川西亚高山三个森林群落的凋落物动态

Litter production, components and dynamics were investigated and forest floor litter was quantified throughout a whole year in three subalpine forests, dominated by tree species of spruce （SF）, fir （FF） and birch （BF）, in Western Sichuan, China, in order to understand the key factors that influenced litter production and dynamics. Litterfall in the three forests consisted mainly of leaves, woody litter, reproductive organs and moss. Contribution of leaf litter to the total litterfall was significantly （P 〈 0.05） greater than that of woody litter, reproductive organs or moss. Regardless of the stands, litterfall exhibited a marked monthly variation with the maximum litterfall peaks occurring in October, with smaller peaks occurring in February for SF and FF, and May for BF. The analysis indicated that tree species, stand density, leaf area index （LAI）, stand basal area and stand age were the key factors determining litter production. Meanwhile tree species and phenology controlled the litter dynamics, with wind and snow modifying the litter components and dynamics.     

北京养殖鸡舍发酵床废弃垫料资源化利用评价

发酵床养殖技术是基于控制畜禽粪便排放与污染而发展起来的一种新型养殖技术。通过对不同养殖场发酵床废弃垫料理化性质进行测定,判断其是否能够直接作为有机肥料施用到土壤中。结果表明,废弃垫料中富含有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾等营养元素。其中有机质43.19%~53.95%,全氮2.28%~2.66%,全磷(P2O5)2.36%~2.70%,全钾(K2O)2.80%~3.62%,均符合国家有机肥料农业行业标准(NY 525—2012)。但废弃垫料中p H值为8.03~8.93,EC为3 679~4 310μS/cm,大肠杆菌数量在48.00×104~52.00×104cfu/g之间,沙门氏菌数量在18.33×102~38.33×102cfu/g之间,种子发芽率指数为15.88%~31.52%。在废弃垫料资源化利用方面,发酵床废弃垫料虽具有有机肥料的基本性质,但是其p H值偏碱性,盐分含量偏高,存在使我国北方土壤碱化、土壤盐渍化风险;大肠杆菌严重超标,具有生物安全隐患;种子发芽率指数低,说明废弃垫料中存在抑制种子萌发的毒素。因此施用前必须对养殖发酵床废弃垫料进行无害化处理。     

小五台山典型林分枯落物持水恢复能力研究

枯落物层作为森林生态系统的独特层次,截留吸持降水的能力称为枯落物持水能力。降水结束后枯落物暂持水分继续蒸发、下渗,用以调节大气及土壤中的水分以便于下次持水,因此枯落物水分蒸发、下渗的过程亦是其持水能力恢复的过程。以小五台山7种典型林分为研究对象,通过结合野外调查采样及较为符合实际情况的枯落物失水试验,对不同林分枯落物持水恢复能力进行综合研究。结果表明:(1)枯落物层持水能力及可持水量均随着时间逐渐恢复。失水试验进行到8 h时,所有林分未分解层枯落物持水能力恢复到80%以上,除桦树林外的其余林分半分解层枯落物持水能力恢复到60%以上。试验经过12 h后各层枯落物持水能力恢复趋势逐渐缓慢。(2) 7种典型林分枯落物未分解、半分解层水分蒸发、下渗过程与持水过程的规律一致,前期蒸发、下渗量较大,后期随着可释放水量的减少而逐渐降低。经拟合蒸发、下渗量与时间符合对数函数关系,蒸发、下渗速率与时间符合幂函数关系。(3)小五台山典型林分枯落物调蓄水分效应总体表现为持水较快,持水后水分蒸发、下渗较慢的特征。通过聚类分析可以将7种典型林分划分为3类调蓄水分功能群。未来在该地区或其他生境相似区域的水源林树种配置中将功能群纳入考虑依据,可以实现发挥枯落物最佳的生态水文功能。     

西南亚热带典型林分枯落物层对酸沉降的响应

通过模拟酸雨实验,研究了缙云山马尾松×四川大头茶×四川杨桐混交林(林分Ⅰ)、广东山胡椒×四川山矾混交林(林分Ⅱ)、毛竹林(林分Ⅲ)、四川山矾×杉木混交林(林分Ⅳ)、马尾松林(林分Ⅴ)、灌丛(林分Ⅵ)枯落物淋滤液的化学性质。结果表明:①6种典型林分的枯落物淋滤液pH值均随模拟酸雨pH的降低而减小;林分Ⅴ的枯落物层对模拟酸雨pH值的缓冲效果最好。②6种典型林分枯落物淋滤液中的盐基离子(Ca2+、Mg2+、K+、Na+、NH+4)浓度随模拟酸雨pH值的降低而增加。在pH值2.7和3.5的强酸雨作用下,林分Ⅴ枯落物淋滤液中的盐基离子浓度均是最高的,达到了0.143 6 mmol/L和0.074 0mmol/L,在pH值4.5的酸雨作用下,林分Ⅱ枯落物淋滤液的盐基离子浓度是最高的,达到了0.138 9mmol/L。③在模拟酸雨pH值为2.7时,6种典型林分淋滤液中Al3+、Fe、Mn、Zn急剧增加,且林分Ⅴ枯落物淋滤液中Al3+(0.018 2 mmol/L)、Fe(0.004 4 mmol/L)、Mn(0.010 7 mmol/L)、Zn(0.002 5 mmol/L)均高于其他林分,林分Ⅴ更易受到这几种元素的毒害。     

Water soluble elements in decomposing japanese cedar needle litter

Many studies on the decrease in the contents of elements of decomposing litter have been carried out usually by applying the litter bag method in forest ecosystems. Release of elements from the litter, however, can be divided into three routes, that is, via liquid, solid, and gaseous phases, including leaching, fragmentation, and decomposer respiration, respectively. This study focused on water soluble elements in the decomposing needle litter of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica, D. Don) as a route of release via the liquid phase. Because rainfall leaches water soluble elements from decomposing litter on forest floor, the leaching process is important for the transport of elements from litter layers to soil horizons, which can affect the composition of soil solutions (Takahashi 1995). Moreover, nutrients in the leachate can be used for microbial and plant communities to control the dynamics of these communities. I investigated 1) the relationships between water soluble elements and the decomposition stages of the litter, and 2) variation in the contents of water soluble elements.     

油松枯落物的水土保持作用研究

油松枯落物的截留量与其自身的干燥程度有关,同时受降水历时、降水量和天气情况的影响。在不同的月份,其截留量不同,年截留率为9.27％。油松枯落物阻延径流流出的时间与其厚度呈正相关,与地面坡度、径流深度呈负相关;油松枯落物还能有效地抑制土壤水分蒸发、显著提高土壤的抗蚀性,2cm厚枯落物的油松林地即可免遭土壤冲刷。     

福建侵蚀坡地果园龙眼凋落物的年变化及库流量

 为了了解侵蚀坡地生态果园的物质和能量流动,研究了福建侵蚀坡地果园龙眼凋落物年变化规律和凋落物的养分含量和年库流量。结果表明:龙眼果树年凋落量为48.513kg/株,叶、枝、花和果分别占32.41%、13.15%、1.97%和52.47%;龙眼果树月凋落量季节变化规律是单峰型的,8月凋落量为29.115kg,与其他月份之间有显著差异,占全年的60.01%。凋落叶N、P、K含量季节变化大于Ca和Mg,Ca、Mg季节间变化不明显。通过龙眼凋落物归还的年库流量为697.91kg/hm2。凋落物中5种养分中,年库流量大小顺序为Ca>K>Mg>P>N((446.02>115.73>74.31>37.47>24.39,kg/hm2),各元素的含量所占比例,凋落叶78.59%,枝14.88%,果3.54%,花2.99%。果树叶片凋落前因N、P、K迁移而导致落叶中N、P、K浓度比成熟叶的低,但三者存在着元素间的差异,Ca不迁移,Mg有月份间差异;果树叶片凋落前,N、P、K的年回流量分别为7.420、6.374、53.152kg/hm2,9月份回流量最多,分别为3.632、3.762和21.920kg/hm2。     

Rainforest litter quality and chemical controls on leaf decomposition with near‐infrared spectrometry

Plant‐litter chemical quality is an important driver of many ecosystem processes, however, what actually constitutes high‐ or low‐quality litter (chemical potential for fast and slow decomposition, respectively) is often interpreted by the indices available. Here, near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to explore leaf‐litter chemical quality and the controls on decomposition in the tropical rainforest region of north Queensland Australia. Leaf‐litter samples from litterfall collections and litterbag studies were used. NIRS was used to calibrate the chemical compositions of the material (N, P, C, Mg, Ca, acid detergent fiber, acid detergent lignin, α‐cellulose, and total phenolics) from a smaller sample set covering the spectral range in the full set of samples. Calibrations were compared for both separate (local) and combined models, for litterbags, and litterfall. Coefficients of determination (r²) in the local models ranged from 0.88 (litterbag Mg) to 0.99 (litterfall N), with residual prediction deviation ratios > 3 for all constituents except Mg (≈ 2.5). Mass loss in the litterbags was strongly related to the NIR spectra, with model r²'s of 0.75 (in situ leaves) and 0.76 (common control leaf). In situ decomposability was determined from modeling the initial NIR spectra prior to decomposition with litterbag exponential‐decay rates (model r² of 0.81, n = 85 initial samples). A best subset model including litter‐quality, climate, and soil variables predicted decay better than the NIR decomposability model (r² = 0.87). For litter quality alone the NIR model predicted decay rate better than all of the best predictive litter–chemical quality indices. The decomposability model was used to predict in situ decomposability in the litterfall samples. The chemical variables explaining NIR decomposability for litterfall were initial P, C, and phenolics (linear model r² = 0.80, n = 2471). NIRS is a holistic technique that is just as, if not more accurate, than litter–chemical quality indices, when predicting decomposition and decomposability, shown here in a regional field study.     

玉米秸秆不同构件添加对土壤N_2O排放的影响

通过室内培养试验,研究玉米秸秆不同构件及按比例混合添加对土壤N_2O排放的影响。试验设置无枯落物土壤对照(CK)及四种枯落物添加处理:茎+土壤(CKS)、叶+土壤(CKL)、鞘+土壤(CKLS)、混合枯落物(茎∶叶∶鞘=5∶3∶2)+土壤(CKM)。结果表明:培养初期添加枯落物对土壤N_2O产生激发作用,培养6d之后趋于稳定,但各添加枯落物处理高于对照;培养结束各添加不同构件及混合枯落物土壤N_2O累积排放量都显著增加(p0.05),添加茎和混合枯落物土壤N_2O排放量显著高于添加叶和鞘枯落物(p0.05)。枯落物混合对土壤N_2O排放的影响在培养前期(10~28d)有一定的促进作用,培养后期不同枯落物之间无相互作用。培养结束后各枯落物全氮含量显著高于初始值,C/N显著低于初始值(p0.05)。枯落物混合培养结束后剩余质量实测值低于预测值,全氮含量实测值高于预测值,枯落物碳氮比实测值低于预测值,土壤N_2O累积排放量差异不显著,表明枯落物混合有利于枯落物分解和氮累积,但是对N_2O累积排放影响不大。     

中国亚热带两种竹林凋落物输入量、凋落物分解和养分释放动态

Bamboos are one of the fast-growing and multiple use species in the world, and thus bamboo forests/plantations play an important role in C sequestration at regional and global levels. We studied aboveground litterfall, litter decomposition and nutrient dynamics for two years in two subtropical bamboo ecosystems in Southwest China so as to test the hypothesis that litter quality determine the rate and nutrient dynamics during decomposition of different litter fractions. Mean annual total aboveground litter production ranged from 494 to 434 g m-2 in two bamboo stands （P stand, dominated by Pleioblastus amarus and H stand, hybrid bamboo dominated by Bambusa pervariabilis x Dendrocalamopsis daii）. Bulk （-80%） of litter production was contributed by leaf litter in two stands followed by twigs and sheathes. Different litter fractions represented considerable variations in the rates of mass loss and nutrient release. Variation of the mass remaining after 2 years of decomposition was significantly explained by initial C/N ratio and initial P concentration. Initial concentrations of N, P, Ca, and Mg explained 57.9%, 95.0%, 99.8% and 98.1%, respectively, of the variations of these elements mass remaining after 2 years of decomposition. The patterns of nutrient dynamics and the final amount remaining were mainly determined by their initial litter substrate quality in tl~ese two subtropical bamboo plantations.     

黄土高原典型植被枯落物坡面分布及持水特征

选取黄土高原丘陵沟壑区刺槐、柠条、铁杆蒿、白羊草4种典型植被样地,系统研究枯落物蓄积量、持水量和拦蓄量变化情况。结果表明:(1)枯落物地表蓄积量(0.14~0.83kg/m~2)和土壤中混入量(0.18~0.66kg/m~2)均表现为林地灌木林地草地,而土壤中枯落物所占比重(44.1%~73.5%)则表现为草地灌木林地林地;林地(刺槐和柠条)地表枯落物和土壤中枯落物沿坡长均表现为增加—减少交替的周期性变化,草地(白羊草和铁杆蒿)则随坡长的增大而增加。(2)枯落物持水量可表示为浸泡时间的对数函数(R2≥0.89,p0.01);白羊草样地地表枯落物持水量最高,刺槐林地土壤中枯落物持水量最高;土壤中枯落物最大持水量均不同程度地高于地表枯落物(1.9~2.5倍)。(3)土壤中枯落物有效拦蓄量校正系数为0.34~0.48,普遍小于地表枯落物;地表和土壤中枯落物有效拦蓄量分别为2.4~12.5t/hm~2和1.6~5.8t/hm~2,其中林地土壤中枯落物有效拦蓄量低于地表枯落物,而草地则高于地表枯落物。总体而言,刺槐样地枯落物总有效拦蓄量最大(16.4t/hm~2),是其他样地的1.5~4.1倍。研究结果为评价黄土高原典型植被枯落物持水特征、深入理解植被恢复水文效应提供重要依据。     

不同林分枯落物层的水文生态功能

分析了八达岭林场4种林分枯落物层的蓄积量、持水能力、阻滞径流速度和减流减沙的效应。结果表明:①油松的总蓄积量为29 20t/hm2,最大持水量为61 36t/hm2,有效拦蓄量为19 38t/hm2;侧柏总蓄积量为4 62t/hm2,最大持水量为57 84t/hm2,有效拦蓄量为16 58t/hm2;元宝枫总蓄积量为17 76t/hm2,最大持水量为30 92t/hm2,有效拦蓄量为71 73t/hm2;刺槐总蓄积量为10 26t/hm2,最大持水量为43 12t/hm2,有效拦蓄量为24 63t/hm2;在这4种林分枯落物中,元宝枫的有效拦蓄量为最大,相当于7 17mm的降雨。②4种枯落物未分解层和半分解层持水量与浸水时间的关系为:W=Aln(t) B,未分解层持水量均大于半分解层持水量,吸水速度同浸水时间的关系式为V=ktn,在0～2h之间,枯落物未分解层和半分解层吸水速率较快,在4～6h后下降速率逐渐减缓。③随坡度增加,枯落物阻滞径流速率、减沙减流的效果更加明显,元宝枫在此效应中表现最佳。     

木荷林凋落物的归还动态及分解特性

通过对杭州常绿阔叶林中凋落物的定位观测研究表明,该系统中年均凋落物量为5.85t/hm2,其中以叶最多,占总量的79.5%,枝果较少,分别占7.1%和13.4%。归还动态呈双峰型,即4月和9月为2次高峰。凋落物的半分解时间为1.59a,分解动态呈指数衰减规律。凋落物的年养分归还量达223.69kg/hm2。木荷林中凋落物的现存量为7.47t/hm2。平均分解率为45.18%。林分中凋落物量还处于增长阶段。     

Impact of Soil Type and Application Rate on the Availability of P Applied as Alum‐Treated Poultry Litter

The purpose of this laboratory incubation study was to assess the solubility of phosphorus (P) in alum‐treated poultry litter (ATPL) when applied to three Virginia soils at equivalent P‐based rates. Three poultry litter sources (one that had received no alum additions and two that had received alum additions) were utilized in the study. These litter sources and monopotassium phosphate (KH₂PO₄) were applied at rates of 66, 132, and 197 mg P kg^?1 with a 0‐P check treatment included for each soil. Soils were incubated for 1 year, and samples were collected at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment application. Data collected were used to calculate the relative extractability of P applied in the three litter sources. Results indicated that ATPL applications reduced P solubility compared to untreated poultry litter (NPL); this effect was most significant at 1 month after application. However, at 12 months, significant differences in extractable P between NPL and ATPL treatments were limited at the 66 mg P kg^?1 rate. This resulted from continuous decline in the extractability of P applied in the NPL, whereas the extractability of P applied in the ATPL source changed little with time and in some cases increased slightly between the 1‐ and 3‐month sampling periods. Calculated values of relative extractability were influenced not only by litter source but also P application rate, soil type, and incubation time. Therefore, use of relative extractability values as P source coefficients should be done with caution, because experimental protocol can have profound effects on their magnitude.     

Responses of oribatid mite communities to summer drought: The influence of litter type and quality

A litterbag experiment was used to study the impact of extended periods of summer drought on the structure of oribatid mite communities (Acari, Oribatida) developing in two litter types (beech, spruce) of two qualities (fresh, pre-incubated). Within each litter type, litter quality determined species composition and densities and, in turn, this determined the impact of drought upon the oribatid mite communities. In both litter types, drought had a greater impact on community development in the pre-incubated compared to the fresh litter. In the short-term perspective of the present study, oribatid mite communities in beech litter were less sensitive to summer drought than those in spruce litter. This was partly due to the presence of site-specific, drought-tolerant species but seemed also strongly related to differences in the decomposition patterns between the litter types. Marked changes in densities and composition of oribatid communities after only one period of summer-drought suggest that there is a potential for a significant alteration of oribatid community structure in both litter types if climatic changes persist.     

Feeding preferences of native terrestrial isopod species (Oniscoidea,Isopoda) for native and introduced leaf litter

Due to current predictions for Central Europe that forecast higher frequencies of hot and dry summers, Mediterranean drought-tolerant oak species are being evaluated as future forest trees for German forest sites that are becoming increasingly damaged by water deficit. As a result of planting foreign tree species, the leaf litter composition and thus the food resources of native saprophagous macroarthropods will change, possibly altering primary decomposition processes. Therefore, experiments concerning the acceptance and palatability of introduced versus native litter for native isopods were undertaken. Consumption rates of four native isopod species (Porcellio scaber, Oniscus asellus, Trachelipus rathkii, Trachelipus ratzeburgii) were investigated in laboratory choice tests with introduced (Quercus pubescens, Quercus frainetto, Quercus ilex) and comparable native (Fagus sylvatica, Quercus robur) leaf litter. Litter was characterized by measurement of C/N-ratios and lignin content. Although species-specific preferences of isopods could be observed in the experiments, Mediterranean oak litter was consumed by all investigated species. Furthermore, two isopod species even preferred the leaf litter of the introduced Q. ilex. Compared to native beech or oak litter, litter from these introduced tree species thus apparently do not negatively influence the consumption rates of terrestrial isopods. Possible reasons for the determined preferences are discussed.     

凋落叶多样性对其持水性能的影响

将新鲜的尚未分解的木荷、火力楠、乳源木莲、楠木、杉木凋落叶组合为杉乳楠(SRN)、杉火楠(SHN)、杉火乳(SHR)、杉火乳楠(SHRN)、杉火乳楠荷(SHRNM)凋落叶多样性组合,以杉木凋落叶(S)为对照,采用室内浸水法,探究6组凋落叶多样性组合之间持水能力的差异。结果表明:各组凋落叶多样性组合的最大持水率大小关系为SRNSSHRSHRNSHRNMSHN,最大吸水速率的大小关系为SSRNSHRSHRNMSHRNSHN;各组凋落叶多样性组合的失水率均随时间的增加而提高,失水速率随着时间的变化不断减小,最大失水率的大小关系是SSRNSHRNSHRSHRNMSHN,最大失水速率大小关系为SRNSSHRNSHN=SHRNMSHR;失水试验24h后,各组凋落叶多样性组合的含水率由大到小为SHRSRNSHRNMSHRNSSHN;凋落叶多样性组合中各树种凋落叶之间对水分的吸收与流失均无促进作用。通过分析发现,持水率、失水率与时间的关系可用对数函数表示,吸水速率和失水速率符合幂函数关系。综合比较6组凋落叶多样性组合的持水性能,SHR与SRN凋落叶多样性组合的持水性能较好,可以更好的涵养水源。     

Broiler Litter Ash and Flue Gas Desulfurization Gypsum Effects on Peanut Yield and Uptake of Nutrients

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) requires calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P). Flue gas desulfurization gypsum (FGDG) and broiler litter ash (BLA) could be used as Ca and P fertilizer for peanuts. A pot study was conducted to determine the effects of BLA and FGDG on peanut yield and nutrient uptake compared to superphosphate (SP). Peanut kernel yields were 13.5 greater with BLA compared to SP. Kernel Ca concentration was 29% and P was 17% lower in in plants grown on the BLA compared to SP. Because of the high Ca content of the amended soil no significant difference was observed when FGDG was added. Micronutrients in kernel fertilized with BLA and FGDG were similar to superphosphate. The small difference in kernel Ca and P and the low levels of metals in the tissue between the BLA and SP demonstrate that BLA could be used as P source for peanuts.