旋毛虫T668基因真核表达载体的构建及其在BHK细胞中的表达

利用RT-PCR技术从中国河南猪旋毛虫(国际标准虫种编号为ISS534)新生幼虫得到T668基因,并克隆入pEGFP-N1真核表达载体中构建重组质粒,该重组质粒在脂质体介导下转染BHK细胞。EGFP标签证明质粒DNA成功转染到细胞中并得以表达,Western blotting鉴定,细胞裂解液样品中有1条约77 000的条带,可被绿色荧光抗体及猪感染旋毛虫阳性血清所识别,与预计大小一致,表明成功构建T668-pEGFP-N1真核表达质粒,并在BHK细胞融合表达,表达产物具有抗原性。     

PRV SA株gB基因和EGFP基因在BHK细胞中的融合表达研究

为了研究gB蛋白在细胞内的作用位点,试验以猪伪狂犬病病毒(Pseudorabies virus,PRV)SA株为模板,设计特异性引物,扩增gB基因保守片段;以pEGFP-N1质粒为模板扩增EGFP基因;以gB基因与EGFP基因胶回收产物为模板,用gB基因上游引物及EGFP基因下游引物通过重叠延伸PCR(SOE PCR)技术获得gB/EGFP融合基因;构建pcDNA3.1/gB/EGFP重组表达质粒,转染乳仓鼠肾细胞(BHK细胞),采用Western-blot技术及荧光显微镜检测荧光蛋白在细胞内的表达情况。结果表明:试验成功扩增到300 bp的gB基因、760 bp的EGFP基因及1 060 bp的gB/EGFP融合基因;成功构建出pcDNA3.1/gB/EGFP重组表达质粒并转染BHK细胞;Western-blot技术及荧光显微镜检测显示,融合蛋白在BHK细胞中成功表达。说明通过荧光蛋白研究目的蛋白的作用位点是可行的。     

猪带绦虫腺苷酸激酶的克隆及其重组蛋白免疫反应性的评价

为原核表达猪带绦虫腺苷酸激酶(ADK),对其免疫性进行初步研究,本研究以猪带绦虫成虫cDNA质粒文库中ADK同源基因重组质粒为模板,通过PCR扩增并将其亚克隆于原核表达载体pET28a(+),构建了pET-Ts-ADK重组质粒,经IPTG诱导表达,并通过SDS-PAGE鉴定,表明重组蛋白约30ku。经His-镍蛋白纯化柱纯化后western blot试验表明该重组蛋白可被猪带绦虫、亚洲带绦虫及牛带绦虫患者血清识别,表明猪带绦虫ADK基因在原核表达系统中表达获得的蛋白具有免疫反应性。     

绿色荧光蛋白表达载体的改造和表达

为获得增强型绿色荧光蛋白(Enhanced green fluorescent protein,EGFP)的真核表达载体pEFP-N1-MSC,并观察其在猪成纤维细胞中的表达情况,用Nhe Ⅰ和Age Ⅰ消除pEGFP-N1质粒上的多克隆位点(MSC),然后补平连接,获得增强型绿色荧光蛋白编码基因的真核表达载体pEGFP-N1-MSC质粒,将pEGFP-N1-MSC质粒转化DH5α感受态细胞,于Kanr LB平板上筛选阳性克隆.重组子经Nhe Ⅰ和Age Ⅰ双酶切鉴定,将该载体转染猪成纤维细胞,24 h后观察EGFP表达情况,48 h后添加G418进行筛选.结果表明:改造的pEGFP-N1-MSC真核表达载体,成功转染猪成纤维细胞,在倒置荧光显微镜下呈现绿色光,获得可产生绿色荧光的pEGFP-N1-MSC载体,为构建猪双正选择同源重组载体奠定了基础.     

利用BiFC技术研究柔嫩艾美耳球虫顶膜抗原1结构域Ⅰ与棒状体颈部蛋白2互作关系

为了验证柔嫩艾美耳球虫(Eimeria tenella)顶膜抗原1结构域Ⅰ(apical membrance antigen 1 domain I,E tAMA1-DⅠ)与棒状体颈部蛋白2(rhoptry neck protein 2,EtRON2)的互作关系,以柔嫩艾美耳球虫子孢子cDNA为模板,PCR扩增出492 bp的E tAMA1-DⅠ片段和1395 bp的E tRON2片段,并与pGEM-T-easy载体连接构建相应重组质粒。获得的阳性重组质粒及双分子荧光互补技术的真核表达载体pBiFC-VN155和pBiFC-VC155用E c oRⅠ和B g I II进行双酶切,将E tAMA1-DⅠ、E tRON2分别与pBiFC-VN155、pBiFC-VC155连接,构建真核重组质粒pBiFC-VN155-E tAMA1-DⅠ和pBiFC-VC155-E tRON2。将2个真核重组质粒分别转染BHK细胞进行表达,经间接免疫荧光鉴定,可在BHK细胞中成功表达。将2个真核重组质粒共转染至BHK细胞中,同时将pBiFC-bJunVN155和pBiFC-bFos(deltaZIP)VC155、pBiFC-bJunVN155和pBiFC-bFos(delta)VC155共转染至细胞中分别作为阳性和阴性对照组。BiFC结果发现真核重组质粒共转染组和阳性对照组的BHK细胞均产生绿色荧光,而阴性对照组无荧光,表明E tAMA1-DⅠ与E tRON2蛋白之间存在互作关系。本研究结果为深入研究E tAMA1及E tRON2在球虫入侵过程中的功能与作用机制奠定基础。     

广西巴马小型猪TXNIP基因真核表达载体的构建及鉴定

为了克隆广西巴马小型猪硫氧还蛋白相互作用蛋白基因(TXNIP)序列并构建真核表达载体,为生产转TXNIP基因的广西巴马小型猪奠定基础,试验采用RT-PCR技术从广西巴马小型猪胰腺组织中扩增出TXNIP基因编码序列,连接至p MD18-T载体,测序鉴定后提取质粒,用SalⅠ和EcoRⅠ限制性内切酶进行双酶切,回收的TXNIP片段连接至p EGFP-C1载体上,构建含TXNIP的真核表达载体p EGFP-C1-TXNIP;利用双酶切和测序对重组质粒p EGFP-C1-TXNIP进行鉴定,并将重组质粒转染β-TC6细胞24 h后观察细胞荧光表达情况。结果表明:广西巴马小型猪TXNIP基因编码区序列长1 176 bp,编码391个氨基酸,与Gen Bank已公布的猪TXNIP基因c DNA序列(序列号为DQ278874)对应区段同源性为99.7%;重组表达载体p EGFP-C1-TXNIP质粒转染β-TC6细胞能表现出绿色荧光。     

猪白介素4在CHO-K1细胞中的重组表达及生物学活性分析

将猪白介素4(Porcine interleukin4,PIL-4)基因亚克隆到真核表达载体pEGFP-N1中,构建重组表达质粒pEGFP-PIL-4,利用脂质体法转染CHO-K1细胞,采用荧光显微镜实时观察、RT-PCR和Western-blot分别检测CHO细胞转录表达目的分子的情况,通过MTT法检测所表达蛋白的生物学活性。结果在将重组质粒转染CHO-K1细胞中24、48 h后的均观察到绿色荧光;经G418筛选14~20 d后转染的细胞形成了阳性细胞集落,用RT-PCR扩增出约339 bp的目的基因片段;经Western-blot检测到约为39 000的特异蛋白分子条带,并证明在转染重组质粒的细胞中表达了高生物活性的重组蛋白。     

重组猪囊尾蚴热休克蛋白35．6真核质粒的构建及鉴定

为了构建猪囊尾蚴（Cysticercuscellulosae）热休克蛋白的真核表达载体,试验利用PCR技术扩增HSP35．6的基因,将其与增强型绿色荧光蛋白的基因先后连接到pVAXI真核表达载体上,得到pVAXI—HSP35．6-EGFP的重组质粒,经酶切及测序鉴定正确。采用脂质体介导的DNA转染法,将阳性重组质粒转染Vero细胞。转染48h后荧光显微镜下观察到明亮的绿色荧光,说明融合基因可在Vero细胞中高效表达。本研究为进一步研究该蛋白生物学功能奠定了基础。     

陆川猪GPR1基因真核表达载体构建及组织表达谱分析

试验旨在构建陆川猪G蛋白偶联受体1(G protein-coupled receptor 1,GPR1)基因真核表达载体,并对其组织表达谱进行分析。采用RT-PCR技术从10周龄陆川猪皮下脂肪组织中扩增出GPR1基因CDS区后,使用常规分子克隆手段构建含GPR1基因片段的真核表达载体pEGFP-N1-GPR1,利用双酶切和测序对重组质粒pEGFPN1-GPR1进行鉴定,并以脂质体法将重组质粒转染3T3-L1细胞24h后观察细胞荧光表达情况。收集所转染3T3-L1细胞并提取其总RNA,实时荧光定量PCR进一步检测GPR1真核表达载体表达情况;提取6头10周龄陆川猪心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏、背最长肌、皮下脂肪总RNA,实时荧光定量PCR检测GPR1基因mRNA在陆川猪各组织中的表达量。结果表明,陆川猪GPR1基因CDS全长1 068bp,成功将其连接至pEGFP-N1真核表达载体,重组表达载体pEGFP-N1-GPR1质粒和空载pEGFP-N1质粒所转染3T3-L1细胞均能表现出绿色荧光,且空白对照组并未表现出绿色荧光。实时荧光定量PCR结果证实,GPR1基因在重组质粒试验组的表达量极显著高于空载质粒组(P0.01)。GPR1基因在10周龄陆川猪肝脏中表达量最高,在心脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏、皮下脂肪中均有表达,在背最长肌中几乎不表达。本试验成功构建了真核表达载体pEGFP-N1-GPR1,并获得了GPR1基因组织表达谱,为进一步研究GPR1基因对陆川猪脂肪沉积的影响提供参考。     

陆川猪GPR1基因真核表达载体构建及组织表达谱分析

试验旨在构建陆川猪G蛋白偶联受体1（G protein-coupled receptor 1，GPR1）基因真核表达载体，并对其组织表达谱进行分析。采用RT-PCR技术从10周龄陆川猪皮下脂肪组织中扩增出GPR1基因CDS区后，使用常规分子克隆手段构建含GPR1基因片段的真核表达载体pEGFP-N1-GPR1，利用双酶切和测序对重组质粒pEGFP-N1-GPR1进行鉴定，并以脂质体法将重组质粒转染3T3-L1细胞24 h后观察细胞荧光表达情况。收集所转染3T3-L1细胞并提取其总RNA，实时荧光定量PCR进一步检测GPR1真核表达载体表达情况；提取6头10周龄陆川猪心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏、背最长肌、皮下脂肪总RNA，实时荧光定量PCR检测GPR1基因mRNA在陆川猪各组织中的表达量。结果表明，陆川猪GPR1基因CDS全长1 068 bp，成功将其连接至pEGFP-N1真核表达载体，重组表达载体pEGFP-N1-GPR1质粒和空载pEGFP-N1质粒所转染3T3-L1细胞均能表现出绿色荧光，且空白对照组并未表现出绿色荧光。实时荧光定量PCR结果证实，GPR1基因在重组质粒试验组的表达量极显著高于空载质粒组（P<0.01）。GPR1基因在10周龄陆川猪肝脏中表达量最高，在心脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏、皮下脂肪中均有表达，在背最长肌中几乎不表达。本试验成功构建了真核表达载体pEGFP-N1-GPR1，并获得了GPR1基因组织表达谱，为进一步研究GPR1基因对陆川猪脂肪沉积的影响提供参考。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -