松辽黑猪、雷香猪、杜长大白猪肉质性状及肌肉营养成分比较研究

为了比较松辽黑猪、雷香猪、杜长大白猪肉质性状及肌肉营养成分，选取松辽黑猪、雷香猪、杜长大白猪进行屠宰，对肉质性状、肌肉氨基酸及脂肪酸含量进行测定，结果表明：松辽黑猪剪切力、肌内脂肪含量显著高于杜长大白猪（P<0.05），熟肉率显著高于雷香猪（P<0.05），雷香猪剪切力、肌内脂肪含量极显著高于杜长大白猪（P<0.01）；松辽黑猪和雷香猪肌肉中丙氨酸含量极显著高于杜长大白猪（P<0.01），甘氨酸含量松辽黑猪显著高于雷香猪（P<0.05），极显著高于杜长大白猪（P<0.01）；雷香猪亚油酸含量显著低于杜长大白猪（P<0.05）。文章对优质高端黑猪肉生产群体的选择提供了参考。     

五莲黑猪与杜长大猪的胴体品质及营养成分比较分析

为研究五莲黑猪与杜长大猪的胴体品质及营养成分差异,本实验随机选取25 kg左右、健康无病、发育整齐的五莲黑猪、杜洛克猪×长白猪×大白猪三元杂交商品猪(杜长大猪)健康仔猪各20头,在同一个猪场中采取中等营养标准饲喂至约100 kg体重时屠宰,测定胴体性状和猪肉品质指标。结果表明:在胴体性能上,五莲黑猪的屠宰率(75.40%)与杜长大猪(75.90%)差异不显著,而五莲黑猪的胴体长、眼肌面积和腿臀比例低于杜长大猪(P<0.01);五莲黑猪的瘦肉率低于杜长大猪(P<0.01);在肉质性状上,五莲黑猪的肌内脂肪含量是杜长大猪的1.93倍(P<0.05),肌肉水分含量低于杜长大猪(P<0.01);五莲黑猪的总饱和脂肪酸含量低于杜长大猪(P<0.01),总不饱和脂肪酸高于杜长大猪(P<0.01),游离脂肪酸高于杜长大猪(P<0.05);鲜味氨基酸含量高于杜长大猪(P<0.01)。由此可见,五莲黑猪的瘦肉率显著低于杜长大猪,但其在肌内脂肪含量、脂肪酸、鲜味氨基酸含量方面优于杜长大猪。     

岔路黑猪与杜长大三元猪肌肉中营养风味物质比较

为了研究岔路黑猪肌肉中营养风味物质的特点，分别对岔路黑猪和杜长大(杜洛克×长白×大白)三元猪背最长肌中的脂肪酸和氨基酸含量进行测定。结果显示，在检出的12种脂肪酸中，岔路黑猪背最长肌中的豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、棕榈油酸、α-亚麻酸、花生四烯酸、硬脂酸和花生一烯酸含量与杜长大三元猪的相比差异极显著(P <0.01)，岔路黑猪背最长肌中的油酸和亚油酸含量与杜长大三元猪的相比差异显著(P <0.05)。岔路黑猪背最长肌中的16种氨基酸含量均极显著高于杜长大三元猪的(P <0.01)。结果表明：岔路黑猪肉质鲜美，与杜长大三元猪肉质相比具有明显优势。     

不同类型肥育猪生长性能及胴体性状的研究

作者主要探讨不同类型猪在生长性能与肌肉品质的差异。挑选50 kg 左右的鄂西黑猪(脂肪型)、长大二元杂交猪(瘦肉型)、长♂×(野♂×鄂♀) ♀(中间型)三元杂交阉公猪各24头,饲养至100 kg左右屠宰,每个品种屠宰6头,进行生长性能、胴体性状与肉质性状的测定。研究结果表明,长大二元杂交猪的生长速度显著高于鄂西黑猪(P<0.05),而与长野鄂杂交猪差异不显著(P>0.05)。长大二元杂交猪的屠宰率、瘦肉率和眼肌面积显著高于鄂西黑猪和长野鄂杂交猪(P<0.05),而料重比、背膘厚显著低于鄂西黑猪(P<0.05)。长大二元杂交猪的肌肉pH2、滴水损失和剪切力显著高于鄂西黑猪,而肌肉评分显著低于鄂西黑猪(P<0.05),而长野鄂杂交猪的肉质与长大二元杂交猪和鄂西黑猪差异均不显著(P>0.05)。     

不同猪种5-羟色胺受体基因的表达及其与肉质的相关性分析

为研究5-羟色胺（5-HT）受体基因在不同猪种的表达及其与肉质的关系,试验选取淳安花猪与杜长大三元猪各12头,同时饲喂,达上市体重时分别屠宰,测定胴体、肉质性状及肌肉、脂肪中的5-HT受体基因表达量。结果表明：淳安花猪、杜长大三元猪的平均屠宰体重分别为88.1、102.4kg;淳安花猪的板油率、背膘厚、肌内脂肪等指标均显著高于杜长大三元猪（P〈0.05）;屠宰率、眼肌面积杜长大三元猪显著高于淳安花猪（P〈0.05）。5-HT2A、5-HT7受体基因在2个猪种脂肪组织中的表达量均显著高于肌肉组织（P〈0.05）,杜长大三元猪的肌肉中5-HT2A、5-HT7表达量显著低于淳安花猪（P〈0.05）,而脂肪中表达量两猪种间差异不显著。5-HT2A、5-HT7受体基因表达量与屠宰肉质指标之间基本呈负相关,尤其是肌肉中的5-HT2A表达量,呈较强负相关（杜长大三元猪）或显著负相关（淳安花猪）。研究初步认为,5-HT受体基因在中外猪种之间存在表达差异,并与屠宰肉质性状具有相关性。     

沂蒙黑猪与三元猪肉质微量元素、氨基酸组成分析

本试验对沂蒙黑猪与"杜长大"三元猪的背最长肌微量元素和氨基酸含量进行了测定与分析.结果表明沂蒙黑猪背最长肌肌肉中矿物元素含量较"杜长大"三元猪丰富,其中铁、锌、硒含量显著高于"杜长大"三元猪(P0.05),钙的含量沂蒙黑猪与"杜长大"三元猪差异不显著(P0.05),沂蒙黑猪必需氨基酸总量、风味氨基酸总量显著高于"杜长大"三元猪(P0.05)。     

江泉黑猪与杜长大三元杂交猪屠宰性能及肉质性状比较分析

为了解江泉黑猪的产肉和肉质特性,本试验选取在相同条件下饲养的100 kg左右的江泉黑猪阉公猪、母猪和杜长大三元杂交猪各10头按照相关规定进行屠宰和肉品质测定。对两种猪胴体指标（胴体重、胴体长、眼肌面积、背膘厚等）、肉质的物理指标（pH、肉色、大理石纹、滴水损失等）、常规化学指标（粗蛋白质、肌内脂肪、水分、灰分含量等）及江泉黑猪氨基酸含量进行了测定。结果表明,与杜长大三元杂交猪相比,江泉黑猪胴体瘦肉率较低,眼肌面积降低了30%左右（P<0.05）,而胴体背膘厚较高（P<0.05）。江泉黑猪在肉色、大理石纹、滴水损失、失水率、烹饪损失和肌内脂肪含量等指标上均显著优于杜长大三元杂交猪（P<0.05）,其中滴水损失、失水率和烹饪损失分别降低了约4.0%、3.1%和2.7%,肌内脂肪含量提高了约150.0%。由此可见,江泉黑猪在瘦肉产量上低于杜长大三元杂交猪,但在保水性、肌内脂肪含量、肉色、大理石纹等肉质指标上明显优于杜长大三元杂交猪,可为消费者提供品质优良的猪肉。     

三门峡雏鹰黑猪与杜长大三元杂交猪肉质相关指标的比较

为了比较三门峡雏鹰黑猪与杜长大三元杂交猪育肥阶段部分肉质指标,试验选择10月龄三门峡雏鹰黑猪10头、6月龄杜长大三元杂交猪6头进行屠宰,分别测定了肉色、滴水损失、p H值、熟肉率、常规营养成分、氨基酸组成。结果表明:两品种之间屠宰45 min后红度(a1*值)、宰后24小时后红度(a24*值)和黄度(b24*值)差异极显著(P0.01),屠宰后肉色45 min、24 h后亮度(L*值)差异显著(P0.05),滴水损失率、屠宰45 min后p H值和24 h后p H值、粗脂肪含量和粗蛋白含量、氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸总量、风味氨基酸总量差异显著(P0.05)。     

大约克和杜长大猪肉品质及血液理化指标比较

选择体重100~110 kg健康的大约克16头、杜长大18头进行试验,研究大约克及杜长大的肉品质及屠宰时血液理化指标的差异。结果表明,肉质性状大约克和杜长大两品种间没有显著差异;大约克和杜长大猪的背最长肌17种氨基酸含量、肌内脂肪、蛋白质、干物质、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸含量差异不显著。屠宰时血清肿瘤坏死因子杜长大猪显著高于大约克7.41%,其他指标品种间差异不显著。     

瘦肉型猪胴体品质和肌肉品质测定

选取适宰期大约克,长白纯种猪,社长大,长大,汉长大,大杜长,长大二（二花脸）杂种猪进行屠宰测定和肌肉品质常规分析。研究表明,大多数胴体性状和肌肉品质不存在非常显著的组合间差异。胴体品质总体而言比国外瘦肉型猪略差,但肌肉品质倨于国外报道的肉质性状。长大二三元杂交猪胴体品质和肉质性状与其它组合间差异不大。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -