基于输出系数模型的南四湖流域非点源污染输出风险评估

[目的]探究非点源污染物N、P输出风险在不同子流域、坡度等级和县市区的分布特征,为南四湖流域不同风险区制定管理方案和控制对策提供科学依据。[方法]以数字高程模型(digital elevation model,DEM)为基础数据,运用ArcGIS软件,提取南四湖流域的DEM,制作坡度等级图,再运用水文分析功能,提取水系图、河流图、并划定子流域,结合2013年南四湖流域土地利用图,通过运用输出风险模型分析不同的土地利用类型和坡度下氮(N),磷(P)污染的空间变化。[结果]氮素的平均风险概率达到51.67%,磷素的平均风险概率达到9.14%,南四湖流域非点源污染输出风险湖东小于湖西;随坡度增大,高风险区面积减小,低风险区面积增加;就不同县市区而言,济宁市中区的N风险较小之外,其余县市区N风险均较大,P风险较小。[结论]N是流域最主要的非点源污染物,非点源污染输出风险大小与土地覆盖和坡度有密切关系。     

Atmospheric deposition of nitrate and its transport to the Apalachicola Bay estuary in Florida

A comparison of fluxes of ten dissolved constituents of rain water and river water has been carried out for the watershed of the Apalachicola River in order to estimate the magnitude of nitrate contribution from the atmosphere to surface water that may flow to the Apalachicola Bay estuary. The comparison is based on statistical analysis of both atmospheric and fiver water monitoring data: weekly rain water chemical data from the National Acid Deposition Program (NADP) for five sites within the watershed area, from 1978–84 until late 1989, and less frequent river water chemical data from the U.S. Geological Survey for one site ai Chattahoochee, Florida, from 1965 until late 1989. The means and standard errors of the fluxes from the atmosphere and in the river flow were determined. As a measure of correlations between different ionic concentrations in the rain and river water data sets, factor analysis was used to account for data variance by a sum of principal components according to a linear mixing model. By comparing the compositions and magnitudes of these components, judgments could be made concerning the importance of atmospheric deposition as a source of nitrate in the watershed as well as of chemical transformations and possible loss of nitrate during its residence in the watershed and transport to the estuary. Although surface sources of N and extent of loss to the atmosphere by denitrification have not yet been quantitatively determined, atmospheric deposition to the watershed appears to be sufficient to account for essentially all the dissolved nitrate and ammonium and total organic N flow in the river. After deposition most of the nitrate may be transformed to other chemical forms during the flow, except possibly under high flow conditions that mainly occur in winter. However, either nitrate or the other forms could, with high efficiency, reach the estuary and be available for its marine biological processes.     

Water pollution in Lake Michigan by trace elements from pollution aerosol fallout

Certain trace elements which are strongly associated with air pollution sources in the Lake Michigan basin may be contributing significantly to lake water pollution by an atmospheric fallout route. In this paper a partial inventory of air pollution emissions for 30 trace elements is presented for the Chicago, Milwaukee, and northwest Indiana metropolitan areas, based on available published information. The inventory is then compared with actual stream inputs measured for Zn, Cu, and Ni and with estimates of pre-industrial unpolluted stream inputs for 28 elements. Evidence indicates that the atmosphere may now be a major source of Zn in Lake Michigan, and atmospheric inputs of Cu and Ni may also be considerable. Moreover, the evidence suggests that air pollution probably exceeds expected unpolluted stream inputs for many additional elements in Lake Michigan, highlighting the need for more comprehensive chemical data to quantify the evaluation.     

不同土地利用方式对长三角水源地氮磷流失的影响

太湖流域是我国长江三角洲地区最重要的水源地之一,受到水源地土地利用方式的影响,面源污染依然严重。为了控制氮磷流失,研究以长三角重要水源地安吉赋石水库集水区为研究区,通过野外径流观测探究了不同立地下的氮磷流失特征。结果表明：(1)该地区经济林TN平均流失浓度最大,为3.21 mg/L。TP平均流失浓度表现为经济林(0.13 mg/L)>白茶(0.09 mg/L)>自然地(0.07 mg/L)=次生林(0.07 mg/L)。次生林地能够有效减少氮磷流失。(2)降雨强度和降雨量是影响该地区氮素流失的主要降雨因素。(3)硝态氮和溶解态磷分别是该区氮磷流失的主要形态。(4)氮素污染是影响水质的关键因素,因此在面源污染治理过程中要加强对氮素流失的控制。综上,通过优化水源地土地利用方式,营建结构合理的水源防护林,有助于改善水源地环境,保障饮用水安全。     

NITROGEN ACCUMULATION IN SHOOTS AS A FUNCTION OF GROWTH STAGE OF CORN AND WINTER WHEAT

Midseason fertilizer nitrogen (N) rates based on predicted yields can be projected if the quantity of N accumulated in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and corn (Zea mays L.) is known especially early in the growing season. This study was conducted in 2006 and 2007 to establish the amount of N accumulated in corn and winter wheat over the entire growing season. Plots representing three N fertilization rates 0, 45, and 90 kg ha^?1 at Stillwater and 0, 67, and 112 kg ha^?1 at Lahoma were selected from two long-term wheat experiments located at research stations in Stillwater and Lahoma, Oklahoma. For corn, three N fertilization rates 0, 112 and 224 kg ha^?1 at Lake Carl Blackwell and 0, 56 and 112 kg ha^?1 at Perkins were selected from N studies, located at research stations near Lake Carl Blackwell and Perkins, Oklahoma. Sequential aboveground biomass samples were collected from 1 m² area of wheat and 1.5 m long row (0.76 cm spacing) for corn throughout their respective growing seasons. In general, this work showed that more than 45% of the maximum total N accumulated could be found in corn plants by growth stage V8 (8th leaf collar fully unfolded). For winter wheat, more than 61% of the maximum total N accumulated at later stages of growth could be accounted for by Feekes growth stage 5 (F5, leaf strongly erected). Our findings are consistent with those of others showing that yield potential can be predicted at mid-season since such a large percentage of the total N accumulated was accounted for early on in the growing cycle of either wheat or corn.     

Some measurements of the pH and chemistry of precipitation at Davis and Lake Tahoe,California

Precipitation samples were collected at Davis and Lake Tahoe, California, in 1972–73 and 1977–78 and analyzed for pH and major cations and anions. Rain and snow in this region of northern California are derived primarily from winter cyclonic storms which move easterly from the Pacific Ocean over Davis and then Lake Tahoe. Precipitation at both sites was found to be more acid than water in equilibrium with atmospheric CO₂. Acidity at Lake Tahoe apparently increased over the 5-yr period of the study. Sulfate was the dominant acid anion in 1972–73 (not measured in 1977–78). A major source of sulfate in precipitation was probably industry in the San Francisco Bay Area, upwind of the study sites. Automobile exhaust emissions throughout the region, which contains three major interstate highways and several large urban centers, contribute both sulfate and nitrate precursors to the atmosphere. As in the Eastern United States, these strong acid anions are influencing precipitation chemistry in northern California, including the Sierra Nevada mountains.     

CHANGES IN RESPONSE INDICES AS A FUNCTION OF TIME IN WINTER WHEAT

Nitrogen (N) responsiveness of crops can change with time as it is strongly influenced by in-season environmental conditions. This study was conducted to determine the relationship of N responsiveness using a response index (RI) as a function of time at five locations (Efaw, Stillwater, Lake Carl Blackwell, Perkins and Lahoma, Oklahoma) over a three-year period. Subplots of 4 m² were established at each experimental site that employed a randomized complete block design. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) readings were taken using a Greenseeker (NTech Industries, Inc., Ukiah, CA, USA) handheld sensor at various growth stages. The N responsiveness (RI_NDVI) was determined as the ratio of NDVI readings from a non-N limiting strip and the farmer practice. Then, RI was plotted against days where growing degree days (GDD = (T_min + T_max)/2—4.4°C) were > zero (DGDD > 0). At all sites, RI_NDVI increased with advancing stage of growth. Excluding Perkins 2005 and Stillwater 2006, the relationship between RI_NDVI and DGDD > 0 was positive and highly correlated. When the number of days from planting to sensing where DGDD > 0 was less than 60, it is unlikely that a reliable estimate of RI_NDVI could be obtained since values were all small (close to 1.0), consistent with limited growth at the early stages of growth. Averaged over years and sites for all growth stages, the correlation of RI_NDVI and RI_Harvest was positive and increased up to the Feekes 9 growth stage. Our results further suggested that once RI_NDVI is collected, it should be adjusted using the Equation RI_NDVIadj = RI_NDVI × [1.87/(DGDD > 0 ? 0.00997) + 0.5876].     

NITROGEN FERTILIZER MANAGEMENT FOR IMPROVED GRAIN QUALITY AND YIELD IN WINTER WHEAT IN OKLAHOMA

From 2002 to date, a long-term field experiment has been conducted at Lake Carl Blackwell, Oklahoma, with different rates and times of nitrogen (N) fertilizer application to determine their effect on grain yield, protein and N uptake of winter wheat. Trend analysis for N rates (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg N ha^?1) and orthogonal contrasts for different application times (pre-plant, top-dressed in February and March) were performed. With increasing fertilizer N, wheat grain yield and protein content increased from 2110 kg ha^?1 to 6783 kg ha^?1 and from 8.96 to 17.19%, respectively. For grain yield, protein, and N use efficiency, split applications of N fertilizer were much more efficient than applying all N pre-plant. Large differences in grain yields were noted for different years at the same N rate (range exceeded 5.0 Mg ha^?1) and that illustrated the need for making within-year-specific N rate recommendations.     

不同农艺措施对巢湖沿岸坡耕地不同形态磷径流输出的控制效果

为明确巢湖沿岸坡耕地不同农艺措施对生态保护和水环境治理的影响,以农业面源污染长期定位观测基地为平台,于2014—2015年连续2 a对常规耕作(CK)、植物篱(黄花菜,PH)、植物篱+秸秆覆盖(PHS)和等高垄作(CR)4种农艺措施下的水土及随地表径流迁移的各种形态磷进行了监测。结果表明,与常规耕作相比,PH、PHS和CR能有效地减少径流量和产沙量(P0.05),降低效果依次为:PHSPHCR。与CK相比,PH、PHS和CR可分别减少23.5%、36.5%和19.7%的径流流失和29.5%、45.2%和26.3%的土壤流失,表现出显著的水土保持作用。CK条件下的径流液总磷(TP)浓度是0.612~1.220 mg·L~(-1),其中颗粒态磷(PP)占总磷的71.5%~81.7%,颗粒态磷是磷随地表径流迁移的主要形态。在溶解态总磷(DTP)中,溶解态正磷酸盐(D-Ortho-P)所占比例较大,为87.4%~90.7%;溶解态有机磷(DOP)所占比例较小,仅占9.3%~12.6%。与CK相比,PHS、PH和CR显著降低了径流液PP和TP的浓度(P0.05),但却不同程度地提高了DTP和D-Ortho-P的浓度,而对DOP的浓度无显著影响(P0.05)。CK条件下,磷的年流失负荷平均为0.706 kg·hm~(-2),占当年作物施磷量0.98%。与CK处理相比,PH、PHS和CR处理磷的年流失负荷分别降低38.4%、53.8%和33.4%(P0.05),其对磷素输出的控制效应主要通过减少径流量和降低径流液PP的浓度来实现的。综上可知,植物篱(黄花菜)、植物篱+秸秆还田和等高垄作是控制巢湖沿岸坡耕地水土及磷径流输出的有效措施,其中植物篱配合秸秆覆盖还田效果最佳。该研究可为巢湖流域坡耕地水土流失和面源污染防治提供科学依据。     

农田氮素的气态损失与大气氮湿沉降及其环境效应

本文总结了近年来有关农田N素气态损失与湿沉降研究的成果,讨论了农田N素气态损失的主要途径、排放量、影响因素及其环境危害。同时结合对太湖地区农田N素气态损失与大气N湿沉降的试验结果,阐述了化肥N的气态损失对大气和水体环境的影响,以及酸雨由硫酸型向硫酸和硝酸混合型变化的驱动因素。     

基于小波分析的伊塞克湖水位变化特征

根据伊塞克湖1950—2010年期间的年平均水位资料,采用趋势分析和小波分析,对伊塞克湖年平均水位变化时间序列进行研究,从而揭示伊塞克湖水位变化的总体趋势和周期性变化规律。结果表明:（1） 1950—2010年期间,伊塞克湖水位总体呈下降趋势,共下降1.27 m,1950—1997年水位持续下降,1998年开始转为上升。（2） 20世纪90年代之前,人类活动是引起湖泊水位下降的主要驱动因子;20世纪90年代后,在全球气候变化的作用下,该地区降水量的增加影响到径流量的增加,从而引起湖泊水位的缓慢上升。（3） 1950—2010年间的周期性分析结果显示,伊塞克湖年平均水位存在21 a的主周期,并且2010年以后的一段时间伊塞克湖水位处于偏高时期。     

太湖地区种植结构及农田氮磷流失负荷变化

太湖地区是我国农业最发达区域,近年来随着经济利益的驱动,太湖地区稻田改为果园、菜地、茶园现象突出,该地区种植结构的变化趋势和分布特征以及种植结构改变前后的氮(N)、磷(P)肥投入量、径流流失负荷量尚缺乏研究。本研究基于农业统计年鉴和文献调研数据,通过2002—2017年太湖地区主要城市(常州、无锡、苏州、湖州)果菜茶和水稻种植面积、N和P养分投入量、农田N和P流失负荷研究分析,为该地区农业面源污染防治和治理提供科学依据。得出如下结论:2002—2017年太湖地区果菜茶种植面积显著增加,尤其是果园(增加2.852×104hm2)和茶园(增加1.892×104hm2),而稻田种植面积下降显著(下降1.985×105hm2);2002—2010年间种植结构变化速率远高于2010—2017年,且果菜茶种植面积增加主要集中在武进、南浔、宜兴、苏州市区、长兴等临湖地区。2002—2017年太湖地区N、P肥投入量分别降低25.26%和9.59%, N流失量显著下降34.66%, P流失量仅下降1.84%。现今太湖地区稻田、果园、菜园和茶园的N流失负荷分别为10 200t、670 t和10 100 t、250 t, P流失负荷估算量分别为290 t、400 t、3 000 t和50 t。随着种植结构的改变,太湖地区稻田种植体系已不是农田N、P流失的最大来源,果菜茶来源的N、P流失总和已排在第一位,成为了目前农田N、P流失的优先控制对象。建议下一阶段太湖地区农业面源污染防治应侧重于优化果菜茶与水稻种植结构,同时强化P污染防治技术研究,最终实现太湖地区种植业的清洁可持续发展。     

基于Morlet小波的呼伦湖流域降水多时间尺度分析

利用Morlet小波分析方法对呼伦湖流域,海拉尔市、满洲里市、克鲁伦河水文站与乌尔逊河水文站的1961—2014年降水序列进行小波特征分析,根据降水序列多时间尺度分析结果,揭示呼伦湖流域多年降水变化特征。结果表明:（1）研究区年降水量的周期变化特征主要为,海拉尔市年平均降水存在6 a,11 a与27 a的主周期;满洲里市存在10 a,16 a与27 a的主周期;克鲁伦河存在7 a,13 a与28 a的主周期;乌尔逊河存在5 a,13 a,20 a与29 a的主周期。（2）通过对各序列枯水期的计算,预测海拉尔市与满洲里市将于2017年进入枯水期,克鲁伦河与乌尔逊河将于2019年进入枯水期;（3）预测显示呼伦湖流域在2018—2026年,呼伦湖流域降水减少,进入枯水期;在2027—2035年,呼伦湖流域的降水量充沛,进入丰水期。     

Mercuty in Precipitation and Its Relation to Bioaccumulation in Fish: A Literature Review

Increases in industrial mercury (Hg) emissions in recent years have led many researchers to believe that Hg from the atmosphere constitutes a main source of Hg to aquatic biota in the absence of point source discharges. Established background levels for fish (0.2–1.0 mg kg^-1) now exceed the pre industrial level of 0.15 mg kg^-1, suggesting an anthropogenic origin. This review of recent literature illustrates how levels of mercury (Hg) species in the atmosphere are effectively transported into the aquatic arena, where chemical parameters combine to determine bioaccumulation rates in fish. Limited studies on methyl mercury (MeHg) in precipitation shown that concentrations average from 5% of total-Hg (T-Hg), to 1% in industrial regions. Observations of increased Hg is snow and precipitation from the Arctic Circle, related to poleward atmospheric circulation patterns, also demonstrate a spring maximum accompanying ozone depletion. Increases in oxidants and soil derived Hg in the atmosphere during the summer best explain summer Hg maximums observed in precipitation, while increased temperatures raise fish metabolism increasing Hg uptake through respiration and ingestion rate. The major route of entry for MeHg to fish appears to be biomagnification, after input from precipitation, runoff and inlake methylation. Regions buffered against acid precipitation maintain low fish-Hg levels by reduced MeHg production and maintaining gill function. When considering the bioaccumulation of Hg in fish this study shows that there are many variables to consider, not all of which originate from inside the aquatic arena. Both catchment and atmospheric processes combine with aquatic variables to dictate the overall levels of MeHg observed in fish tissue. There now appears to be sufficient knowledge to develop an axiom for the identification of aquatic systems likely to be susceptible to bioaccumulation from atmospheric derived Hg.     

基于RS,GIS的滇池流域水土流失变化研究

滇池已被列入国家“三河三湖”治理的重点，也是云南省九大高原湖泊保护治理的重中之重。面源污染是滇池污染的主要原因，而水土流失则是面源污染的主要来源，占面源污染总量的80％；水土流失是导致滇池环境恶化的重要因素，防治水土流失是治理滇池的重要内容。在RS与GIS技术支持下，通过对1987年和2002年2期滇池流域TM数据的处理，分析流域内的水土流失分布、面积及强度变化，得出水土流失状况趋缓的结论；结合滇池流域森林覆盖和土地利用／覆盖动态变化数据，找出水土流失变化的主要原因是森林植被覆盖率的提高；提出了加速防护林体系建设、发展生态农业和加强法制宣传教育等水土保持建议。     

青海湖表层沉积物营养元素分布特征及相关性分析

以青海湖11个样点的表层沉积物为研究对象,测定分析其营养元素总磷（total phosphorus,TP）、总氮（total nitrogen,TN）、溶解性磷酸盐（no-apatite inorganic phosphorus,NAIP）和总有机碳（total organic carbon,TOC）含量,并对其分布特征及相关性进行分析。结果表明：TP含量在0.36~0.71g·kg-1之间,平均值为0.59g·kg-1,变异系数为15.42%;TN平均含量为1.74g·kg-1,变异系数43.02%;TOC含量为18.60g·kg-1,变异系数46.61%;TN、TP、TOC含量间呈极显著（P〈0.01）的直线线性关系,NAIP与TN、TP和TOC含量间呈显著（P〈0.05）的S型曲线线性关系。分析表明,水深度、扰动程度等内源因素可影响青海湖表层沉积物中TN、TP及TOC含量,河流补给、旅游活动等外源输入及自然扩散对溶解性磷酸盐分布有一定的影响。     

太湖上游地区面源污染氮素入湖量模拟研究

以太湖上游地区为研究对象,通过TM/ETM解译获取土地利用信息,应用IDRISI软件的水文分析模块,对太湖上游地区进行流域划分,选择代表性小流域进行野外监测,分析流域土地利用与河流水质的联系,估算林地、耕地产出径流的面源污染总氮浓度特征;在此基础上采用代表性流域实测参数与分布式水文模型相结合的思路,开发基于单元格网的面源污染模拟模型,应用1980~2000年水文站实测序列对模型进行率定和校验,模拟太湖上游地区面源污染总氮的空间分布及入湖量。研究结果显示,太湖上游地区林地产出径流的总氮浓度参数为0.778 mg L-1,耕地产出径流的总氮浓度参数为2.518 mg L-1。模型及参数在太湖上游地区具有较好的应用效果,验证区径流模拟的平均误差为13%,总氮输出量模拟的平均误差为11.6%。应用模型估算太湖上游面源污染总氮入湖量为7 632 t a-1,约占总入湖量的40.8%。研究区内不同土地利用类型的面源污染总氮输出差异较大,其中耕地面源污染总氮输出量为4 289 t a-1,占面源污染输出总量的56.20%;林地和城镇用地面源污染总氮输出量分别为1 849 t a-1和1 270 t a-1,占面源污染输出总量的24.22%和16.64%。     

Variability,Uncertainty, and Sensitivity of Phosphorus Deposition Load Estimates in South Florida

Atmospheric deposition, a substantial source of phosphorus (P) to the Florida Everglades, has been measured on a weekly basis in South Florida since 1974, but P measurements are highly variable due to random noise in the data. This study applies statistical approaches that calculatethe variability and uncertainty of the P load estimation model based on wet and dry P concentrations and rainfall volume.The average mean and standard deviation of the estimated P deposition rates for 13 sites in South Florida are 41±33 mg P m^-2 yr^-1. First order analysis of the random and measurement errors in the input variables produces a propagation error estimate in P load calculation. The atmospheric P deposition load shows high spatial and temporal variability with no consistent long-term trends. Because of the random noisy nature of P deposition, estimated P deposition loads have a significant amount of uncertainty no matter what type of collection instrument is used. Thus, duplicate sampling is highly recommended to increase the amount of uncontaminated data.     

我国红壤区大气氮沉降及其农田生态环境效应

大气氮沉降作为营养源和酸源,沉降数量的急速增加,将严重影响生态系统的生产力和稳定性,对农田生态系统的影响日益显现。本文简要介绍了大气氮沉降的概念、来源和研究方法,梳理了近年来我国红壤区大气氮沉降的形态、数量及其对农田生态系统的影响,提出了红壤农田生态系统大气氮沉降当前存在的问题及今后的发展趋势。     

Variation of four phosphorus properties in woodland soils

Variation in total, organic and available-P contents and phosphatase activity of P-deficient soils of some English Lake District woodlands of differing vegetative composition were examined in relation to individual woodlands, two depths in the soil profile, mull, moder and mor humus types, and different times of the year. Depth in the soil profile was a more important source of variation in the P properties than different woodlands. Soils in individual woodlands differed in their degree of variability in the four P properties. Available P contents and phosphatase activities were more variable than total and organic P contents. Available-P and organic-P contents and phosphatase activity showed seasonal variation. Seasonal variation in available-P was almost as great as differences in available-P between woodlands. Total and organic-P contents showed similar patterns of variation with respect to individual woodlands, humus type and soil depth. Differences in degree of variation within woodlands and differences in degree and pattern of variation of the four P-properties may need to be taken into account in soil sampling programmes of studies comparing soils under differing vegetation regimes.Different interpretations of the variation in the soil-P properties were obtained by expressing the data respectively in terms of soil weight (g^?1 soil) or soil volume (cm^?1 soil), due to marked variation in bulk-densities of the woodland soils. It is suggested that where soils vary in bulk-density, soil data should be expressed in terms of soil volume.The P-deficiency of the woodland soils is probably associated with the relatively low total P content per unit volume of soil and the high proportion of it which is organically bound.