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1.
Jerome K. Vanclay 《Small-Scale Forestry》2003,2(2):121-134
Sustainable resource management relies upon many disciplines and deals with complex interactions at the landscape scale. Many
of the issues at the landscape scale arise from decisions taken at the household level and affect land use in fields and in
small patches of forest. Spatially-explicit modelling of these units is desirable because it enables rigorous testing of model
predictions, and thus of underlying propositions. The greatest insights may be obtained by participatory modelling of these
processes as we understand them. Despite this, few models simulate dynamics at the household and field level. FLORES, the
Forest Land Oriented Resource Envisioning System, is a simulation system that attempts to bring these elements together into
a coherent package to assist stakeholders to explore options and their implications. The hallmark of FLORES is explicit modelling
of the interrelationship between actors and land parcels within a spatial framework. FLORES demonstrates the feasibility and
possible benefits of modelling at this scale.
Thanks are due to Thomas Enters, Mandy Haggith, Robert Muetzelfeldt, John Palmer, Ravi Prabhu and Fergus Sinclair for their
support and inspiration, and to the many participants of the Bukittinggi workshop for helping to bring FLORES to ‘life’. 相似文献
2.
Wavell Standa-Gunda Tendayi Mutimukuru Richard Nyirenda Ravi Prabhu Mandy Haggith Jerome K Vanclay 《Small-Scale Forestry》2003,2(2):313-326
Participatory modelling can be a useful process to encourage critical examination of livelihood options and foster sustainable
natural resource use through enhanced social learning, collective action and mobilization. The broom-grass group in the Mafungautsi
Forest Reserve serves as a case study of the process and outcomes of such participatory modelling. Innovative group facilitation
methods enhanced participation in the modelling process. The modelling process complements broader efforts to achieve higher
levels of adaptive collaborative management.
This work was conducted as part of the Adaptive Co-Management project of CIFOR, the Center for International Forestry Research.
We are grateful to the UK’s Department for International Development (DFID) and the European Community for financial support
of this project. 相似文献
3.
Ravi Prabhu Mandy Haggith Happyson Mudavanhu Robert Muetzelfeldt Wavell Standa-Gunda Jerome K. Vanclay 《Small-Scale Forestry》2003,2(2):185-210
ZimFlores (version 4) is the outcome of a participatory modelling process and seeks to provide a shared factual basis for
exploring land-use options for the communal lands surrounding the Mafungautsi forest. The ZimFlores experience underscores
the importance of a sharing a common problem and a common location in which all participants have an interest. Participatory
modelling has proved an effective way to consolidate a diverse body of knowledge and make it accessible. Results demonstrate
the importance of model outputs that are diagnostic, and which offer insights into the issues under consideration.
Many people contributed in many ways to help realize ZimFlores. Some of the people who contributed include Elias Ayuk, Ivan
Bond, Ephraim Chabayanzara, Muyeye Chambwera, Vijay Datadin, Wil de Jong, Peter Frost, James Gambiza, Jode Garbe, Peter Gondo,
Emmanuel Guveya, Chiedza Gwata, John Hansell, Gideon Kamumvuri, Godwin Kowero, Dominic Kwesha, Chris Legg, Tim Lynam, Hilton
Madevu, Simba Mandota, Everisto Mapedza, Frank Matose, Gutura Matoso, Chipo Mlambo, John Mudekwe, Maxwell Mukwekwerere, Dorcas
Mungwari, Tendayi Mutimukuru, Mkhululi Ngwenya, Richard Nyirenda, Bill Ritchie, Lizwelabo Sibanda, Manasa Sibanda, Fergus
Sinclair, Jivas Sithutha, Jasper Taylor, Michael Thomas, Zivanai Tsvuura and Steve Twomlow. We are grateful to the UK’s Department
for International Development (DFID) and the European Community for financial support of this project. 相似文献
4.
Idealisation is the process of finding simple representations of the real-world whilst conceptualising a model. There are
three ways to limit complication in a model of a complex real-world: byfocussing the scope of the modelling process onto a clearly defined issue; byidealising elements of the real-world during model conceptualisation; and bysimplifying the implemented simulation program. Careful idealisation has the greatest potential for increasing model tractability whilst
generating insights during the model design process. The Forest Land Oriented Resource Envisioning System (FLORES) project
deals with social forest landscapes which are highly complex. Benefits of idealisation are demonstrated using six examples
from this modelling work. These examples encompass issues dealing with land tenure, forest management, economic values, social
diversity, communication and collaboration. Each example illustrates a different method to achieve an idealisation which yields
insights relevant for policy players. A number of lessons about idealisation are also identified: (1) sometimes it is only
possible to recognise what is key by omitting it; (2) an effective idealisation is not just achieved by leaving things out,
or adding them back in; it can also be achieved by restructuring the representation; (3) it is important challenge the use
of different units where consistency is possible; (4) it is easier to keep a simple model simple, than to make simple modifications
to a large model. Similarly, it is easier to generate insights with a simple concept for a sub-model than with a simple modification
to an existing model; and (5) even the most useful idealisations may have a limited shelf-life.
Thanks to Bill Ritchie, Carol Colfer, Bruce Campbell, Herry Purnomo, Wavell Standa-Gunda, Richard Dudley and Jerry Vanclay
for helpful comments on earlier drafts of this paper, and to all the other Florists for engaging in debate about this modelling
experience. We are grateful to the UK’s Department for International Development (DFID) and the European Community for financial
support of this project. 相似文献
5.
6.
Participatory mapping and GIS are both necessary to model the interactions between humans and their environment. A case study
from the forest margin in the Congo Basin demonstrates how data from participatory community mapping and other social science
methods can be prepared for quantitative modelling. This approach bridged the gap between spatial modelling data and social
decision-making in space by elaborating a geographically consistent social representation of the landscape and giving a geographical
base to the connection between land use, its cultural representation, and its social management. This was achieved through
an iterative process of GIS cartography, using feedback from village informants and field checking, to transpose the spatial
references from participatory mapping sketches into reliable geographic locations. As well as demonstrating the utility of
such data for modelling, this work clarified the distribution of land rights among the six main owner-clans spread through
the eight hamlets in the watershed. The ‘basin’ of spatial resources and its relation to the rules of land use and natural
resource management were defined for each clan. Land-use systems at the forest-agriculture interface in the study area proved
to be complex, strongly driven by social rules and influenced by history and settlement strategies. These social and historical
aspects established the framework within which communities make current decisions and interventions.
The authors thank the people of Akok for their collaboration and hospitality. Village technician Michel Engueng and village
contact Adolphe Ze facilitated and assisted this work. Our thanks also to Julie Mbazo’o and Remy Assoumou, both members of
the ‘social side’ working group of the FLORES modelling team. Christopher Legg’s contribution to the discussion of this work
through his constant reviewing of the CamFlores model is gratefully recognized. Finally, thanks to the whole CIFOR-ACM team
for numerous scientific and methodological inputs. The Italian Foreign Ministry funded the work of Valentina Robiglio (APO-GIS
specialist) through an APO contract with IITA. The European Union (Tropical Forestry budget line DG VIII) contributed to the
CIFOR’s research program on the ‘Adaptive Collaborative Management of Forests’ (ACM) in Africa, and to the Alternative to
Slash and Burn (ASB) program in Cameroon on ‘Environmental Services and Rural Livelihoods’ through the World Agroforestry
Centre. 相似文献
7.
This article proposes a planning approach for private forest holdings that have more than one decision maker, e.g. a heirship
group or a joint ownership between siblings. Through a case study example, we illustrate the phases of the proposed planning
process and describe the communication and planning tools used in this process. The final aim is that in the future the forest
planners’ toolkit would include this kind of approach for rather common situations where it is not easy to reach all the owners
for synchronous face-to-face planning sessions. The process started with initial telephone interviews with the forest owners.
From these interviews appropriate alternative forest plans were developed. Indicators and their values from the forest plans
were inputted into the Mesta internet application. The forest owners were also given guidance on how to use the program. After
this they were given time to independently use the program. Once the forest owners finished the use of the program, the results
were collected and analyzed. Among the alternative forest plans, one was approved by all of the forest owners. The results
of trial use involving a North-Karelian forest holding were encouraging. The main benefits of the approach according to the
participants were learning that there are alternatives between which to choose, and reaching a common base level of understanding
holding’s production possibilities for future decisions. After developing the process and technical tools further, the proposed
model could serve joint ownerships over distance also in practice and in larger scale, and, as a result, foster owners’ engagement
on their own forest. 相似文献
8.
Fernando Santos Martín Manuel Bertomeu Meine van Noordwijk Rafael Navarro 《Small-Scale Forestry》2012,11(1):47-60
The ‘when, where and how’ of decisions by smallholder upland farmers to plant trees as part of their use of natural, human
and capital resources needs to be understood if policy support is to result in actual recovery of tree cover as part of a
‘forest transition’ trajectory. In large parts of the Philippines the turning point may be close. Data on resource access
and tree planting decisions were gathered from a household survey, with a total of 148 respondents in four rural communities
in Leyte Province in Central Philippines. Data were analysed using logistic regression analysis. Household-level results reveal
that the outcomes of the decision-making processes primarily depend on the availability of land and access to remaining forest
resources rather than socio-cultural or economic factors. The total area of land and number of parcels managed by the household
plus security of land tenure through ownership was found to have a statistically significant effect on farmers’ decision to
plant native timber trees. Access to surrounding natural forest is negatively associated with farmer tree planting. 相似文献
9.
Mandy Haggith Ravi Prabhu Carol J. Pierce Colfer Bill Ritchie Alan Thomson Happyson Mudavanhu 《Small-Scale Forestry》2003,2(2):225-239
Will the practice of collecting wild honey wearing no clothes become a widespread practice in Zimbabwe? Or will beekeeping take over as the main way that people acquire honey? Both practices impact on forest resources; how can the foresters influence the uptake of these ideas? This paper describes an exploratory modelling study investigating how social network patterns affect the way ideas spread around communities. It concludes that increasing the density of social networks increases the spread of successful ideas whilst speeding the loss of ideas with no competitive advantage. Some different kinds of competitive advantage are explored in the context of forest management and rural extension. 相似文献
10.
Perceptions of the benefits of agroforestry practices (AFPs) and the level of utilization of these practices by male and female
participants were examined in the agroforestry programs of the Akwa Ibom and Cross River State Governments of the South–South
region of Nigeria. Responses were derived from 250 randomly selected respondents. Overall, respondents perceived the major
benefit of agroforestry practices as enhancement of environmental conservation. Female respondents however perceived increased
income as the major benefit of agroforestry practices. A composite perception index revealed that women farmers were more
favourably disposed than male respondents to the utilization of agroforestry practices. The farmers were favourably disposed
to the utilization of only five of the 16 identified AFPs in the study area, including ‘leaving of isolated woody trees on
farmlands’, ‘utilizing woody trees as windbreaks’ and to ‘demarcate farm boundaries’, ‘planting of woody trees in combination
with fruit trees’, and ‘planting of woody trees in combination with vegetable crops’. Male and female responses were generally
similar although a major difference was observed with regard to ‘planting of trees for fuel wood’. The composite index, however,
revealed a general low level of utilization of AFPs, although female farmers were relatively more disposed to the utilization
of AFPs. The key policy implication of the study is the necessity to embark on sustained education and environmental awareness
campaign, with a focus on presenting AFPs as livelihood sustaining and risk mitigation activities, against its present misperception
as simply a government strategy to increase the stock of woody trees in the environment. This policy should endeavour to target
landless women farmers who have been found to be more interested in the adoption of AFPs into their farming system. 相似文献
11.
International and national development programs in Nepal place high priority on management of forests for biodiversity. Communities
are expected to embrace and cooperate in this endeavour for biodiversity conservation, yet little research has been carried
out to understand community viewpoints on biodiversity conservation, or even to ascertain people’s understanding of the concept
of biodiversity. This paper explores perceptions and concepts related to biodiversity and its conservation held by people
involved in community forestry in Nepal. Data were obtained from in-depth individual interviews and focus group discussions
carried out in two contrasting geographical districts. The results show that the Western term ‘biodiversity’, translated into
Nepalese as jaiwik bibidhata, is new and confusing to most forest people, who interpret the term in a variety of ways. People’s perceptions of biodiversity
vary widely and a considerable gap exists between policy-makers and forest users in the understanding and interpretation of
this Nepalese term and its related concepts. These findings have important implications for the design and implementation
of development programs and in formulation of forest policy in Nepal. 相似文献
12.
Ewald Rametsteiner 《Small-Scale Forestry》2009,8(2):143-158
In recent decades the concept of ‘governance’ as interdependent coordination of actors as well as the normative concept of
‘good governance’ have increasingly influenced international forest policy, to varying degrees. Using the three dimensions
of multi-actor, multi-sector and multi-level governance to analyse key aspects of governance in the follow-up of global policy
after the UNCED conference in 1992, this paper shows that ‘multi-actor governance’ has received considerable attention in
international forest policy, mainly through promoting national forest programs. Global forest policy initiatives were less
able to develop concepts to address and improve ‘multi-sector governance’ and ‘multi-level governance’, although these two
dimensions of governance are particularly relevant for local levels. A number of major international forest policy initiatives,
both public and private, have also focused on improving various dimensions of ‘good governance’. A review of the degree to
which these international governmental initiatives have been transposed and applied at the local or regional level reveals
a major gap between concepts and forest policy initiatives developed and promoted at international and national levels and
their application at the regional and local levels. This calls for better concepts addressing in particular the ‘multi-level’
dimension of governance in order to improve connectivity between these levels. A range of governance change approaches can
be applied, including adjusting modes of interaction, instruments and institutions.
相似文献
Ewald RametsteinerEmail: |
13.
14.
FLORES, the Forest Land Oriented Resource Envisioning System, is a framework to facilitate quantitative modelling of ecological,
economic and social issues at the landscape scale. This issue ofSmall-scale Forest Economics, Management and Policy describes the evolution of FLORES from a concept to a series of models calibrated for diverse locations, and documents the
lessons learned.
The idea to construct and use landscape-scale models of the forest frontier, based on simulating household decisions and land
use at a spatial scale close to the field level, arose from a desire to add rigour to land-use policy research at CIFOR, the
Center for International Forestry Research (Vanclay 1995). This simulation modelling approach to addressing interdisciplinary
issues, where people are strongly interacting with forest resources, became known as FLORES, the Forest Land Oriented Resource
Envisioning System (Vanclay 1998). Muetzelfeldtet al. (1998) constructed a simple prototype of a FLORES model to illustrate the concept and demonstrate the ability of a system-dynamics
modelling environment to animate such a model (Muetzelfeldt and Taylor 1997, 2001, Muetzelfeldt and Massheder 2003). In 1999,
FLORES became a reality, when 50 scientists from diverse disciplines met in Bukittinggi, Indonesia to construct the first
FLORES model styled on this prototype (CIFOR 1999, Vanclayet al. 2003).
The research reported in this special issue was made possible by generous financial support from the Department for International
Development (UK), the European Community, the Asian Development Bank (under RETA 5812) and the Center for International Forestry
Research. The views expressed herein are those of the authors alone. We would like to thank the following people who have
assisted in the production of this special issue by acting as anonymous referees for these and other papers: Andy Warner,
Brendan Moran, Bruno Verbist, Chris Dake, Chris Legg, Doug Sheil, Euan Mason, Francois Bousquet, Frank Vanclay, Geoff Slaughter,
James Gambiza, John Herbohn, John Poulsen, Jungho Suh, Mike Spilsbury, Paul Phillips, Paul van Gardingen, Phil Norman, Philip
Nyhus, Roger Wheate, Ross Sigley, Steve Harrison and Tom Evans. Thanks also to the editorial staff, especially Steve Harrison,
John Herbohn and Jungho Suh, for making this special issue possible. 相似文献
15.
Rotacio S. Gravoso Nestor O. Gregorio Maria Anabelle D. Gerona Moises Neil V. Seri?o Steve R. Harrison Herville V. Pajaron Jayson V. Godoy 《Small-Scale Forestry》2011,10(4):473-488
Through a series of workshops with the stakeholders including nursery operators, tree farmers, staff of the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources, local government units and the academe, a forestry seedling nursery accreditation policy
was developed. The resulting policy was subsequently implemented by the municipal government of Palompon, Leyte. The accreditation
policy encouraged nursery operators to follow smallholder-based best management practices for tree nurseries. Implementation
of the nursery accreditation policy improved farmers’ knowledge and skills in the production of high quality seedlings, encouraged
adoption of BMP for forest nurseries, provided additional source of income for the farmers, enabled members of the groups
operating the communal nursery to forge closer relationship with each other, encouraged utilization of farmers’ free time
in productive activities, developed farmers’ confidence in producing high quality planting materials, and gained for the farmers
favourable attention from various organizations and groups. The Bennett’s hierarchy of project outcomes showed that the implementation
of accreditation scheme achieved high levels of outcomes, indicating that it led to substantial improvements in the lives
of the farmers. 相似文献
16.
The objective of our study was to lay a foundation for the effect of flower fragrance on human emotions and to provide a theory for the choice of indoor plants and the improvement of the olfactory environment. Specifically, our purpose was to study human physiological responses to flower fragrance of Lilium ‘Siberia’ and Rosa ‘Escimo’. The participants were 31 college students. Blood pressure, pulse rate, finger temperature (FT) and galvanic skin response (GSR) were measured. The results show that the fragrance of Rosa ‘Escimo’ causes the diastolic pressure and pulse rate of the participants to reduce significantly. The average decrease was 0.37 kPa and 2.23 beats per minute, which indicates that sympathetic nervous activity increases, physiological arousal decreases and emotional alleviation occurs. Furthermore, the GSR of participants significantly increased by smelling the fragrance of Lilium ‘Si-beria’, indicating that both sympathetic nervous activity and physiological arousal increased. But the data could not prove that flower fragrance stimulation has an effect on changes in systolic pressure and finger temperature. Some other factors, such as basic emotion and weather, may have an effect. 相似文献
17.
During the past 60 years, afforestation has transformed Israel’s landscape, with forests planted or planned on 10% of the
country’s land, much of it with less than 300 mm of annual precipitation. After early efforts to establish a successful commercial
timber industry failed, recreation and ecosystem services came to dominate forestry policy objectives. Given Israel’s status
as a ‘developing country’ under the Kyoto Protocol, forests’ economic potential through carbon sequestration has been explored,
but has not yet proven to be compelling. Several considerations cooled initial enthusiasm for seeking international carbon
credits through afforestation. These include administrative obstacles associated with international accreditation, limited
potential economic profitability, and ethical considerations. Rather, a voluntary offsetting program was adopted, allowing donors to plant trees in Israel, that balance individual carbon
emissions. Afforestation in drylands exhibit meaningful potential to counteract chronic carbon loss due to land degradation.
As trees planted in Israel’s semi-arid regions exhibit surprisingly high carbon sequestration properties that are comparable
to forests in temperate Europe, the potential for offsetting may become a growing factor in local forestry policy once Israel
begins to regulate CO2 emissions. 相似文献
18.
Farm Level Tree Planting in Pakistan: The Role of Farmers’ Perceptions and Attitudes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The low proportion of forested land and continuing degradation of existing forest cover are serious threats to the sustainability
of forestry in Pakistan. Farm forestry has been identified as a feasible solution, particularly in the plain areas. Applying
the Theory of Planned Behaviour in a survey of 124 farmers in Dera Ismail Khan district of Pakistan’s North West Frontier
Province showed that farmers’ willingness to grow trees on their farms is a function of their attitudes towards the advantages
and disadvantages of growing trees, their perception of the opinions of salient referents and factors that encourage and discourage
farm level tree planting. Farmers viewed farm forestry as economically beneficial and environmentally friendly. Tree planting
was perceived as increasing income, providing wood for fuel and furniture, controlling erosion and pollution and providing
shade for humans and animals. Farmers saw hindrance in agricultural operations and the harbouring of insects, pests and diseases
as negative impacts of tree planting; however, these were outweighed by their perceptions of positive impacts. Tree growing
decisions of farmers were influenced by the opinions of family members, owners/tenants, fellow farmers and village elders.
The factors that significantly predicted farm level tree planting were availability of barren land, lack of markets, lack
of nurseries and damage caused by animals and humans. Farm forestry programmes are more likely to be successful if they acknowledge
and address the factors which underlie farmers’ reasons for planting or not planting trees. 相似文献
19.
The benefits provided by underutilised fruit tree species such as baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) in combating increasing malnutrition and poverty become more apparent as awareness grows regarding concerns of climate
change and food security. Due to its multiple uses, its high nutritional and medicinal value, drought tolerance and relatively
easy cultivation, baobab has been identified as one of the most important edible forest trees to be conserved, domesticated
and valued in Africa. In order to contribute towards the cultivation of the species, suitability of sites in Africa and worldwide
was evaluated for potential cultivation using species’ locality data and spatial environmental data in MAXENT modelling framework.
A total of 450 geo-referenced records of the baobab tree were assembled from herbarium records, commercial firm’s databases
and fieldwork for modelling site suitability for global cultivation of the baobab tree. Climatic and topographic data were
acquired from the Worldclim data while soil data was obtained from the Harmonized World Soil Database. MAXENT was found to
be a successful modelling method for studying cultivation potential. The main variables that contributed towards predicting
baobab’s global cultivation potential were annual precipitation and temperature seasonality. Results suggest that baobab tree
could be widely cultivated in most countries in southern Africa and in the Sudano-Sahelian zone of West Africa from Senegal
to Sudan. Angola and Somalia were found to be highly suitable for cultivating baobab in Africa. Model suggests, India, where
the baobab tree already exists and is used, to be the most suitable country for baobab cultivation outside Africa. North-west
Australia, Madagascar, north-east Brazil and Mexico resulted to be other suitable places for cultivating the tree species.
Although it is recommended model results be validated with in situ seedling experiments, there seems to be a great potential
for the cultivation of this species globally. 相似文献
20.
Anne Sourdril Gaëtan du Bus de Warnaffe Marc Deconchat Gérard Balent Eric de Garine 《Small-Scale Forestry》2006,5(1):127-144
The importance of the ecological functions of farm forests in France calls for a better understanding of the social systems
influencing forest management. The traditional ‘house-centred system’ involved a sharing of activities in farm forestry between
fathers and their sons. Retired farmers were traditionally managers of the forests while their sons dealt with farming activities.
The evolution of this relationship since World War 2 has been investigated with an ethnologic approach in two villages in
south-western France where the traditional ‘house-centred system’ constrains the social rules. This system has led to a lifetime
status for fathers as head of the farm and of the household. Before WW2, sons played a secondary role in relation to their
fathers who took strategic decisions. After WW2, sons became more involved in the forest work and decisions which led to a
more frequent use of agricultural methods in forests. This created differences of opinion between fathers and sons, with the
fathers considering their sons’ management too intensive. The social consequence was that the fathers felt that their role
as forest managers and as head of the farm was reduced. In future, farm forest management might become more dependent on agricultural
activities, with the traditional social systems losing importance. 相似文献