昆明气候节律对西门塔尔牛精液品质的影响

[目的]西门塔尔牛分布极广,本文旨在分析云南昆明气候条件对西门塔尔牛精液品质的影响,以便进一步提高种公牛冷冻精液质量。[方法]对西门塔尔牛2011年至2016年不同季节和节气的射精量、原精活力、精子密度、解冻活力进行测定、记录和统计分析。[结果]结果得出,西门塔尔牛春季的射精量、精子密度、原精活力和冷冻精液解冻活力分别为6.82±2.129mL(n=1729)、66.75±7.620%、11.5±7.955亿/mL和37.94±2.642%(n=1417);夏季的射精量、精子密度、原精活力和冷冻精液解冻活力分别为6.89±2.048mL(n=1849)、66.05±7.314%、10.95±4.7450亿/mL和37.56±2.638%(n=1550);秋季的射精量、精子密度、原精活力和冷冻精液解冻活力分别为6.89±3.335mL(n=1819)、65.81±8.687%、10.10±4.621亿/mL和37.82±2.686%(n=1537);冬季的射精量、精子密度、原精活力和冷冻精液解冻活力分别为6.94±2.154mL(n=1847)、66.77±6.709%、10.40±5.056亿/mL和37.75±2.557%(n=1622)。[结论]西门塔尔牛精子活力和密度受气候和季节变化的影响明显。     

水牛精液品质的研究

[目的]本研究测定了摩拉水牛、尼里水牛和槟榔江水牛的射精量、精子密度、精子活力和畸形率。[方法]精液品质按照《牛冷冻精液》标准和《牛冷冻精液生产技术规程》进行测定。[结果]结果得出,摩拉水牛公牛的射精量为5.1±2.37ml（n=2688）、精子密度为7.8±3.68亿/ml、原精活力57.4±16.42%;冷冻精液解冻活力平均为36.0±2.13%（n=1680）、畸形率为20.62±11.04%（n=873）;尼里水牛公牛的射精量为5.3±1.99ml（n=1370）、精子密度为8.4±3.54亿/ml、原精活力62.7±12.51%;冷冻精液解冻活力平均36.5±2.43%（n=1102）、畸形率为15.2±5.71%（n=481）;槟榔江水牛公牛的射精量为5.6±2.26ml（n=271）、精子密度为8.6±5.13亿/ml、原精活力65.2±9.19%;冷冻精液解冻活力平均为37.2±2.48%（n=239）、畸形率为19.6±6.08%（n=110）。[结论]本研究获得了水牛精液品质的基础数据。     

影响大额牛精液质量主要因素的研究

[目的]大额牛为我国地方畜禽遗传资源濒危品种,为了加强大额牛的保种力度,提高保种效率;本研究对影响大额牛精液质量的主要因素如采精方法、季节、个体遗传等进行了比较研究。[方法]大额牛用电刺激法和假阴道法采精,按照牛冷冻精液国家标准GB4143-2008的方法测定大额牛的采精量,精子密度,原精活力和冷冻精液解冻活力,用程控冷冻仪冷冻大额牛精液。[结果]大额牛冷冻精液解冻效果较好,采精量为5.009±2.239m}(n=226),原精活力为54.184±15.760%(n=223),精子密度为7.207±6.387亿/mL(n=225),解冻活力为36.007±2.092%(n=136)。精子冷冻解冻复苏率达50%以上。大额牛电刺激采精成功率高。[结论]迁地保护条件下大额牛电刺激法采精获得很好效果,也能用假阴道法采精,精液冷冻解冻效果较好,有利于大额牛遗传物质的保存。     

槟榔江水牛精液品质的研究

试验对2头槟榔江水牛和摩拉、尼里水牛不同季节的射精量、精子密度、精子活力等指标进行了测定,同时对槟榔江水牛的冷冻精液活力进行了对比研究。结果得出：槟榔江水牛在人工饲养条件下,公牛的射精量为（4．50±1．65）mL、精子密度为（9．3±3．3）亿／mL、原精活力（62．80±10．88）％;冷冻精液解冻活力平均可达（36．60±2．40）％、畸形率为（19．90±5．57）％、精子复苏率为（58．28±8．73）％,其他指标与一般黄牛基本一致。并对影响槟榔江水牛精液品质的主要因素进行了分析研究。     

物候节律对河流型水牛精液质量影响的分析

对摩拉水牛和尼里水牛2006—2014年不同季节和节气的射精量、原精活力、精子密度、解冻活力进行测定、记录和统计分析。结果:河流型水牛春季的射精量、精子密度、原精活力和冷冻精液解冻活力平均分别为(4.80±2.063)m L(n=2 216)、(57.61±14.727)%(n=2 209)、(7.79±4.165)亿/m L(n=2 213)和(36.00±2.581)%(n=1 413);夏季的射精量、精子密度、原精活力和冷冻精液解冻活力平均分别为(53.28±2.311)m L(n=2 392)、(60.32±10.515)%(n=2 379)、(8.26±4.250)亿/m L(n=2 389)和(35.99±2.506)%(n=1 823);秋季的射精量、精子密度、原精活力和冷冻精液解冻活力平均分别为(5.28±2.161)m L(n=1 977)、(61.15±16.462)%(n=1 965)、(8.28±4.212)亿/m L(n=1 977)和(36.56±9.897)%(n=1 517);冬季的射精量、精子密度、原精活力和冷冻精液解冻活力平均分别为(5.02±2.019)m L(n=2 350)、(57.11±18.910)%(n=2 337)、(7.68±3.901)亿/m L(n=2 344)和(36.21±2.615)%(n=1 476)。     

五种糖类对犬精液冷冻保存效果的研究

选取8只身体健康、性欲旺盛的比格公犬,采集其精液,对鲜精进行质量检测,主要包括颜色、射精量、精子活率、活力和pH。选取精子活率达到70%以上犬精液用于后续精液冷冻试验。分别将含有葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖、乳糖和海藻糖的精液稀释液与精液按照1∶2的比例进行稀释。经冷冻解冻后,进行活率、活力、质膜完整性和顶体完整性的精子质量检测。通过对新鲜精液进行品质检测,结果显示5只合格用犬的平均射精量为2.85 mL,密度为2.01×10~8个/mL,pH为6.56。含有果糖的冷冻稀释液中精子活率和活力最高,分别达59.90%和54.00%;其次是添加葡萄糖和乳糖的稀释液中活率较高,分别为59.21%和56.73%,且两组稀释液中精子解冻后活力均为52.00%。进一步评估精子解冻后质膜完整率,结果显示葡萄糖和果糖组显著高于其他组,分别达48.73%和49.52%;而蔗糖添加组精子质膜完整率最低,为42.21%。稀释液中添加果糖的精子解冻后顶体完整率显著高于其他组,而添加蔗糖组顶体完整率最低。在比格犬的精液冷冻保存中,添加果糖的冷冻稀释液能显著提高精子的活率和活力,从而达到提高冻精质量的效果。     

BMY牛冷冻精液质量控制及影响因素研究

[目的]为了加大BMY牛的推广应用力度和提高人工授精受胎率,开展了BMY牛冷冻精液质量控制研究,优选出冷冻稀释液及得出冷冻精液质量控制技术程序。[方法]采用不同的初始冷冻温度、不同种类的稀释液、不同的冷冻方法对BMY牛精液冷冻及解冻效果进行试验。[结果]不同的初始冷冻温度、不同种类的稀释液、不同的冷冻方法,BMY牛精液冷冻解冻效果各异。初始冷冻温度为-121--140℃时,TRIS液为基础稀释液添加糖类和氨基酸一步法稀释BMY牛精液冷冻6-10 min BMY牛冷冻精液解冻效果较好,用程控冷冻仪冷冻BMY牛精液,同样获得良好的解冻效果,解冻活力达到0.372±0.026。BMY牛冷冻精液平均解冻活力可达0.357±0.029以上,精子解冻复苏率达50%以上。精子畸形率平均为16.8%±4.26%,BMY牛采精成功率为75.3%。[结论]全放牧条件下BMY牛电刺激采精法获得很好效果,精液质量好,更有利于种质资源的保存和利用。     

金华猪精液冷冻保存技术研究

本试验用0.5 mL细管作为冷冻载体对金华猪精液进行冷冻保存研究,比较3种冷冻稀释液及不同冷冻方法、解冻程序对金华猪精液冷冻的效果,以解冻后的精子活力、畸形率和质膜完整率为判定指标。结果表明:Ⅱ、Ⅲ号冷冻稀释液处理组解冻后精子的活力、畸形率和质膜完整性都明显地高于Ⅰ号冷冻稀释液(P0.05);Ⅱ号冷冻稀释液和Ⅲ号冷冻稀释液处理组之间没有明显差异(P0.05)。采用程序冷冻仪冷冻法,使用Ⅲ号冷冻稀释液冷冻保存精子,并在60℃,8 s条件下水浴解冻精子后,精子活力和质膜完整率最高分别为42.3%和50.3%,畸形率最低为17.7%。因此,采用程序冷冻仪冷冻法,使用Ⅲ号冷冻稀释液,在60℃,8 s条件下水浴解冻方法较为适合0.5 mL细管金华猪精液冷冻保存及解冻。     

比格犬的繁殖技术Ⅰ.采精及精液冷冻

采用手握法采取比格犬精液,成功率为71.4％,平均射精量2.67mL;精液呈弱酸性,每次射出的精液分三段,精子主要在第二段,精子平均密度为2.105×10~8/mL;新鲜精液的活力为0.8～0.9;精液用两种稀释液稀释后在液氮中保存14～60d,解冻后,其孵活率分别为0.425和0.427.     

笼养山麻鸭精液品质的测定与分析

为了研究笼养状态下山麻鸭公鸭精液品质特性和不同个体间精液品质的差异,试验选取单笼饲养的360日龄健康山麻鸭公鸭24只,每隔2 d采精1次,共采集3次,对精液的精液量、精子活力、精子密度、精子畸形率、精液质量因子(SQF)进行测定与计算,并对各精液品质指标进行相关性分析。结果表明:笼养山麻鸭公鸭精子密度高、活力强,平均每次采精量为(0.30±0.13)mL,平均精子活力为0.84±0.21,平均精子密度为(34.98±26.98)亿个/mL,平均精子畸形率为(11.44±10.63)%;公鸭个体间精液量、精子活力、精子密度和畸形率等常规精液检测指标中均存在显著差异个体(P0.05)。公鸭单次测定的精液量、精子活力、精子密度和精子畸形率的最大值、最小值分别为0.64,0.09 mL;1.00,0.10;127.50亿,0.38亿个/mL;57.00%、1.00%。精液量与精子活力呈显著正相关(P0.05),而其他精液品质指标之间未见显著性相关(P0.05)。说明不同笼养公鸭个体间精液品质差异较大。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.