美国畜禽遗传资源保护与利用现状及对中国的启示

我国是世界上畜禽遗传资源最丰富的国家之一，保护利用好畜禽遗传资源意义重大。近年来，我国畜禽遗传资源保护与利用工作取得积极成效，但仍存在着保护能力薄弱、支撑体系不健全、开发利用不充分等问题。为全面加强我国畜禽种质资源保护与利用工作，本文从保护方式与管理体系(管理主体、科研支撑、法律与规划、国际合作、保护资金)两方面详细介绍了美国畜禽遗传资源保护与利用发展现状与特点。结合中国畜禽遗传资源发展的不足，在法律法规、开发利用、信息化管理、科研创新、资金来源、国际交流等方面提出具体的建议措施。     

加拿大畜禽遗传资源保护与利用现状及对我国的启示

加拿大是较早开展畜禽遗传资源保护的国家之一,拥有较高的畜禽遗传资源保护和利用水平。通过对加拿大畜禽遗传资源现状、基因库建设、保护主体、相关法律法规等进行系统梳理分析,发现其较高的畜禽遗传资源保护和利用水平在很大程度上依赖于建立的畜禽品种登记制度、动物遗传资源信息系统以及先进的畜禽资源保存技术和完善的法律体系。通过对比我国相关做法和制度,提出建立品种登记相关制度、优化畜禽资源保存技术等5条合理化建议,以期为提高我国畜禽遗传资源保护和利用水平提供有益借鉴。     

对地方畜禽品种资源保护工作的思考

畜禽遗传资源是生物种质资源的重要组成部分,是人类社会赖以生存和发展的重要生物资源之一。各国都加大了对畜禽遗传资源的保护,我国也先后出台《种畜禽管理条例》、《畜牧法》等法律法规,进一步加大了畜禽遗传资源保护工作的投入与组织,取得了一定的成效。但在基层开展地方畜禽品种资源工作还受到很多条件的制约,直接影响着地方畜禽品种资源保护。该文就地方畜禽品种资源保护工作中遇到的一些问题提出了一些建议。     

我国畜禽遗传资源保护利用现状与展望

畜禽遗传资源是生物多样性的重要组成部分,是实现畜牧业可持续发展的基础.文章分析了当前我国畜禽遗传资源保护的重要意义和现状,对资源保护和管理工作进行总结,并就"十二五"期间水禽资源保护和利用进行展望.     

农业部修订《国家级畜禽遗传资源保护名录》

<正>畜禽遗传资源是重要的生物资源,它是生物多样性的重要组成部分,也是生态系统的有机组成,畜禽遗传资源保护是关系到畜牧业可持续发展和生物多样性的重大问题。而且,畜禽遗传资源具有不可再生性,一旦丧失,就无可挽回。畜禽遗传资源的枯竭,将使畜牧业面对自然条件的变化(如突变出现新的病原体以及日愈加剧的环境恶化)丧失自我调节和抗衡的能力。为了保护我国的畜禽遗传资源,农业部于2006年公布了《国家级畜禽遗传资源保护名录》(以下简称《名录》)。《名录》实     

中华人民共和国畜禽遗传资源进出境和对外合作研究利用审批办法

(中华人民共和国国务院令第533号)第一条为了加强对畜禽遗传资源进出境和对外合作研究利用的管理,保护和合理利用畜禽遗传资源,防止畜禽遗传资源流失,促进畜牧业持续健康发     

畜禽遗传资源保护方法的研究进展

畜禽遗传资源作为生物多样性的重要组成部分,正面临着严峻的考验,对其开展保护工作是一项迫在眉睫更是必须持之以恒的任务。作者对目前畜禽遗传资源保护的主要方法和技术,包括活体保护及利用冷冻技术、基因文库技术、体细胞克隆技术和分子遗传标记等技术保护,特别是对近年新发展起来的诱导多功能干细胞(induced pluripotent stem cells,iPSCs)技术在畜禽遗传资源保护方面的应用作了概述,以期进一步对畜禽遗传资源保护奠定基础。     

我国畜禽遗传资源保护利用方法的思考

在世界遗传资源重新受到重视的大背景下,我国的畜禽遗传资源仍在快速流失.人们对动物产品消费方式的改变、杂交改良以及生存环境的恶化都是造成畜禽遗传资源快速流失的原因.本文系统介绍了我国目前畜禽遗传资源的现状及保护利用方法,结合国外相关经验提出了我国畜禽遗传资源保护的一些思路.     

浅议畜禽遗传资源保护与“两翼”农户万元增收

畜禽遗传资源是重要的生物资源,它是生物多样性的重要组成部分。畜禽遗传资源保护是关系到畜牧业可持续发展和生物多样性的重大问题。本文结合我市的畜禽遗传资源保护现状,对加强地方畜禽遗传资源保护,促进“两翼”农户万元增收进行了初步的探讨。     

当前我国畜禽遗传资源保护与管理工作的几点思考

畜禽遗传资源的保护与管理,对于促进畜牧业可持续发展、保持生物多样性具有十分重要的意义。本文阐述了加强国家级畜禽保种场、保护区和基因库建设的作用,强调正确处理畜牧业发展、资源保护与开发利用、政府企业个人在资源保护与利用工作中的关系是促进畜牧业可持续发展、全面做好畜禽遗传资源保护与利用工作的核心,并指出全面推进重点畜禽遗传资源保护工作的措施。     

Animal genetic resource trade flows: Economic assessment

Throughout human history, livestock producers have relied on a vibrant international exchange of genetic resources to achieve improvements in the quality and productivity of their animals. In recent years, however, some observers have argued that changes in the legal, technological, and economic environment now imply that international exchanges of animal genetic resources (AnGR) systematically benefit rich countries at the expense of poor countries. It is argued that international flows of AnGR are displacing the indigenous animal genetic resources of developing countries, and also that the genetic wealth of the developing world is being expropriated by rich countries.In reaction, there have been growing calls for limitations and/or barriers to the exchange of animal genetic resources. These discussions, however, seem to be based on limited information about the magnitude and direction of current trade flows in AnGR. This paper offers an analysis of AnGR trade flows from 1990 to 2005. The paper draws on national-level data from 150 countries that reported information to the United Nations Statistics Division. Three major trade categories were evaluated: live cattle and pigs for breeding, and cattle semen.Over the period studied, Europe and North America were the primary exporters of genetic resources for the species evaluated. OECD countries accounted for 98.7, 92.5, and 95% of cattle semen, live cattle, and swine exports in 2005, respectively. In evaluating the direction of trade between developed (North) and developing (South) countries, North–North trade had the largest magnitude, followed by North–South, South–South, and South–North. The data do not support the notion that Southern genetic resources are being used on a large scale in the North. We believe that importation from South to North is limited by the vast discrepancies in production efficiency and production systems between countries in the North and South.Given the low volume of South–North exchange, it seems doubtful that sufficient revenues could be acquired through a “benefit-sharing mechanism” to have any substantial impact on in situ or ex situ conservation efforts, or to generate benefits for poor livestock keepers in developing countries. We question whether global agreements or restrictions on trade will achieve the desired goal of conserving rare breeds and threatened genetic resources. We also doubt whether these agreements will succeed in improving the well-being of the poor. We suggest that resources instead be urgently employed for conservation and that more direct measures should be taken to aid poor farmers, ranchers, and herders in their efforts to conserve genetic resources.     

畜禽遗传资源的经济价值评估

畜禽遗传资源的生物多样性的减少正在成为动物保护和品种改良研究中最受关注的问题。为了提高动物保护和育种方案的决策制定能力,各国的学者提出了许多相关的经济价值评估方法。本文从经济学角度分析了畜禽遗传资源的经济价值及其范畴,对其相关的评估方法进行了回顾。其中包括线性规划与农场模拟模型、估计研究和发展价值的动态模型以及估计育种性状需求的计量经济学模型等内容。农场规划和模拟模型已经发展得很完善,但它们需要大量的数据信息。目前最可取的方法是假设价值评估方法,当目标为获取品种的非市场经济价值时尤其如此。     

Economic evaluation for conservation of farm animal genetic resources

The decline in biodiversity of farm animal genetic resources (AnGR) has come to the forefront of concern in the discussion of animal conservation and breeding programmes. To improve decision‐making regarding conservation and breeding programmes, a number of evaluation techniques of farm AnGR are available. This paper presents an overview of the different values associated to AnGR and of the techniques for their measurement being employed in the economic literature. Those include linear programming and farm simulation models, dynamic models estimating the value of research and development and econometric models estimating the demand for breed characteristics. While farm programming and simulation models are fairly well developed, they do have large data requirements. Alternatively, contingent valuation methods are available, in particular when the goal is to capture non‐market values embedded in breeds.     

群内遗传多样性在畜禽保种中的应用

畜禽遗传资源的保存对应对未来的育种需要和畜牧业的可持续利用是非常重要的。分子标记广泛应用于大多数畜禽品种及分子变异分析技术的发展,促进了分析品种遗传变异的能力。作者对用于度量畜禽遗传资源的群内遗传多样性评价方法及其在确定种内遗传多样性,以及保种方案中的应用进行了综述。     

Possible consequences of the Nagoya Protocol for animal breeding and the worldwide exchange of animal genetic resources

The paper discusses animal genetic resources in the context of the Nagoya Protocol, providing an overview of the distinctive features and practices in this sector of genetic resources. It presents how animal genetic resources are utilized, who are the users and providers, and what are the trends in gene flow of these resources. The paper reflects on current access measures and arrangements for local breeds and for international commercial breeds. Key benefits arising from the international exchange of animal genetic resources for research and livestock production and current developments in the sector supporting the implementation of the Nagoya Protocol are presented. References to the scope and application of EU ABS legislation are also made. The paper underlines the importance of continuous undisturbed access to animal genetic resources for research and breeding to facilitate further development within the global livestock sector.     

细菌人工染色体(BAC)文库在畜禽遗传资源保存中的应用

作者介绍了国际畜禽遗传资源保存的研究现状与趋势,分析了细菌人工染色体(bacterial artificial chromosome,BAC)文库的发展和应用状况,阐述了BAC文库应用于畜禽遗传资源保存的特有优势,提出了建立BAC文库将成为畜禽遗传资源保存的一种重要补充形式,有利于提升畜禽遗传资源保存的安全性和长久性,也为今后进一步研究畜禽品种的特定性状提供了无可替代的材料,对实现全方位保存畜禽遗传资源具有重要的实用价值和推动作用。     

Assessing the diversity of preferences of suburban smallholder sheep keepers for breeding rams in Ouagadougou,Burkina Faso

Urbanisation in developing countries entails deep changes in the livestock sector and the management of animal genetic resources (AnGR). Sheep breeding around Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) illustrates these changes and the need to coordinate genetic improvement in general and the use of crossbreeding in particular. For this, it is important to understand breeders’ choices and improvement strategy, to accompany them within a national plan for AnGR management. In a context of missing market for breeding rams, a stated choice experiment was conducted with 137 farmers, together with a characterisation of herd management practices. This survey analyses farmers’ preferences for breeding rams, estimating their willingness to pay (WTP) for different traits (attributes). Their practices were characterised by a high reliance on natural pastures (82% of farmers) and a minority of crossbreeding (23%). The highest WTP was observed for disease resistance. However, the subgroup of farmers practicing crossbreeding showed a tolerance to high susceptibility. A strong preference for the white colour was revealed. Although significant, the influence of sheep body size on decision-making showed a lesser importance, again with a distinct behaviour in the subgroup practicing crossbreeding. These results illustrate the need to take account of the diversity of goals and preferences among smallholder sheep keepers to gain their adhesion to a coordinated genetic improvement framework.     

畜禽遗传资源保存的理论与技术

本文了中国在畜禽遗传资源保存理论与技术研究方面取得的成果，并系统评述了这些成果内容、特色和水平，同时指出要在21世纪实现畜牧业的可持续发展，中国必须重视畜禽遗传资源的保存与合理利用。     

畜禽遗传资源保存的理论与技术

本文阐述了中国在畜禽遗传资源保存理论与技术研究方面取得的成果，并系统评述了这些成果的内容、特色和水平，同时指出要在21世纪实现畜牧业的可持续发展，中国必须重视畜禽遗传资源的保存与合理利用。     

畜禽遗传资源保存研究进展

世界上70％的遗传资源分布在发展中国家，因战乱、政策、环境等因素，致使这些丰富的种质资源面临生存危机；发达国家家禽品种本身就比较单一，遗传资源贫乏，加之过份追求经济性状的遗传和集约化生产，因而原本就十分少有的地方品种也同样面临消亡的危机。本文比较系统地综述了全球畜禽品种资源而临的危机及其原因，以及世界各地采取的应对措施，同时还对畜禽遗传资源保存的技术方法进行了总结。