法分析甘蓝和土壤中的鱼藤酮

采用QuEChERS-液相色谱-串联质谱法(QuEChERS and LC-MS/MS)建立了鱼藤酮在甘蓝及土壤中的残留检测方法。样品前处理采用以乙腈作提取剂、PSA(primary sec-ondary amine,N-丙基乙二胺)为分散净化剂的QuEChERS方法,利用高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)在多反应离子检测模式下进行检测。在甘蓝和土壤中的添加水平为0.002-0.1mg/kg条件下,鱼藤酮在甘蓝中的添加回收率为78.36%～88.16%(相对标准偏差为6.05%～13.38%),在土壤中的添加回收率为77.94%～89.50%(相对标准偏差为4.70%～12.35%)。鱼藤酮在甘蓝和土壤中的最低检测浓度为0.002mg/kg,最小检出量为1.0×10-11g。该方法样品前处理简单、快速,准确度、精密度和灵敏度均符合农药残留检测要求,适用于甘蓝和土壤中鱼藤酮残留的检测。     

联苯肼酯在柑橘及其土壤中的残留分析方法

采用高效液相色谱仪建立了联苯肼酯在柑橘及土壤中的残留分析方法。柑橘样品采用V(乙腈):V(乙酸乙酯)=1:1、土壤样品采用V(丙酮):V(二硫化碳)=1:1的混合溶剂超声提取,碱性氧化铝柱层析净化,高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器(HPLC-DAD)测定。在0.05～10 mg/L范围内联苯肼酯峰面积与进样质量浓度呈良好线性关系,R2=0.999 4。该方法的定量限为0.02 mg/kg。在0.02～1 mg/kg添加水平下,联苯肼酯的添加回收率为80.47%～98.93%,相对标准偏差为2.62%～7.32%。方法的精确度、灵敏度和稳定性均符合农药残留分析的要求。     

丙溴磷在稻田中的残留降解行为研究

通过田间试验,研究了丙溴磷在稻田中的残留动态过程,借助气相色谱技术,得到添加回收率为80.1～113.2%,相对标准偏差为2.7～9.4%。丙溴磷在稻田水、土壤及水稻植株中的降解半衰期分别为1.9～2.2d,3.6～4.3d,1.8～2.5d;丙溴磷在稻田水、稻田土壤及水稻植株中的最低检出浓度分别为5.0×10-2mg/L、5×10-2、5.0×10-2mg/kg。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.