藏鸡与茶花鸡杂交种蛋低氧孵化性能测定

旨在研究藏鸡作为父本和母本对杂交种蛋胚胎低氧发育的影响。在模拟常压低氧的条件下对纯种藏鸡(TT)、纯种茶花鸡(CC)、藏鸡♂×茶花鸡♀(TC)、茶花鸡♂×藏鸡♀(CT)种蛋进行孵化。而后对种蛋的低氧孵化性能进行测定。结果显示,在13%氧浓度(约海拔3 980m)条件下,藏鸡与茶花鸡正反交种蛋孵化率(36.41%、39.57%)显著高于茶花鸡(16.97%),藏鸡作为母本的种蛋失水率显著低于茶花鸡为母本组,且蛋重较大。本研究说明了种蛋的蛋重、孵化期失水率主要由母本决定;茶花鸡与藏鸡的杂交种蛋低氧孵化率显著提高,表现较强杂种优势,但正反交组间种蛋低氧孵化率差异不显著;藏鸡作为母本的种蛋低氧孵化胚胎发育前期优于藏鸡作为父本组,后期则藏鸡作为父本的种蛋胚胎发育能力较好。     

输氧对拉萨白鸡种蛋和藏鸡种蛋孵化影响的研究

为研究输氧对拉萨白鸡种蛋和藏鸡种蛋孵化效果的影响,选用5世代拉萨白鸡种蛋、尼木藏鸡种蛋、山南藏鸡种蛋进行孵化,于孵化过程及孵化结束时测定各品种鸡种蛋的相关孵化指标。结果表明:与输氧条件下相比,拉萨白鸡种蛋和尼木藏鸡种蛋在不输氧条件下的蛋重、初生重和初生重占入孵蛋重的百分比均更高,而山南藏鸡种蛋在不输氧条件下的蛋重、初生重和初生重占入孵蛋重的百分比均较低;拉萨白鸡种蛋、尼木藏鸡种蛋、山南藏鸡种蛋在输氧时的入孵蛋孵化率比不输氧时分别高29.40%、35.01%、14.72%;拉萨白鸡种蛋、尼木藏鸡种蛋、山南藏鸡种蛋在输氧时的受精蛋孵化率比不输氧时分别高31.55%、39.49%、11.91%。综上表明,缺氧是高原优良种质资源鸡种蛋孵化率低的最主要的因素,该研究为今后提高高原环境下种蛋的孵化效果提供了参考。     

藏鸡与寿光鸡低氧孵化胚胎血浆中差异蛋白的筛选和鉴定

本研究采用蛋白质双向电泳和质谱鉴定技术,筛选藏鸡和寿光鸡的种蛋在低氧(13%O2)、常氧(21%O2)孵化条件下16日胚龄血浆中差异蛋白。结果显示,常氧孵化的藏鸡与寿光鸡胚胎血浆蛋白差异点仅2个,而低氧会导致8个蛋白点丰度改变;在低氧孵化条件下,藏鸡胚胎血浆比寿光鸡有较高的血浆转铁蛋白A链、载脂蛋白A-I和免疫球蛋白重链,及较低的视黄醛结合蛋白4。这4个蛋白的变化说明藏鸡胚胎对低氧耐受性高于寿光鸡,是其低氧适应性的血液学表征。本研究结果为进一步探索藏鸡胚胎低氧适应机制提供了基础。     

藏鸡和科宝肉鸡鸡胚卵黄膜、尿囊膜HIF-HIF-2α和VEGF基因表达的比较分析

藏鸡和肉鸡在耐低氧性状上有明显的差异,但对品种间这种差异的机制研究还未见报道。试验通过RT-PCR对高原低氧孵化的藏鸡和常氧孵化的肉鸡(科宝500)14日胚龄鸡胚卵黄膜、尿囊膜(CAM)HIF-2α和VEGF m RNA表达量进行检测和比较,从分子水平上分析不同品种之间的表达差异。结果发现藏鸡鸡胚卵黄膜和CAM组织中HIF-2αm RNA表达量均显著高于肉鸡鸡胚卵黄膜、CAM内表达(P0.05)。藏鸡鸡胚CAM组织中VEGF m RNA表达量显著高于肉鸡CAM内表达(P0.05),而卵黄膜组织中VEGF m RNA表达没有显著差异。藏鸡与肉鸡卵黄膜、CAM组织中HIF-2α和VEGF基因表达量均不相关。结果提示,HIF-2α基因在藏鸡鸡胚卵黄膜、CAM均高度表达,可能是藏鸡对低氧适应的结果;而VEGF基因在藏鸡CAM高度表达,这可能更有利于藏鸡鸡胚CAM血管的形成,进而提高藏鸡在高原低氧环境中的适应能力。藏鸡与肉鸡鸡胚卵黄膜、CAM组织HIF-2α和VEGF基因可能通过不同的途径发挥作用。     

高海拔地区鸡胚发育关键因素研究

对藏鸡(T)、饲养在北京的藏鸡(TB)、矮小隐性白(D)、农大小型蛋鸡商品代种蛋(M)、寿光鸡(S)、藏鸡×矮小隐性白(TD)、藏鸡×寿光鸡(TS)7组种蛋在西藏林芝进行孵化研究,通过阶段死亡率、出雏率、失水率数据分析了影响高海拔地区胚胎发育的关键因素。结果表明胚胎本身的高原生活力是鸡蛋高海拔孵化主要因素,其次是蛋壳传导力。     

低温保存种蛋对孵化的影响及其效果分析

本试验的目的主要是找出种蛋保存和鸡胚死亡的最低临界温度,也就是找出种蛋保存在怎样的低温范围,经过一段时间的保存后有较低的孵化率和较高的弱雏率,找出种蛋在怎样的低温范围,经过一定时间保存后鸡胚发生死亡。从而避免种蛋在保存过程中,由于温度控制的不合适而使种蛋的孵化率和健雏率受到影响。     

高温导致鸡胚死亡

高温导致鸡胚死亡杨秀芝（河北省衡水外贸冷冻厂化验室０５３０００）某孵化场入孵一批艾维茵种蛋，入孵蛋数为１７０００枚，孵化至第１０天头照，发现鸡胚已全部死亡。该场有６台孵化机，每隔５～７天入孵一批种蛋，种蛋均来源于同一种鸡场，正在孵化的另外三批胚蛋均发...     

坦布苏病毒在种鸭中的垂直传播

为探究坦布苏病毒(Tembusu virus,TMUV)能否垂直传播,57只38周龄的健康樱桃谷种鸭分为A、B、C 3组,每组15只母鸭、4只公鸭。A组母鸭、B组公鸭静脉接种坦布苏病毒TMUV-SDSG株2.5 mL/只(ELD50=10-2.37/0.2mL);C组接种等量生理盐水。各组隔离饲养,收集种蛋进行孵化。无菌采集孵化不同阶段的死亡鸭胚的胚脑、尿囊液或卵黄膜以及新生雏鸭和死亡弱雏的脑组织,进行病毒分离和半套式RT-PCR检测。结果显示,在种蛋的卵黄膜,死亡鸭胚的尿囊液、卵黄膜和胚脑,新生雏鸭和死亡弱雏的脑组织中均能检测并分离到TMUV。其中,A组种蛋、死亡鸭胚、1日龄雏鸭、15日龄雏鸭和死亡雏鸭中TMUV阳性率分别为60%,67.44%,35.48%,16.67%和100%。B组种蛋、死亡鸭胚、1日龄雏鸭、15日龄雏鸭和死亡雏鸭中TMUV阳性率分别为50%,51.35%,46.88%,10%和71.43%。C组各样品中均未检测到TMUV。结果表明,TMUV可在种鸭中经种蛋垂直传播。     

藏鸡种蛋特性对高原孵化的影响

为研究藏鸡种蛋的蛋重、蛋形指数和蛋内组成成分等特性,以及这些特性对高原孵化的影响,分别在平原(北京,海拔100m)和高原(西藏林芝,海拔2900m)两个海拔对藏鸡和农大小型鸡进行了种蛋特性的测定和孵化试验。结果显示:在高原孵化藏鸡(TT)受精蛋孵化率为74.63%,低地品种农大小型鸡(DB)种蛋运到高原孵化受精蛋孵化率由平原的88.24%下降到37.25%,说明藏鸡对高原存在明显的适应性。通过分析TT与DB种蛋的蛋重、蛋形指数、蛋壳厚度及蛋内容物和蛋壳占总蛋干物质的比例等性状的差异,发现虽然TT的蛋重(42.90g)显著(P<0.05)小于DB(60.95g),蛋形指数(1.35)也显著(P<0.05)小于DB(1.38),但两者在含水率、蛋壳厚度上无显著差异。结果表明种蛋的蛋重、蛋形指数及蛋内组成等特性可能不是导致藏鸡与农大小型鸡在高原孵化率差异的主要因素。     

藏鸡种蛋孵化期间失重与气室变化

种蛋的失重率、气室的变化与出雏之间存在着复杂的关系。据报道种蛋的最佳失重率为12％∽13％。据此，我们研究了藏鸡种蛋在孵化期间的失重以及气室变化规律。     

高海拔环境下不同品种鸡种蛋孵化效果研究

为评价不同品种鸡种蛋在高海拔地区的孵化性能,选取4个品种蛋鸡的种蛋在海拔3 780 m的环境条件下开展孵化试验,观察并比较高海拔环境下各品种鸡种蛋的孵化效果。结果表明,拉萨白鸡种蛋的受精率、入孵蛋孵化率、受精蛋孵化率、健雏率都是最高的,分别为94.32%、76.70%、81.33%、94.41%;北京藏鸡种蛋的受精率最低,为74.00%;北京油鸡种蛋的入孵蛋孵化率、受精蛋孵化率、健雏率都是最低的,分别为0.84%、1.00%、50.00%。     

Clinical effects, virological and serological responses in chickens following in-ovo inoculation of reticuloendotheliosis virus

Six-day-old embryonated specific pathogen free chicken eggs were inoculated with reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) into the yolk sac and were incubated until they hatched. The hatchability of eggs inoculated with REV was significantly less (P less than 0.025) than that of media-inoculated controls. Although there were no significant differences in the body weights of these chickens at hatching, there were differences (P less than 0.001) at 6, 25 and 51 days of age between the infected and control chickens. Six of 10 chickens hatched from eggs inoculated with REV had feathering defects at 6 days of age. All chickens hatched from infected eggs had cell-free viraemia and antigenaemia, but not precipitating antibodies. Some of these chickens had very low neutralising antibody titres (less than 45) when examined at 25 and 37 days of age, as did all 10 chickens at 51 days of age. A low rate of horizontal transmission was indicated by the detection of antibodies at 37 and 51 days of age in chickens running in contact with the chickens hatched from eggs inoculated with REV.     

3个品种鸡的蛋品质比较研究

随机选取43周龄的拉萨白鸡鸡蛋、藏鸡鸡蛋和白来航鸡鸡蛋各30枚,进行蛋品质测定。结果表明,3个品种鸡的蛋品质存在差异,除蛋比重差异不显著（P〉0.05）外,拉萨白鸡鸡蛋、白来航鸡鸡蛋与藏鸡鸡蛋的蛋重、蛋壳颜色、气室直径、蛋壳百分率、蛋壳强度、蛋黄重量、蛋壳厚度均存在极显著差异（P〈0.01）;拉萨白鸡鸡蛋、藏鸡鸡蛋与白来航鸡鸡蛋的蛋形指数存在极显著差异（P〈0.01）;拉萨白鸡鸡蛋与藏鸡鸡蛋、白来航鸡鸡蛋的蛋白高度、哈氏单位存在极显著差异（P〈0.01）;蛋白重量、蛋黄比色在3个品种鸡的鸡蛋中存在极显著差异（P〈0.01）;拉萨白鸡鸡蛋与藏鸡鸡蛋、白来航鸡鸡蛋的蛋白百分率存在显著差异（P〈0.05）;3个品种鸡的蛋壳重量和蛋黄百分率相互表现出显著或极显著差异（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;拉萨白鸡鸡蛋、白来航鸡鸡蛋与藏鸡鸡蛋的血肉斑存在显著差异（P〈0.05）。综合来看,拉萨白鸡的蛋品质最佳,具有良好的市场前景,应加大对拉萨白鸡的品种培育力度。     

不同海拔藏鸡生理生化指标的研究

为了探究藏鸡对高海拔生态环境的遗传适应性,通过测定血液生理、生化指标比较高海拔藏鸡与低海拔藏鸡的差别。以西藏（海拔3800m）藏鸡、四川省甘孜州康定县姑咱镇（海拔2700m）藏鸡（以下称甘孜州藏鸡）、成都彭州美丽田园农业有限公司养殖的藏鸡（是由生长于海拔高度为3800mm处的西藏藏鸡经过9年的选育而来,以下称低海拔藏鸡）血液生理、生化指标进行检测对比,并对结果进行统计分析。结果表明：西藏藏鸡红细胞数（RBC）、血液中血红蛋白浓度（HGB）及平均红细胞体积（MCV）均高于甘孜州藏鸡,甘孜州藏鸡又高于低海拔藏鸡．该3种指标呈现出随海拔高度升高而升高的趋势。西藏藏鸡平均血红蛋白量（MCH）及红细胞平均血红蛋白浓度（MCHC）低于甘孜州藏鸡,甘孜州藏鸡又低于低海拔藏鸡,该2种指标呈现出随海拔高度升高而降低的趋势。红细胞分布宽度标准差（RDW—SD）呈现出随海拔高度升高而加大的趋势。西藏藏鸡的血液总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白、葡萄糖和总胆固醇含量均高于甘孜州藏鸡和低海拔藏鸡,且差异极显著（p〈0．01）。甘孜州藏鸡血液中甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）和碱性磷酸酶（ALP）均极显著高于低海拔藏鸡（P〈0．01）。同时该研究结果显示,由于海拔高度的变化,生长于3800m处的西藏藏鸡在1000m海拔的环境条件下经过9年的选育与培育其红细胞数（RBC）、血液中血红蛋白浓度（HGB）、平均红细胞体积（MCV）、红细胞分布宽度标准差（RDW—SD）及平均血红蛋白量（MCH）、红细胞平均血红蛋白浓度（MCHC）等生理指标以及总蛋白（TP）、白蛋白（ALB）、球蛋白（GLO）、葡萄糖（GLU）和总胆固醇（TC）等生化指标均发生了极显著（P〈0．01）的变化．说明这些指标与藏鸡在高海拔缺氧条件下的适应性密切相关。     

Investigations of the vertical transmission of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in laying hens

Erysipelas was diagnosed in a layer breeder flock in Sweden in 2002. Although vertical transmission of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae has not been previously described in chickens, the potential of erysipelas infection to adversely affect hatching eggs was of concern. To clarify the possible impact of erysipelas on hatching eggs and their progeny, an experiment was done using 200 hatching eggs collected from the infected flock. The eggs were incubated for 21 days, and the egg shells, infertile eggs, dead-in-shell embryos, and a sample of day-old hatched chicks and blood samples from 5-day-old chicks were cultured for E. rhusiopathiae. In addition, after 28 days of grow-out, the male chickens were euthanatized and cultured for the bacterium, and the remaining female chickens were placed as a backyard flock and observed over a 4-mo period. Bacteriological test results of the above-mentioned samples were negative for E. rhusiopathiae. Mortality rates were not excessive, and no clinical symptoms of erysipelas were observed during the period of observation. The result of the investigation suggests that in layer breeder chickens, E. rhusiopathiae is not vertically or egg transmitted and that the disease outbreak in the parent stock had no adverse impact on the quality of hatching eggs in terms of increased embryo mortality.     

高原地区矮小鸡与藏鸡屠宰试验

通过对在高原地区10只成年矮小鸡和10只成年藏鸡屠宰测定,分析结果显示:平均体重矮小鸡比藏鸡高2．2％;藏鸡公鸡全净膛率为53．9％,矮小鸡公鸡全净膛率为64．9％,差异极显著;藏鸡母鸡全净膛率为58．1％,矮小鸡母鸡全净膛率为51．5％,差异极显著;藏鸡公鸡半净膛率为74．2％,矮小鸡公鸡半净膛率为81．5％,差异显著;藏鸡母鸡半净膛率为77．1％,矮小鸡母鸡半净膛率为66．2％,差异极显著。经测定说明矮小鸡的屠宰率高于藏鸡。     

鹅蛋与鸡蛋孵化条件控制的差异分析

以鹅与鸡的生态习性、鹅蛋与鸡蛋理化特性方面的差异为基础，分析了鹅蛋在孵前处理、孵化温度、相对湿度、翻蛋、晾蛋与通风控制等相关孵化条件方面与鸡蛋的差异，有利于更好地指导孵化生产。     

In situ production of interferon in tissues of chickens exposed as embryos to turkey herpesvirus and Marek's disease virus

Chicken eggs at embryonation day (ED) 18 or newly hatched chicks were inoculated with turkey herpesvirus (HVT), Marek's disease virus (MDV), or virus-free diluent and, at intervals after inoculation, tissue homogenates of virus-exposed and virus-free chickens or chicken embryos were examined for interferon (IFN) activity. Homogenates of lung, thymus and spleen specimens from chickens given HVT at ED 18 had IFN activity. Activity of IFN in the lungs was studied further. Homogenates of lung specimens from chickens exposed to HVT at hatching also had IFN activity, although the concentration of IFN was lower than that in chickens given HVT at ED 18. The pathogenic isolates of MDV (JM-MDV), but not the attenuated (Md11/75C-MDV) or nonpathogenic (SB1-MDV) isolates, inoculated at ED 18 also induced high lung IFN activity. Exposure to a combination of HVT and SB1-MDV induced IFN activity comparable with that in chickens given HVT alone. The IFN activity in homogenates of lung specimens from virus-exposed chickens was species specific and heat and pH stable, but was destroyed by trypsin treatment. Occasionally, low IFN activity also was detected in homogenates of tissue specimens from virus-free chickens or chicken embryos. This IFN activity could have been produced constitutively or may have been induced by substances (inducers) in the environment.     

种蛋储存期对散养鸡孵化性能的影响研究

为了研究种蛋储存期对孵化性能的影响,试验以散养东北当地土鸡种蛋为研究对象,研究不同保存期(1～3 d、4～7 d、8～15 d和16～30 d)种蛋孵化性能的变化。结果表明:东北当地散养土鸡种蛋的最佳保存时间为7 d,种蛋保存时间在1～3 d和4～7 d之间的受精蛋孵化率变化不明显,保存超过7 d的种蛋受精蛋孵化率显著降低(P<0.05),且保存时间越长受精蛋孵化率越低;随着保存时间的延长,胚胎死亡率增高,保存1～15 d对胚胎早期死亡率影响不大,保存时间超过15 d会导致中后期死胚率增高。说明保存时间对种蛋孵化性能起关键性作用。