Isolation and characterization of an extracellular antimicrobial protein from Aspergillus oryzae

A 17 kDa antimicrobial protein was isolated from growth medium containing the filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae by extracting the supernatants from the culture media, ion exchange chromatography on CM-sepharose, and C18 reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. This antimicrobial protein, which we considered to be an extracellular antimicrobial protein from A. oryzae (exAP-AO17), possessed antimicrobial activity but lacked hemolytic activity. The exAP-AO17 protein strongly inhibited pathogenic microbial strains, including pathogenic fungi, Fusarium moniliform var. subglutinans and Colletotrichum coccodes, and showed antibacterial activity against bacteria, including E. coli O157 and Staphylococcus aureus. To confirm that the protein acts as a regulation factor for extracellular secretion, we examined growth under varying conditions of N sources, C sources, ions, ambient pH, and stress. Various culture conditions were found to induce characteristic changes in the expression of protein synthesis as analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Highly basic polypeptides were regulated by suppressing the ambient pH under acidic conditions and strongly induced under alkaline conditions, thus confirming that pH regulation is physiologically relevant. The expression of exAP-AO17 was upregulated by heat shock upon growth in the presence of NaCl. Automated Edman degradation showed that the N-terminal sequence of exAP-AO17 was NH 2-GLPGPAGAVGFAGKDQNM-. ExAP-AO17 showed partial sequence homology with a collagen belonging to the animal source. These results suggest that exAP-AO17 is an excellent candidate as a lead compound for the development of novel oral or other types of anti-infective agents.     

Thermal stability of alpha-amylase from Aspergillus oryzae entrapped in polyacrylamide gel

To determine the suitability as a time-temperature indicator for dielectric pasteurization processes, the thermal stability (50-75 degrees C) of Aspergillus oryzae alpha-amylase immobilized in polyacrylamide gel in phosphate buffer, mashed potatoes, and minced shrimp was examined. Changing the cross-linking agent concentration from 3.3 to 5.3% and adding 2% salt did not markedly affect the thermal stability of the immobilized alpha-amylase. Thermal inactivation was first order, and immobilization generally improved the thermal stability of alpha-amylase. z values of the immobilized system in test food systems were 10.2 degrees C (phosphate buffer), 8.45 degrees C (minced shrimp), and 7.78 degrees C (mashed potatoes).     

黑曲霉和米曲霉发酵改善豆渣口感

豆渣作为豆制品生产的副产品,富含营养。为了解决豆渣颗粒大,口感差,难以直接食用的问题,该文对利用黑曲霉和米曲霉发酵豆渣降低其粒度分布进而改善其口感、增加其可食性进行了研究。结果表明:利用黑曲霉和米曲霉在28℃,相对湿度为95%的条件下发酵,能使渣感减弱,吞咽变易,口感明显改善;对发酵10d后豆渣的外观形态、显微镜观察、粒度分布进行考察,均一致表现为发酵后豆渣颗粒显著变小;黑曲霉发酵豆渣对渣感的降低效果好于米曲霉发酵豆渣和未发酵豆渣;发酵使豆渣颗粒变小是口感改善的主要原因;口感改善的根本原因是发酵豆渣过程中所产生的纤维素酶和半纤维素酶降解了豆渣中的纤维素和半纤维素,导致豆渣颗粒变小的缘故。该研究对豆渣的综合利用提供了新途径。     

Synthesis of morphiceptin (Tyr-Pro-Phe-Pro-NH(2)) by dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV derived from Aspergillus oryzae

Morphiceptin (Tyr-Pro-Phe-Pro-NH(2)), tetrapeptide, was synthesized using dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV (DP IV, EC 3.4.14.5) derived from Aspergillus oryzae RIB 915 as a catalyst. Tyr-Pro-OEt was incubated with Phe-Pro-NH(2) in the presence of DP IV under various conditions of temperature, concentrations of ethylene glycol, pH, reaction time, and others. Morphiceptin was obtained at 40% yield under the optimal reaction conditions: substrate, 4 mM Tyr-Pro-OEt.HCl and 20 mM Phe-Pro-NH(2).HCl; enzyme, DP IV, 0.275 nkat; solvent, 60% ethylene glycol containing 20 mM phosphate buffer at pH 7.0; amine, 4.2 mM diisopropylamine at 4 degrees C for 24 h. Amino group protection was unnecessary for synthesis of morphiceptin by DP IV.     

Corncob-induced endo-1,4-beta-d-xylanase of Aspergillus oryzae MTCC 5154: production and characterization of xylobiose from glucuronoxylan

Eight different fungi were cultivated in a peptone-yeast extract medium containing 1% oat spelt xylan (OSX) to evaluate endo-1,4-beta-xylanase secretion for xylooligosaccharide (XOS) production. Aspergillus oryzae MTCC 5154, Aspergillus flavus , Aspergillus niger , and Aspergillus ochraceus showed significant titers of endoxylanases, which were further used for the production of XOS from birch wood xylan (BWX). A. oryzae produced 89.5 +/- 1.13% XOS in the hydrolysate at 24 h of reaction. The effect of OSX, BWX, and raw corncob on the induction of endoxylanase in A. oryzae was studied, and the xylanase activity was maximum at 96 h of cultivation in 3% corncob containing medium. XOS produced at 36 h of reaction was 5.87 +/- 0.53 mg/mL (12 +/- 2% xylose, 48 +/- 2.43% xylobiose, and 40 +/- 3.6% higher oligomers) from 1% BWX . HPLC/refractive index detection and ESI/MS analysis of fractions obtained by GPC corresponded to neutral and 4- O-methyl-alpha- d-glucuronic acid substituted acidic oligosaccharides. The major fraction, beta- d-xylopyranosyl-(1-->4)- d-xylanopyranose was characterized using (13)C NMR.     

Purification and properties of a novel phenolic antioxidant from Radix astragali fermented by Aspergillus oryzae M29

The Chinese herb Radix astragalus (RA) has been widely used as a dietary supplement in Asia, and there are numerous reports on its bioactivities. However, there are no reports to date regarding the use of Aspergillus spp. in the culture medium of the RA plant for the production of phenolic antioxidants. In this study, utilizing the fungus Aspergillus to ferment the native RA has successfully resulted in a significant increase in the phenolic contents of RA, and the fermented RA also revealed much better antioxidant activity toward 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radicals, hydroxyl radical, superoxide radical and peroxyl radical than those of unfermented RA. Among these phenolics, a potent novel antioxidant was isolated and identified as 3,4-di(4'-hydroxyphenyl) isobutyric acid with a molecular weight of 272, by ESI-MS (electrospray ionization mass), 1H NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance), 13C NMR, DEPT (distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer)-NMR, HMQC (heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence), and HMBC (heteronuclear multiple bond correlation) spectra. These data demonstrated that the solid-state bioprocessing strategy could be an innovative approach to enhance the antioxidant activity of RA.     

Comparative Analysis of Azo Dye Biodegradation by Aspergillus oryzae and Phanerochaete chrysosporium

The paper reports ultraviolet matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectroscopy (UVMALDI-MS) protocol for determination of complex heterogeneous emulsion or suspension formulations. The active agents and surfactants are morpholine fungicide fenpropimorph (1), amorolfine (2), tridemorph (mixture of 2,6-dimethyl-4-alkylmorpholins 3–6), 2,6-dimethyl-4-[2-methyl-3-(6-methyl-decahydro-naphthalen-2-yl)-propyl]-morpholine (7), dodemorph (8), main metabolite of 1 fenpropimorph acid (9), sodium dodecyl sulfate (10), and stearate (11). The full method and techniques validation as well as method performance parameters are discussed in terms of their maximal representativeness toward real environmental and foodstuff assay problems. These are additionally complicated by heterogeneous laterally, vertically, and time distribution of pesticide contaminants and their major metabolites in environmental samples. The real environmental heterogeneous distribution is elucidated, studying sterilized soil fractions with particle size 2.0 μm, clay content 11.5 %, silt 23.0 %, sand 8.1 %, and pH?∈ 6.0–8.1. A statistical sampling cluster approach is used. The method performance parameters are concentration LODs of 0.026 mg kg^?1 (res. LOQs 0.08666 mg kg^?1). Concentration linear dynamic ranges are ∈?0.025–7.3 mg kg^?1 (r ²?=?0.99822 and 0.99421) and ∈?2.3–7.4 mg kg^?1 (level of confidence of 99.33₁?%) for complex spiked heterogeneous soil samples. The data illustrates the great capability of method and its promising application for environmental contamination monitoring and controlling programs for assessment.     

Nutritional Enhancement of Soy Meal via Aspergillus oryzae Solid‐State Fermentation

Antinutritional factors in soy meal (SM) include trypsin inhibitor, galactooligosaccharides (GOSs), structural polysaccharides, and large‐molecular‐weight protein. These antinutritional factors limit the usage of SM for young monogastric animals. Aspergillus oryzae solid‐state fermentation was applied to eliminate these factors, and changes in physical and chemical characteristics of SM were investigated. A. oryzae–treated SM was more nutrient dependent than oxygen dependent, which was illustrated by scanning electron microscopy. After 36 h of fermentation, the concentration of GOSs (raffinose, stachyose, and verbascose) and trypsin inhibitor decreased from an initial value of 9.48 mmol/100 g to a nondetectable level. Structural polysaccharides decreased by 59% (w/w), and the degree of hydrolysis of SM protein increased from an initial value of 0.9 to 7% (w/w) through the seven‐day fermentation. Fermentation also modified nutritional factors. Protein content increased from 50.47 to 58.93% (w/w) after 36 h of fermentation. Amino acid contents were significantly enhanced. The research thoroughly studied the A. oryzae solid‐state fermentation of SM, and the resulting premium product could provide a better protein source for monogastric animals.     

Biotreatment of Melanoidin-Containing Distillery Spent Wash Effluent by Free and Immobilized Aspergillus oryzae MTCC 7691

Humic acids (HA) are known as the precursors of carcinogenic compounds formed by the disinfection of drinking water. While conventional treatments were found to be inefficient HA removal processes in drinking water, advanced oxidation processes have been proven to have a significant effect in the treatment of HA. The degradation of HA was investigated using nano-sized zinc oxide (ZnO)/laponite composite (NZLC). The reactions occurred in a UVC reactor by considering following variables: pH, initial HA concentration, catalyst loading, addition of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), and catalyst reuse. Water samples containing HA were analysed by ultraviolet/visible spectrophotometer and high-performance size-exclusion chromatography. Initial HA concentrations were tested by the Langmuir–Hinshelwood model with k and K _ads values, determined to be 0.126 mg/L.min and 0.0257 L/mg, respectively. The change in pH affected the HA degradation efficiency by the photocatalytic activity where it was higher under acidic conditions rather than alkaline ones. Optimal catalyst loading was proved to be a constrained factor in influencing the photocatalytic efficiency: the increase of catalyst concentration enhanced the HA decomposition efficiency up to an optimum value of 20 g/L, where there was no further degradation with excess loading. The addition of H₂O₂ was investigated through homogenous and heterogeneous photocatalysis, and, heterogeneous photocatalysis showed higher removal efficiency due to the combined effect of both catalysts and H₂O₂. Finally, NZLC was effective for reuse and exhibited an excellent stability after six times of usage.     

水稻白叶枯病黄单胞菌编码顺乌头酸酶的rpfA基因的鉴定

通过生化功能分析，证实了水稻白叶枯病黄单胞菌野生型菌株Ｔ３０００产生两种顺乌头酸酶（分别命名为ＸｏｏＡｃａｎＡ和ＸｏｏＡｃａｎＢ）。通过三亲本接合的方法，将获得的含水稻白叶枯病黄单胞菌ｒｐｆ基因簇的重组质粒ｐＧＸＮ３０００导入甘蓝黑腐病黄单胞菌ｒｐｆＡ基因突变体８４７６中。经生化功能分析证实，８４７６／ｐＧＸＮ３０００中含有水稻白叶枯病黄单胞菌的顺乌头酸酶ＸｏｏＡｃａｎＡ；同时还证实了ＰＧＸＮ３０００能互补８４７６，恢复其合成胞外酶和胞外多糖的能力及致病性．这表明在ＰＧＸＮ３０００中含有一个完整的水稻白叶枯病黄单胞菌的顺乌头酸酶基因，该基因具有类似甘蓝黑腐病黄单胞菌ｒｐｆＡ基因的功能．因此将该基因命名为水稻白叶枯病黄单胞菌ｒｐｆＡ基因。     

Two types of oxidative dimerization of the black tea polyphenol theaflavin.

Theaflavin and its galloyl esters are polyphenolic pigments of black tea. In the course of studies on the oxidation mechanism of tea polyphenols, two theaflavin oxidation products named bistheaflavins A and B were isolated, and their structures were elucidated on the basis of MS and NMR spectroscopic analyses. Treatment of a mixture of (-)-epicatechin and (-)-epigallocatechin with banana fruit homogenate yielded bistheaflavin A together with theaflavin and theanaphthoquinone. The symmetrical structure of bistheaflavin A suggested that this compound was formed by oxidative C [bond] C coupling of two theaflavin molecules. In contrast, theaflavin in phosphate buffer (pH 7.3) was gradually oxidized to give bistheaflavin B and theanaphthoquinone. Bistheaflavin B possesses a bicyclooctane skeleton probably formed by intermolecular cyclization between dehydrotheaflavin and dihydrotheanaphthoquinone.     

水稻白叶枯病菌rpfC基因DNA序列的测定分析

ｒｐｆＣ是甘蓝黑腐病菌中全局性调控胞外酶和胞外多糖合成以及致病性的一个基因簇中的一个基因。已从水稻白叶枯病菌中鉴定和克隆到一个在功能上能互补甘蓝黑腐病菌的ｒｐｆＣ突变体的基因，并通过构建突变体证实了这一基因在水稻白叶枯病菌致病性中起重要作用。本研究对水稻白叶枯病菌的这一基因的ＤＮＡ序列进行了测定分析，结果表明，它与甘蓝黑腐病菌的ｒｐｆＣ基因具有高度的同源性。因此，将水稻白叶枯病菌的这一基因也称为ｒｐｆＣ基因     

水稻受白叶枯病菌诱导抗性相关基因片段的克隆

利用已知植物Ｒ类基因保守结构域,设计简并引物作为随机引物,运用ｍＲＮＡ差异显示技术,分析水稻愈伤组织受白叶枯病菌诱导的ｍＲＮＡ表达丰度差异,获得３个差异片段。对３个差异片段进行了回收、重扩增与克隆,并对其中的一个差异片段进行了序列测定和杂交鉴定。该片段长度为６８０ ｂｐ,Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ杂交结果证实该片段受白叶枯病菌诱导表达且在抗性品种中的诱导表达明显强于在感病品种中的诱导表达。Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂     

水稻黄单胞菌水稻变种的rpfA基因的定位和次级克隆

水稻黄单胞菌水稻变种产生两种顺乌头酸酶（ＸｏｏＡｃａｎＡ和ＸｏｏＡｃａｎＢ）,编码ＸｏｏｃａｎＡ的ｒｐｆＡ基因已被克隆在重组质粒ｐＧＸＮ３０００中。本工作通过转座子Ｔｎ５Ｂ２０诱变ｐＧＸＮ３０００,鉴定了ｒｐｆＡ基因的位置及其转录方向,并进一步将含有完整ｒｐｆＡ基因的４．８ｋｂＡｓｐ７１８ＥｃｏＲⅠ片段次级克隆到了多用途载体质粒ｐＩＪ３２００。     

曲霉Aspergillus sojae壳聚糖酶的诱导及特性

曲霉(Aspergillus sojae)在Czapek-Dox培养基中加入2％N-乙酰氨基葡糖、1％蛋白胨和0．5％酵母膏，26℃、150r／min摇瓶培养下，在60h诱导产生较强的壳聚糖酶活性(达12．34mU／mL)，同时形成了4种壳聚糖同工酶，CHA1、CHA2、CHA3和cHA4，蛋白质分子量约为38．2、30．8、27．7和25．0kD。对诱导的壳聚糖酶部分特性初步研究表明，该酶属于壳聚糖内切酶，不能分解胶体几丁质、乙二醇几丁质、干粉几丁质和羧甲基纤维素，但能随乙酰化程度的增加有效分解壳聚糖。利用薄层层析表明，该酶可将壳聚糖分解得到的产物为壳聚二糖。     

水稻白叶枯病黄单胞菌赖氨酰－tRNA合成酶基因的定位、克隆及分析

以３２Ｐ标记的甘蓝黑腐病黄单胞菌赖氨酰－ｔＲＮＡ合成酶基因为探针，将水稻白叶枯病黄单胞菌同功的基因定位于ｐＧＸＮ３０００１．６ｋｂ的ＢａｍＨＩ片段上．通过ＤＮＡ－ＤＮＡ杂交，标记置换等方法初步证实：在稻白叶枯病黄单胞菌中只有一个拷贝的赖氨酰－ｔＲＮＡ合成酶基因，该基因失活对病菌是致死的。