蝗虫微孢子虫病在优势蝗虫种类中的持续传播

对施用蝗虫微孢子虫后1-10年的草场中5种主要蝗虫种群中微孢子虫病的流行状况进行了研究,结果表明,蝗虫微孢子虫病能在蝗群中长期传播,蝗虫种群的感病率和感染指数呈波动趋势,随着施用后年限的增加,波幅变动范围趋于稳定。感染率波幅范围为20％-80％,感染指数为10％-41％;鼓翅皱膝蝗、白边痂蝗和毛足棒角蝗种群对微孢子虫病的感染指数,不同年份波动较大,短期内难以形成一个稳定的流行群体;而在小车蝗和宽须蚁蝗种群中引入微孢子虫4年后,感染指数下降,但能够形成比较稳定的感染群体。     

虱螨脲对棉铃虫实验种群的生物活性研究

室内测定了虱螨脲对棉铃虫实验种群的生物活性及低剂量下对其生命参数的影响。拒食活性的测定结果显示,虱螨脲对棉铃虫三龄幼虫具有明显的拒食活性,在10 mg/kg浓度时,96 h后拒食率达到95.04%;虱螨脲也表现出较强的杀卵作用,在50 mg/L浓度下,棉铃虫1日龄卵死亡率达到87.59%。分别用叶片浸毒法和浸虫体法测定了对棉铃虫幼虫的胃毒活性和触杀活性,其对棉铃虫二龄幼虫的LC50分别为0.743 4,12.369 6 mg/L,胃毒活性约是触杀活性的17倍,表明虱螨脲对棉铃虫的作用方式主要为胃毒作用,兼有一定触杀作用。虱螨脲对棉铃虫生长发育和繁殖力影响的测定结果表明,虱螨脲可抑制幼虫生长,延缓发育,使幼虫历期、蛹期增长;同时降低其生育繁殖能力,使幼虫成活率、化蛹率、羽化率、产卵量和卵孵化率等有所下降,畸形蛹和畸形蛾比例明显增加。     

常用化学农药对球孢白僵菌HFW-05菌株的影响及其混用对小菜蛾的联合毒力

球孢白僵菌HFW-05对粉虱有很高的杀虫活性,为扩大该菌株的杀虫范围及明确其与常用化学农药的混用效果,测定了HFW-05菌株对小菜蛾的杀虫活性及化学药剂对HFW-05菌株孢子生长发育的影响。结果表明,HFW-05菌株对小菜蛾幼虫表现出很高的杀虫活性,5×107孢子/mL浓度下,HFW-05菌株对小菜蛾2,3龄幼虫的6 d校正死亡率分别为86.7%和76.7%,各试验浓度下对2龄小菜蛾幼虫的毒力显著高于3龄幼虫。随浓度降低化学药剂对孢子萌发的抑制作用均明显减弱,药剂对孢子的影响与菌药混用时对昆虫的毒力影响没有明显的相关性。常规用量下,抑太保、三氟氯氰菊酯和辛硫磷强烈抑制孢子萌发,孢子萌发率为0,0和7.9%,药剂5倍稀释液与1×106孢子/mL孢悬液混用,辛硫磷、灭多威、灭幼脲Ⅲ号对小菜蛾表现为拮抗作用,校正死亡率分别为23.4%,16.2%和20.5%,其余药剂均表现为毒力相加作用,抑太保、氟虫脲的增效作用显著,对小菜蛾的校正死亡率分别为93.3%和98.0%。可见菌药合理混用对改善小菜蛾的生物防治有一定的指导意义。     

膜下滴灌棉田棉铃虫防治技术

近几年,农六师一○五团100%采用膜下滴灌技术种植棉花,耕作方式和田间小气候发生了较大的变化,棉铃虫发生规律也有了一定的变化。1膜下滴灌棉铃虫发生特点1.11代幼虫发生早发生早:一般在5月上旬始见棉铃虫一代卵,较淹灌地提前15d,1代幼虫钻蛀棉苗生长点,造成幼     

转基因抗虫棉田二代棉铃虫的不完全生命表

 通过罩网和开放式观测相结合的方法,组建了单、双价抗虫棉田二代棉铃虫自然种群的不完全生命表,分析了消长的关键因素。与亲本常规棉相比,单、双价抗虫棉对棉铃虫一龄幼虫均有较好控制作用,Bt蛋白致死效应是抗虫棉田棉铃虫种群消长的关键因素。天敌捕食也是棉铃虫卵和一龄幼虫消亡的重要因素,捕食作用在抗虫棉及其亲本棉田相近。     

莱氏野村菌Nr5772菌株对甜菜夜蛾的毒力

旨在确定莱氏野村菌Nr 5772 菌株对甜菜夜蛾的毒力,为甜菜夜蛾的生物防治提供新的技术手段。以甜菜夜蛾幼虫为实验材料,采用浸渍法,测定莱氏野村菌Nr5772 菌株分生孢子对甜菜夜蛾3、4、5龄幼虫的LC50和LT50。结果表明莱氏野村菌5×109个孢子/mL 对甜菜夜蛾3、4、5 龄幼虫的LT50分别为4.44 d、4.48 d 和4.85 d,LC50分别为2.71×106个/mL、5.61×106个/mL 和1.75×107个孢子/mL。莱氏野村菌Nr5772菌株对甜菜夜蛾幼虫有较强的致病力,孢子浓度越高、幼虫龄期越低则致病力越强。     

莱氏野村菌Nr5772菌株对甜菜夜蛾的毒力研究

旨在确定莱氏野村菌Nr 5772菌株对甜菜夜蛾的毒力,为甜菜夜蛾的生物防治提供新的技术手段。以甜菜夜蛾幼虫为实验材料,采用浸渍法,测定莱氏野村菌Nr5772菌株分生孢子对甜菜夜蛾3、4、5龄幼虫的LC50和LT50。结果表明莱氏野村菌5×109个孢子/mL对甜菜夜蛾3、4、5龄幼虫的LT50分别为4.44 d、4.48 d和4.85 d,LC50分别为2.71×106个/mL、5.61×106个/mL和1.75×107个孢子/mL。莱氏野村菌Nr5772菌株对甜菜夜蛾幼虫有较强的致病力,孢子浓度越高、幼虫龄期越低则致病力越强。     

双价基因(Bt+CpTI)抗虫棉对棉铃虫的杀虫活性及抑制生长作用

比较了转 Bt+ Cp TI双价基因抗虫棉 (双价棉 )与转 Bt单基因棉 ( Bt棉 )对棉铃虫不同Cry1 Ac抗性种群杀虫活性的时间动态和对不同龄期幼虫的抑制生长作用。结果表明 ,双价棉叶对棉铃虫的杀虫活性于 6月底最高 ,7月底和 8月下旬逐渐下降 ,高于同期测定的 Bt棉的杀虫活性。双价棉对棉铃虫抗性种群 2～ 5龄幼虫的死亡率、存活幼虫体重、化蛹率和成虫羽化率等生长发育的影响 ,均显著高于 Bt棉。用 Bt棉叶连续饲养不同龄期抗性棉铃虫 ,2龄幼虫就可部分化蛹和羽化 ,而用双价棉饲养 ,5龄以下幼虫不能化蛹和羽化 ,表明双价棉对抗性棉铃虫具有较强的抗虫性。     

巴西研制高效防控棉铃虫农药

<正>由Simbiose Agro生产的生物农药Btcontrol是巴西开发的首款防控棉铃虫产品。施用第四天的观察结果显示,其消除幼虫阶段棉铃虫的有效率达到100%。实验结果显示,棉铃虫的死亡率基本上与该产品的浓度无关。只要棉铃虫接触到喷施该产品的叶子的薄壁组织就会死亡。据悉,目前该产品已经完成所有登记以及发布程序。此     

对Bt毒蛋白不同抗性水平棉铃虫品系的生物学研究

用对Bt毒蛋白(Cry1Ac)具有一定抗性水平的安阳品系和相对敏感的新疆品系棉铃虫进行Bt毒蛋白(Cry1Ac)的室内毒力测定结果表明,两品系的LC50值分别为8.7645g·L 1和0.2547g·L 1,前者是后者的34.4倍。用转Bt基因抗虫棉中棉所29和常规棉花品种中棉所35蕾期的倒3叶饲养安阳品系和新疆品系棉铃虫的初孵幼虫(孵化后24h),结果表明:两个棉铃虫品系在取食抗虫棉后的累计校正死亡率在1～2d内差异不明显;新疆品系棉铃虫在转Bt基因抗虫棉上发育的最高龄期为4龄,其比率为6.7%;而安阳品系部分棉铃虫能够在转Bt基因抗虫棉上完成生长发育,其4龄幼虫的比率为45.5%,5、6龄幼虫的比率分别为12.6%和3.8%,有1.6%的幼虫能够正常化蛹;用常规棉棉叶饲养的安阳品系和新疆品系棉铃虫各龄幼虫的发育历期差异不显著,而用转Bt基因抗虫棉棉叶饲养的安阳品系棉铃虫幼虫的发育历期与新疆品系虽然差异不显著,但前者的发育历期均短于后者。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.