小麦F4籽粒中Glu-1基因的遗传多态性

采用10％SDS—PAGE方法分析JY97—1／blosky和JY97—2／blosky各10个株系100个单株500粒F4籽粒的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW—GS)组成，结果表明：1．Glu—D1位点的5 10，5 12的遗传在JY97—1／blosky后代中符合一对相对基因的分离。2．JY97—2／blosky后代HMW—GS组成类型变异极其丰富。在G1u—A1，G1u—B1和G1u—D1三个位点上分别检测到2，9和6种不同的亚基类型，在Glu—A1位点上1亚基和null的频率分别为52．85％和47．15％；Glu—B1位点上的变异最丰富，出现20；7 8 9；6 8等七种新的等位基因类型；Glu—D1位点存在2 5 10；2 12，5 10；5 12等四种新的等位基因类型。最优亚基组合1，7 8，5 10的比例为11．84％。3．两个组合中Glu—B1b或及Glu—B1c的不完全表达率分别为2．07％和1．9％。     

黄淮麦区小麦品种高分子量谷蛋白亚基及亚基组成与品质性状关系的研究

对黄淮麦区的77个不同小麦品种高分子量谷蛋白亚基及亚基组成与蛋白质含量和沉降值之间的关系进行了研究,结果表明:Glu-1三位点的亚基等位变异共有13种,A1位点亚基1出现频率最高,为71.05%,亚基2*最低,仅为3.94%;B1位点亚基7 9和7 8相对频率最高,分别为43.42%和31.58%,亚基17 18出现频率最低,为1.32%;D1位点亚基2 12出现频率最高,为52.63%,亚基4 12最低,为3.16%。值得注意的是,优质亚基14 15和5 10,在B1和D1位点分别出现了较高的频率,为10.53%和31.21%。三位点亚基对蛋白质含量的效应分别表示为:1≥2*>Null,14 15≥17 18≥7 8>7>7 9>20≥6 8,5 10>2 12≥4 12。对沉降值的效应分别表示为:2*≥1>Null,14 15≥7 8>7≥17 18>7 9≥20>6 8,5 10>2 12≥4 12。在蛋白质含量水平上,亚基组成1、14 15、2 12,1、7 8、5 10,1、7、5 10和1、7 9、5 10相对较高;在沉降值水平上,亚基组成1、7 8、5 10和1、14 15、2 12相对较高。因此,研究认为三位点分别为1或2*、7 8或14 15、5 10是品质优良的最佳亚基组合。     

Glu-1位点等位变异及表达量对麦谷蛋白聚合体粒度分布的影响

选用我国春播麦区23份(试验I)和北部冬麦区21份(试验II)品种(系),研究了Glu-1位点等位变异及其亚基表达量对谷蛋白聚合体粒度分布的影响。结果表明,Glu-1位点等位变异及其亚基表达量显著影响谷蛋白聚合体的粒度分布,且影响程度受蛋白质含量,尤其是高分子量谷蛋白总量水平的影响。在高分子量谷蛋白总量较低时(试验I),Glu-B1和Glu-D1位点对不溶性谷蛋白大聚体含量(UPP)及其占聚合体蛋白总量的百分比(%UPP)的加性效应都达1%显著水平;Glu-B1和Glu-D1位点单个亚基对两者的贡献分别为7^OE+8^* >7+9 >17+18 >7+8和5+10 >2+12,具有5+10亚基组合的%UPP显著高于具有2+12的亚基组合。高分子量谷蛋白的亚基表达量与UPP含量呈高度正相关,相关系数为0.79~0.93(P < 0.01)。而在高分子量谷蛋白总量较高时(试验II),仅Glu-D1位点对%UPP的加性效应达5%显著水平,5+10亚基对%UPP的贡献显著高于2+12和4+12;亚基组合间的聚合体粒度分布无显著差异。高分子量谷蛋白的亚基表达量与UPP含量的相关系数为0.42~0.86(P < 0.05或0.01)。结合高分子量谷蛋白表达量和优质亚基进行选择,能有效提高不溶性谷蛋白大聚体的含量和相对比例,有利于面筋强度和加工品质的进一步提高。     

小麦地方品种高分子量谷蛋白亚基多样性分析

采用SDS-PAGE方法,对我国9个麦区的76份代表性地方品种的高分子量谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)组成比较分析,并探讨其与环境因素(平均海拔、年平均降雨量和年平均温度)的相关性。结果表明,25.0%的品种具有异质性,分别包含2~4种不同HMW-GS组合;在Glu-1位点共检测到14个等位变异,其中Glu-A1、Glu-B1和Glu-D1等位变异数分别为2、7和5;发现了3个新等位变异,包括Glu-B1位点2个和Glu-D1位点1个。所有等位变异构成16种不同的亚基组合类型,以(N, 7+8, 2+12)为主,频率为69.7%。在Glu-1位点上,不同麦区遗传多样性分布存在一定的不均衡性,年平均降雨量和年平均温度与麦区多样性指数呈负相关。推测环境压力可能是地方品种多样性地区分化的重要因素。     

建国以来山东省小麦品种及其亲本Glu-1位点的亚基组成和多样性分析

探讨建国以来山东省小麦品种Glu-1的亚基特点及其多样性,并有针对性地筛选含有优质亚基的亲本。用SDS-PAGE法对山东省建国以来推广的主要品种及其亲本的HMW-GS组成和多样性进行了分析。山东省小麦品种及骨干亲本在Glu-A1位点主要为两种等位变异类型“Null”和“1”;Glu-B1有“7+8”、“7+9”、“14+15”、“17+18”、“6+8”5个等位变异类型,但主要以“7+8”和“7+9”为主;Glu-D1有“2+12”、“2+10”、“5+10”、“4+10”、“4+12”、“2+11”6个等位变异类型,以“2+12”为主。在3个位点中,Glu-B1位点的多样性最丰富,其次为Glu-D1位点,Glu-A1位点的多样性最差。Glu-1的多态性指数从50年代的高点开始下降,在60年代达到最低点,之后缓慢上升,在90年代达到最高点,当前表现为下降的趋势。山东省小麦品种及其亲本缺少优质亚基组合,这为山东省小麦品种的改良提供了方向。     

四川藏区小麦地方品种高分子量谷蛋白亚基组成分析

利用SDS-PAGE分析检测了36份四川藏区小麦地方品种的高分子量谷蛋白亚基组成,从中可检测到7种亚基组合类型.其中,Null、7+8、2+12为四川藏区小麦的优势亚基组合,其频率高达58.33%.在Glu-A 1、Glu-B 1和Glu.D 1位点中,分别有3,5和3种等位变异类型,各位点出现频率最高的亚基分别是Null、7+8和2+12,频率分别为86.11%、63.89%和94.44%.在WL25的Glu-B 1位点发现了一个未知的y型亚基,其迁移率比By 8慢,与Bx7以亚基组合形式同时出现.在wL 16的Glu-D 1位点,Dx亚基沉默,而仅表达了Dy 12亚基.参试材料的面包品质评分为4-8分,无评分达9分以上的品种.     

山西省不同时期小麦品种麦谷蛋白亚基组成分析

为深入了解山西省不同时期大面积推广品种的HMW—GS组成情况，为该区品质育种提供依据，利用SDS-PAGE电泳技术对152份山西省不同时期大面积推广品种HMW—GS组成、变异及出现频率进行了分析，并计算了参试品种的品质得分。结果表明，历年来主栽品种在Glu-Al位点具有3种亚其类型（NULL，1，2＋），Glu—B1位，具有4种亚基类型（7＋8，7＋9，14＋15，17＋18），Glu-D1位，具有2种亚基类型（2＋12，5＋10）。总体而言，参试小麦品种的HMW—GS构成欠佳，优质亚基组合类型单一，2＋、17＋18、5＋10、14＋15亚基的频率很低。具有较高品质得分的亚基组合“1，7＋8，5＋10”、“1，14＋15，5＋10”和“2＊，17＋18，5＋10”的品种较少。     

普通小麦HMW谷蛋白亚基与蛋白质含量和沉降值的关系

对148个不同小麦品种高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基与蛋白质含量、沉降值之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明:G lu-1三位点控制的亚基等位变异与品质性状关系密切。A 1位点1亚基和N出现的频率基本相当,对蛋白质含量效应N>1,对沉降值1>N;B 1位点7 9亚基对出现频率最高,其次为7 8,各亚基对蛋白质含量效应为17 18>7 8>7>7 9>6 8>14 15>13 16,对沉降值的作用为7 8>13 16>17 18>7 9=7>14 15>6 8;D 1位点5 10亚基对频率高于2 12,各亚基对蛋白质含量效应以5 10>2.2 12>2 12>2 10,沉降值效应以2.2 12>5 10>2 12>2 10。具有亚基N,17 18,5 10组合类型的小麦品种可成为蛋白含量较高的品种;1,7 8,2.2 12组合类型的小麦品种可成为加工品质较好的品种。     

小偃系列小麦品种的HMW-GS和醇溶蛋白分析

为探讨小偃系列小麦品种的品质相关性状的遗传基础,为小麦品质改良和品种选育提供参考。采用SDS-PAGE和A-PAGE技术对14个小偃系列小麦品种的高分子量谷蛋白亚基（HMW-GS）和醇溶蛋白进行了研究。结果表明：14份小偃系列小麦品种共出现了7种亚基和5种亚基组合类型。Glu-A1位点,1亚基是主要亚基,其频率达85．7％;G1u-B1位点,7＋9亚基是主要亚基。其频率为50％;Glu-D1位点,2＋12是主要亚基,其频率高达92．9％。1,7＋9,2＋12是主要的亚基组合类型,其频率为35．7％;小偃系列小麦品种整体品质得分较高,为7．21。14个小偃系列小麦品种共检测到19条醇溶蛋白带型。平均13．6条;其遗传距离（GD）在0．23-0．59之间,当遗传距离为0．50时,14个品种可聚为4个大类,来源相同的品种,遗传相似性大。可以聚在一起。小偃系列小麦品种的高分子量谷蛋白亚基和醇溶蛋白的遗传变异较小。遗传基础较狭窄。     

小麦资源胚乳蛋白Glu-1、Glu-3、Gli-1基因位点变异特点

141个普通小麦品种及农家种中，由Glu-1位点控制的高分子量谷蛋白亚基共27种图谱，最常见的图谱是（N，7+8，2+12）占22%和（N，7+9，2+12）占19.9%，Glu-A1、Glu-B1、Glu-D1位点控制的均为正效应亚基，其图谱（1，7+8，5+10），（1，14+15，5+10），（1，13+16，5+10），（1，17+18，5+10），（2*，7+8，5+10），（2*，13+16，5+10）占13.4%; 由Glu-3位点控制的低分子量谷蛋白亚基共48种以上的图谱，最常见的图谱是（a, j, c）, Glu-A3位点存在6个以上等位基因，新发现的占5.7%, Glu-B3位点存在10个以上等位基因，新发现的占2.8%, Glu-D3位点存在3个等位基因；由Gli-1位点控制的醇溶蛋白共81种以上图谱，Gli-1A1位点存在7个以上等位基因，新发现的占7.1%, Gli-B1位点存在12个以上等位基因，新发现的等位基因占3.5%, Gli-D1位点存在10个等位基因，Gli-B1位点的l为1B/1R易位系，占总数的33.6%; 由Gli-1位点控制的醇溶蛋白和由Glu-3位点控制的低分子量谷蛋白亚基基因变异远比由G1u-1位点控制的高分子量谷蛋白亚基复杂和丰富。     

Genetic diversity of European spelt wheat (Triticum aestivum ssp. spelta L. em. Thell.) revealed by glutenin subunit variations at the Glu-1 and Glu-3 loci

Summary High and low molecular weight glutenin subunit (HMW-GS and LMW-GS) compositions of 270 European spelts, 15 Iranian spelts and 25 bread wheat cultivars were analyzed by one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The results revealed a total of 22 HMW-GS alleles (4 at Glu-A1, 11 at Glu-B1 and 7 at Glu-D1) and 32 allele combinations among the three Glu-1 loci. Two major genotypes of HMW-GS: 1, 13+16, 2+12 and 1, 6.1+22.1, 2+12 were found to occur in Central European spelt wheat cultivars and landraces at higher frequencies of 35 and 28%, respectively. The Glu-B1 locus displayed the greatest variation and genetic diversity index (H) was 0.69 whereas Glu-A1 and Glu-D1 showed H index values of 0.26 and 0.19, respectively. The dendrogram constructed by HMW and LMW glutenin subunit bands revealed that European spelts form a separated cluster from common wheat suggesting that spelt and common wheat form distinct groups. In addition, all 15 Iranian spelt land variety accessions differed from European spelts and possessed similar HMW-GS alleles to common wheat. Because of a wider polymorphism Central European spelt wheats are an important genetic reserviour for improving common wheat quality. Both authors contributed equally to this work     

Introduction to bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and assessment for bread-making quality of alleles from T. boeoticum Boiss. ssp. thaoudar at Glu-A1 encoding two high-molecular-weight subunits of glutenin

Two alleles, Glu-A1r encoding high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin subunits 39+40 and Glu-A1s encoding HMW glutenin subunits 41+42, were introgressed to bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. Sicco from two accessions of T. boeoticum Boiss. ssp. thaoudar (A genome species, 2n=2x=14). Alleles at Glu-A1 in current commercial bread wheats encode zero or one subunit, and alleles at the homoeoloci Glu-B1 and Glu-D1 encode a maximum of two subunits; hence the maximum number of subunits found in commercial wheats is five, whereas the lines incorporating Glu-A1r and Glu-A1s carry six. Using near-isogenic lines, the current results demonstrated that the introduction of Glu-A1r resulted in diminished dough stickiness and improved stability during mixing compared with Glu-A1a encoding subunit 1, and a small improvement in gluten strength as shown by the SDS- sedimentation test. The introduction of Glu-A1a also resulted in a small improvement in gluten strength predicted by the SDS-sedimentation test. Thus the alleles are of potential value in breeding programmes designed to improve bread-making quality.     

Biochemical and molecular characterisation of Glu-1 loci in Argentinean wheat cultivars

The high molecular weight glutenin subunit (HMW-GS) composition of acollection of 107 Argentinean bread wheat cultivars was analysed bysodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE).Allelic variation at the Glu-1 loci was identified and its frequencycalculated. Eleven alleles were detected, three encoded at the Glu-A1locus, six at the Glu-B1 locus and two at the Glu-D1 locus. Alow frequency of the null allele at the Glu-A1 locus and a highfrequency of subunits 5+10 at the Glu-D1 locus were observed.Reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC)analysis was used to further characterise HMW-GS. Two different types ofBx subunit 8 (named subunits 8 and 8) were detected, the latterhaving shorter elution time. Subunit 8 was not identifiable bySDS-PAGE. According to quantification by RP-HPLC analysis, two groupsof subunit 7 were observed. One group, with a relatively high proportionof subunit 7 (approximately 39% of the total amount of HMW-GS)appeared in cultivars with allele 7+8 at the Glu-B1 locus; asecond group of subunit 7 (around 24% of the total amount ofHMW-GS), was found in alleles 7+8, 7+8 and 7+9. Restrictionfragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) analyses of HMW-GS genes werealso carried out after digestion of genomic DNA with HindIII andTaqI restriction enzymes. The relationship between DNA fragment sizeand glutenin subunits, as estimated by electrophoretic mobility inSDS-PAGE, was also examined. The restriction enzyme TaqIdemonstrated to be a useful tool to detect homozygous plants in selectionprograms against the Glu-A1 null allele.     

麦谷蛋白亚基Clu-1和Glu-3位点基因等位变异对小麦品质特性的影响

甲单向一步SDS-PAGE方法分析表明亲本品种Suneca和Cook在麦谷蛋白亚基的5个位点(Glu-B1,Glu-D1,Glu-A3,Glu-B3和Glu-D3)均含不同等位基因。本研究重点对Suneca×Cook的F_4代群体中在麦谷蛋白亚基位点均为纯合基因的60个系的出粉率(FY),面粉蛋白质含量(FP)及和面时间(PTM)进行了分析,以研究麦谷蛋白各亚基位点等位基因变异及位点间互作对小麦品质特性的影响。结果表明,不同基因型间出粉率无显著差异,Glu-D1位点等位基因d和a对FP的效应存在显著差异,Glu-Dld基因(编码5 10亚基)的正效应显著高于Glu-Dla基因(编码2 12亚基);Glu-D1、Glu-A3和Glu-B3位点上基因的等位变异对PTM有显著和极显著影响,含Glu-Dld、Glu-A3b和Glu-B3b基因的系分别比含Glu-Dla,Glu-A3d和Glu-B3h基因的系有较长的和面时间;Glu-B1位点上等位变异i和u以及Glu-D3位点等位基因b和e分别对PTM无明显影响。在这种遗传背景下,麦谷蛋白亚基位点对PTM的效应大小依次排列为Glu-D1>Glu-B3>Glu-A3>GIu-B1=Glu-D3。Glu-1位点和Glu-3位点间对和面特性的影响存在累加效应和互作效应。     

小麦重组自交系群体HMW-GS的检测与分析

利用重组自交系群体--RILL-8群体的131个系为材料,检测和分析了其高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基及亚基组合.结果表明,RIL-8群体Glu-A1、Glu-B1、Glu-D1位点编码的亚基分别为1、N,7 9、7 8和5 10、2 12,主要存在7种亚基组合类型.不同亚基及亚基组合类型在相同位点上仅存在1对等位基因差异,可以用其进行相同位点不同亚基及亚基组合对品质性状效应值的估算.     

CIMMYT引入小麦材料HMW-GS组成研究

利用SDS-PAGE技术对385份CIMMYT种质进行高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基组成分析。结果表明:Glu-A1、Glu-B1、Glu-D1位点上变异类型丰富,共存在11亚基与24种组合类型,优质亚基出现的频率非常高,Glu-A1位点上的1亚基的频率达到了33.5%,Glu-B1优质亚基7+8出现的频率11.2%,Glu-D1位点优质亚基5+10出现的频率达到81.3%。评分在7分以上的材料达37.8%,23个材料评分在9分以上,高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基的平均得分7.08分。通过在这些材料中选取评分较高的与贵州小麦进行杂交,可有效提高贵州小麦品种的产量与品质。     

Variation at Glu-1 Loci in Club Wheats

Hexaploid club wheats (Triticum aestivum L.) possess unique end-use quality characteristics and are grouped as a U.S. market subclass of soft white common wheat. Although there have been many reports on associations among high-molecular-weight glutenin storage protein (HMW-Glu) sub-units with end-use quality in hard wheats; there has been very limited work done on surveying the club wheats for these subunits. The HMW-Glu subunits, spike types and grain color were determined for 41 U.S. club wheat cultivars and 79 club accessions obtained from the National Small Grains Collection (NSGC), USDA-ARS. Accession ‘Harlan JR 35’ (PI 420948), which appears morphologically to be a hexaploid club wheat, was determined to be tetraploid. Egyptian line ‘Maya II-Tel's’ (PI 422288) was shown to have previously undescribed HMW-Glu subunits. In the U.S. club wheats the most common HMW-Glu subunits were: null, 49 % (Glu-A1); 6, 37 % (Glu-B1); and 2 + 12, 94 % (Glu-D1). In the NSGC group the most common HMW-Glu sub-units were: 2*, 52 % (Glu-A1); 7 + 8, 31 % (Glu-B1); and 2 + 12, 92 % (Glu-D1). The high frequency of subunits 2 + 12 in the club wheat groups has not been observed previously in numerous surveys of diverse wheat cultivars. The Glu-B1 subunits 6 (without subunit 8) and 20 which have not been reported in US red wheats, were shown to be common in both club wheat groups. A comparison of diversity indices, including previous studies on HMW-Glu subunit frequencies on all market classes of wheat, showed that the club groups are as diverse for the Glu-A1 and Glu-B1 loci and less diverse for the Glu-D1 locus.     

Multiplex-PCR typing of high molecular weight glutenin alleles in wheat

In Australian commercial cultivars, each high molecular weight glutenin (Glu-1) homoeologous locus consists of one of two predominant alleles: Glu-A1a (subunit Ax1) or Glu-A1b (subunit Ax2*) at the GluA1 locus, Glu-B1b (Bx7 and By8 subunits) or Glu-B1i (Bx17 and By18 subunits) at the Glu-B1 locus, and Glu-D1d (Dx5 and Dy10 subunits) or Glu-D1a (Dx2 and Dy12 subunits) at the Glu-D1 locus. PCR-based assays have been developed in this study to discriminate between these common alleles at each locus. Primers specific for the Glu-A1 Ax2* gene give a single fragment of 1319 bp only in the presence of this gene. Primers targeting the Glu-B1 locus resulted in a co-dominant marker for which the Bx7 genotype produced two fragments (630 bp and 766 bp) and the Bx17 genotype a single fragment (669 bp). The third pair of primers was specific for the Dx5 gene and resulted in a single band of 478 bp. A multiplexed PCR assay was established which permitted the discrimination of the major HMW glutenins in a single PCR reaction and agarose gel assay. As the HMW glutenin composition of a wheat line is extremely important in determining the functional properties of wheat gluten, these markers are useful for the purposes of marker-assisted breeding. These markers may also be useful for the purpose of DNA-based identification of wheat varieties. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.