筇竹种子主要内含物成分与不同种源种子播种品质研究

对筇竹种子主要内含物成分及不同种源种子的播种品质进行了研究。结果表明：1）筇竹种子主要有机养分为可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖、可溶性淀粉、维生素C和粗脂肪,含量分别为12.54%、8.26%、2.48%、3.81%和12.97%,其中粗脂肪含量最高,可溶性淀粉含量最低;2）筇竹种子中氨基酸含量在0.36~10.50 g/kg,占总营养成分的1.23%~35.78%,其中天冬氨酸含量最高;3）筇竹种子矿质元素含量：钾含量最高,达到3 280 mg/kg,其次是磷,为672 mg/kg,铜的含量最低,为2.14 mg/kg;4）不同种源筇竹种子,在千粒质量、含水量和发芽率方面存在显著性差异,而形态特征上差异不明显;5）在不同环境条件下筇竹种子发芽率不同,其中在室内无菌条件下发芽率最高,为90.00%,在苗圃带菌环境下发芽率最低,为86.66%。     

东京野茉莉种子营养成分分析

对来自江西吉水东京野茉莉40个家系种子的可溶性糖、淀粉、可溶性蛋白及粗脂肪含量进行分析,并测定其中10个家系种子油脂肪酸组分.结果表明,东京野茉莉种仁可溶性糖含量为37.84 ～ 86.25 mg/g,淀粉含量为5.87 ～ 27.86 mg/g,可溶性蛋白含量为56.04 ～ 271.26 mg/g,粗脂肪含量为554.5 ～ 635.4 mg/g.种子油中主要有5种脂肪酸,以不饱和脂肪酸为主,占80.76％～85.62％,其中含量最高的亚油酸是人体必需脂肪酸,含量为47.32％ ～ 50.81％.由此可见,东京野茉莉具有较高的营养价值和广阔的开发前景.     

濒危植物夏蜡梅种子化学成分分析

检测夏蜡梅种子千粒重和含水量,并对种仁的化学成分进行分析,结果表明:粗脂肪、粗蛋白、淀粉、可溶性糖、粗纤维、灰分、氨基酸的质量分数分别为43.57%、14.28%、7.72%、8.61%、7.08%、2.33%、0.59%,蛋白质组分以水溶性和碱溶性蛋白质为主,盐溶性蛋白质含量相对较低;大量元素以N最高、K最低,微量元素含量依次为Zn>Fe>Na>Mn>Cu>Ni。单因素方差分析表明,不同大小级种子的粗蛋白、可溶性糖和醇溶蛋白存在显著或极显著差异,11种矿质元素大部分以大种子的含量最高,除Ca、Na、Fe和Ni之外,其他元素均存在不同程度的显著差异。     

榧树种子层积过程中主要贮藏物质含量及酶活性的变化

对2013年10月采自浙江省嵊州市榧树(Torreya grandis)种子当年进行层积催芽,通过测定种子胚乳淀粉、可溶性糖、蛋白质和脂肪含量以及与贮藏物质相关酶类中的淀粉酶、蛋白酶和酸性磷酸酯酶的活性变化,研究其主要贮藏物质和相关酶类的变化规律。结果表明:榧树种子层积150 d后,淀粉含量减少40.30%,蛋白质含量减少57.78%,粗脂肪含量减少22.45%;可溶性糖含量呈先降低后升高;淀粉酶、蛋白酶、酸性磷酸酶活性在层积处理0~120 d时逐渐升高,120~150d时略有降低。这说明榧树种子在层积处理过程中,主要贮藏物质在相关酶类的催化下逐渐分解,为种胚的发育和种子萌发提供能量和物质基础。     

不同种源栓皮栎种子形态和营养成分差异分析

以28个栓皮栎种源种子为试验材料,对不同种源间栓皮栎种子的形态特征和营养成分含量差异进行比较分析。结果表明,不同种源间栓皮栎种子的长度、宽度和种子千粒质量以及可溶性糖、淀粉和蛋白质含量差异极显著。栓皮栎种子的长度和宽度变化幅度分别为1.56～2.38 cm和1.22～1.96 cm;种子千粒质量的变化幅度为1.45～5.45 kg;种子可溶性糖、淀粉和蛋白质含量的变幅分别为1.817%～6.325%、42.461%～80.274%和2.699%～9.694%。栓皮栎种子千粒质量与种子长度、宽度间呈极显著正相关,种子长度与宽度也极显著正相关;主成分分析表明,不同种源栓皮栎的差异主要是由种子千粒质量、宽度和长度决定。初步选出云南勐海、湖南城步1、安徽金寨1、重庆酉阳、山东蒙阴1、安徽旌德、安徽绩溪和安徽金寨2种源为优异种质资源。     

棕榈种子和花序的营养成分分析1）

运用化学分析的方法,测定了采自吉首大学校园的棕榈种子和花序的部分营养成分。结果表明,棕榈种子中的灰分（1．43％）和蛋白质（0．48％）含量高于花序,粗淀粉含量达48．3％。花序中的可溶性糖（0．45％）、粗纤维（45．22％）、粗脂肪（3．17％）、有机酸（2．56％）和维生素C （4．52％）含量高于种子。种子和花序中的微量元素表现为K含量最高,P、M n、Zn、Fe次之,Cu含量最少,种子中的Zn含量低于花序。棕榈种子和花序具有高纤维、高钾和低脂肪、低热量的营养优点,但蛋白质和维生素C含量偏低。     

马尾松不同家系营养物质含量与松突圆蚧抗性的关系

测定马尾松家系中未受松突圆蚧危害植株与受害植株针叶中可溶性糖、总糖、可溶性蛋白、全N、游离氨基酸、粗脂肪等营养物质的含量,探讨营养物质含量与马尾松对松突圆蚧抗性的关系。结果表明:1)高抗家系全N含量低于中抗和低抗家系;2)受松突圆蚧危害的诱导,针叶可溶性糖和总糖含量降低,此诱导反应与家系对松突圆蚧的抗性无关;3)可溶性蛋白、全N含量和游离氨基酸总量也因松突圆蚧的危害而降低,但这一诱导反应与家系对松突圆蚧的抗性有关,高抗家系降低量大于低抗家系,导致高抗家系受害植株中这几类营养物质的含量低于低抗家系;4)高抗家系受害植株针叶中除精氨酸外的16种氨基酸含量低于低抗家系;5)粗脂肪含量和总糖/全N与马尾松对松突圆蚧的抗性无关。     

两种红树植物胚轴淀粉含量的动态变化

研究了秋茄[Kandelia candel(L.)Druce(Kc)]和木榄[Bruguiera gymnorrhiza(L.)Lamk.(Bg)]2种红树植物的胚轴淀粉含量的动态变化过程。胎生胚轴的淀粉含量随着时间的推移,不论是单位质量的淀粉含量还是总量都一直增加。到4月份秋茄胚轴成熟时期,秋茄胎生胚轴个体平均所含淀粉含量可达2.63±0.31 g,单位质量的淀粉含量达24.95%±0.76%,木榄胎生胚轴个体平均所含淀粉的含量则达2.81±0.25 g,单位质量的淀粉含量达20.07%±0.80%。     

不同药剂处理对短梗五加种子后熟过程中相关物质代谢的影响

采用不同质量浓度GA3、KNO3处理短梗五加种子,并对层积过程中种子的胚率、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白及淀粉含量变化进行研究。结果表明:GA3100 mg·L-1和清水处理种子的胚率最好,2种药剂处理均可以提高未层积前种子可溶性糖的含量,GA3100 mg·L-1和KNO310 g·L-1处理可显著提高未层积种子的淀粉含量,GA3300 mg·L-1和KNO310 g·L-1处理可显著提高未层积种子的可溶性蛋白含量,而清水更有利于储藏物质的转化。     

南京早期引种的薄壳山核桃不同单株果实品质分析

为给薄壳山核桃良种选育、品种改良及果实分类提供参考依据,采用化学分析法,以南京地区早期引种的薄壳山核桃优良单株为研究对象,在对其外部形态指标分析的基础上,就其果实中的粗脂肪、可溶性糖、淀粉、蛋白质含量等品质特征指标进行了测定与分析。测定分析结果表明:不同单株果实中的粗脂肪含量和可溶性蛋白质含量的差异均达到极显著水平,其可溶性糖和淀粉含量的差异显著;薄壳山核桃果实形态特征指标与相关营养物质指标之间不存在显著相关性。主成分分析结果表明:可将反映果实外部形态和品质特征的12个指标划分为果实大小、果仁出油率、果仁碳水化合物这3个主成分,其累积贡献率达83.19%。     

Laboratory studies on the effect of temperature and humidity on the life table of the whitefly,Aleurotuberculatus takahashi David & Subramaniam (Hom., Aleyrodidae) from southeastern China

The present paper deals with developmental duration, emergence, longevity and fecundity ofAleurotuberculatus takabashi David & Subramaniam at different temperatures and humidity levels. The developmental time from egg to adult was 81.8, 56.9, 39.6, 29.9, 20.6 days at 15±1, 20±1, 25±1, 30±1, 35±1°C under constant relative humidity (RH) of 70±5%, respectively. At 25±1°C, the total developmental time was slightly affected by humidity, ranging from 46.4 days at 40±5% RH to 39.2 days at 90±5% RH. The developmental threshold and the thermal constant for the stage from egg to adult were 10.1°C and 542.8 day-degrees. It was estimated that the whitefly has about 10 generations a year in Fuzhou region in southeastern China. Lowest mortality rates of 12.4% for the egg, 6.8% for the nymph and 3.1% for the puparium were obtained at 15±1°C, while they were highest with 92.1% for the egg, 48.2% for the nymph and 36.3% for the puparium at 35±1°C. The mortality rates were slightly affected by humidity, ranging from 17.6% at 40±5% RH to 27.9% at 90±5% RH for the egg, 11.2% at 40±5% RH to 19.6% at 90±5% RH for the nymph, and 6.4% at 40±5% RH to 11.6% at 90±5% RH for the puparium. The emergence rate of adults decreased as temperature increased, ranging from 89.1% at 15±1°C to 21.5% at 35±1°C, so did the longevity of adults, ranging from 9.6 days at 15±1°C to 2.9 days at 35±1°C. The number of eggs per female was significantly affected by temperature (P.01), valuing 29.4 eggs per female at 15±1°C, 36.7 at 20±1°C, 52.4 at 25±1°C, 42.9 at 30±1°C, and 6.1 at 35±1°C. The optimal temperature for reproduction was about 25°C.     

杨潜叶跳象生态学特性的研究

通过定点观测,研究了杨潜叶跳象生态学特性,结果表明,杨潜叶跳象卵孵化率为82．1％,幼虫成活率93．1％,羽化率53．3％,性比为1：1。卵期发育起点温度11．65℃±0．18℃,有效积温8．27±1．28日度。幼虫期发育起点温度14．53±0．45℃,有效积温31．54±7．16日度。预蛹—蛹期发育起点温度16．80±0．31℃,有效积温24．76±3．41日度。     

筛胸梳爪叩甲的防治技术研究

筛胸梳爪叩甲是我国南方地区重要的笋期害虫.研究了林间挖笋除虫、黑光灯诱杀及药剂防治3种方法对筛胸梳爪叩甲的控制效果.结果表明:3种技术措施均能显著降低该虫的危害率和虫口密度,其中药剂防治效果最明显.3 a持续挖笋除虫的防治效果达(22.76±3.90)％;每年单盏黑光灯年平均诱捕量可达(1 143.8±318.7)头,连续6 a的灯光诱杀可将竹笋危害率由防治前的(56.05±2.83)％降至防治后的(39.21±2.83)％;连续施用5％辛硫磷+3％毒死蜱颗粒剂3 a年可将竹笋危害率由防治前的(69.62±5.36)％降至(21.17±7.65)％,防治效果达(70.11±10.99)％.     

应用绿僵菌和白僵菌林间防治木麻黄毒蛾的初步研究

采用绿僵菌和白僵菌并采取施放粉炮和喷菌液2种方式,对木毒蛾进行林间防治。2 a试验结果表明:2009年,施放粉炮15 d后,粉炮用量60个.hm-2的木毒蛾校正死亡率:绿僵菌为(54.1±3.7)%、白僵菌为(51.8±1.8)%,显著高于粉炮用量30个.hm-2的处理;2010年,粉炮用量45、60个.hm-2处理15 d后,绿僵菌处理木麻黄毒蛾校正死亡率分别为(90.1±3.6)%、(90.3±3.1)%,白僵菌处理分别为(88.5±8.1)%、(85.6±4.1)%,2种粉炮用量间防治效果差异不显著,但显著高于30个.hm-2处理。使用绿僵菌和白僵菌菌液喷雾12 d后,木毒蛾校正死亡率分别达到(93.9±6.3)%、(89.7±3.8)%。施菌后木毒蛾的化蛹率显著降低。林间湿度是影响防治效果的重要因素,干旱少雨天气防治效果较差,阴雨湿度大的环境防治效果较好。     

Effect of thermal pretreatment on germination of seeds from different provenances of subalpine oriental spruce (Picea orientalis (L.) Link.) forest in Turkey

We examined the effect of thermal treatment at two temperatures (60 s of 90°C dry heat and 60 min in 40°C hot water) versus control conditions on the germination of oriental spruce (Picea orientalis (L.) Link.) seeds originating from different subalpine provenances. Cutting test results showed that there was wide variation (between 10% and 90%) in filled seed rates. The results revealed that highest germination yield was attained via the hot water treatment. The maximum germination percentages were observed in seeds from “tree 3” in the first tree collective of provenances 1 (85.33 ± 5.77 control; 88.67 ± 7.02 via the hot water treatment; 82.00 ± 10.58 via the dry heat treatment) and 3 (70.67 ± 17.24 control; 88.00 ± 4.00 via the hot water treatment; 86.67 ± 11.37 via the dry heat treatment). The mean germination percentages were significantly different (p-value < .05): percentage values were 32.57% in provenance 1, 23.22% in provenance 3, 12.25% in provenance 4, and 2.82% in provenance 2. Mean germination time of seeds from different provenances and experiencing various pretreatments showed significant variation. The best pretreatment increase in germination rates was achieved via the wet heat method (60 min in 40°C hot water).     

对印度亚热带潮湿气候中的多种用途树叶作为草料的质量评价(英文)

多种用途树种和灌木在农业系统中有重要的作用,在减少饲料供求矛盾和补充世界各地饲料赤字,提高动物生产力方面有很大的潜力。同时,评价草料各种营养特性,利于生产定量平衡的饲料。评价12种多种用途树种(Acacia auri-culiformis,Albizzia procera,Dalbergia sissoo,Gliricidia macu-lata,Leucaena leucocephala,Samanea saman,Azadirachta in-dica,Eucalyptus hybrida,Gmelina arborea,Michelia champaca,Morus alba,和Tectona grandis)的树叶的营养特性,其中分别包括6种豆科和非豆科树种,指标包括:常规成分,细胞壁成分,总鞣质含量,大量(Ca和P)与微量元素(Fe,Cu,Zn,Mn和Co)含量,干物质体外消化率与有机物消化率以及代谢能量值。结果表明上述各参数都有明显的差异。有机物,粗蛋白质含量,石油醚提取物总量,粗纤维含量,无氮浸出物,总灰分的平均值分别为:(92.02±0.30)%,(16.00±0.74)%,(3.05±0.13)%,(18.97±1.07)%,(54.00±1.12)%和(7.98±0.30)%。豆科树种较非豆科树种有更高的粗蛋白质含量(18.30%和13.70%)。细胞壁成分中的中性洗涤纤维素,酸性洗涤纤维,半纤维,纤维素,酸性木质素含量平均值分别为:(52.48±1.05)%,(31.72±0.97)%,(20.76±0.88)%,(16.97±0.70)%和(9.57±0.62)%。总鞣质含量为(4.22±0.32)%。Ca与P之比合理,多种树种叶中Fe和Mn含量丰富,P,Cu,Zn和Co水平低于标准水平含量。干物质体外消化率与有机物消化率平均值分别为(48.96±1.30)%和(50.69±1.36)%。代谢能量值为(6.95±0.11)MJ·kg-1。粗蛋白质含量与干物质体外消化率与有机物消化率和代谢能量值成正相关;而这三个参数与中性洗涤纤维素,酸性洗涤纤维,和酸性木质素含量成负相关。结果表明:银合欢可作为优良饲料的树种,因为它具有最高的干物质体外消化率与有机物消化率以及代谢能量值(65.20%,67.66%和7.95MJ·kg-1),而Gliricidia maculata,Morus alba,Azadirachta indica,Dalbergia sissoo和Samanea saman可做较好类型饲料的树种,其它树种做饲料质量差。     

白刺枝叶生长对人工模拟降雨的响应

为揭示未来降水增加对荒漠地区植物生长的影响,以甘肃民勤的典型荒漠优势植物白刺为对象,研究白刺枝叶形态在2010年和2011年不同人工模拟降雨处理(增雨量分别为多年平均降水量的+0%、+25%、+50%、+75%、+100%)的变化规律。结果表明:100%增雨处理能够显著促进2010年和2011年白刺当年生枝叶生长;75%增雨处理显著促进2011年白刺当年生枝叶生长,75%增雨处理对6月花枝长度、基部直径、新生叶片和营养枝长度、新生叶片,以及9月花枝成熟叶片和营养枝基部直径、成熟叶片增长量的影响均显著,其值分别为(1.20±0.35)cm、(0.012±0.004)cm、(4.35±2.51)片、(1.65±0.69)cm、(3.20±1.45)片、(2.15±0.69)片、(0.013±0.006)cm、(2.20±1.10)片。2011年白刺当年生花枝和营养枝的长度、基部直径、新生叶片和成熟叶片增长量出现显著差异的阈值均低于2010年,这表明白刺能够通过改变其枝叶形态特性及其数量来适应降雨的变化。     

Physical attributes as indicator of seed maturity and germination enhancement in Himalayan Wild Cherry (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Prunus cerasoides</Emphasis> D. Don.)

Prunus cerasoides has poor regeneration in its natural habitat due to its hard seed coat. The information about maturity time of fruit/seed is scanty and studies on seed germination enhancement lacking. In the present study, the main focus has been given to the physical fruits/seeds attributes which are reliable indicators of maturity and seed pretreatments which help to enhance germination. The fruits/seeds were collected from low and high elevational sites covering the altitudinal range of the species during the period of fruit/seed development (last week of February–mid April) for two consecutive years (2003–2004). The change in fruit colour from dark green to pale red or red was a useful indicator of seed maturity in P. cerasoides. Fruit moisture content between 46.57 ± 0.45% and 56.81 ± 1.14% and seed moisture content between 29.8 ± 1.35% and 34.13 ± 1.50% coincided with maximum germination (41.11 ± 13.96% and 59.99 ± 12.05%) across sites. The removal of seed coat (mechanical treatment) enhanced the germination of seeds to 70 ± 0% at low elevation and 100 ± 0% at high elevation in comparison of control or untreated seeds (germination range between 5.83 ± 0.83% and 31.68 ± 25.02%). Positive correlation existed between seed size and germination (r = 0.280; P < 0.01).     

Clonal propagation of Pterocarpus santalinoides L'Hér. ex DC.: the effect of substrate,cutting type,genotype and auxin

Pterocarpus santalinoides is a multipurpose tree species, native to Africa and South America. However, excessive pruning for fodder is jeopardising its seed production leading to poor regeneration in the Sahel region. Efficient vegetative propagation techniques may overcome this concern. To address this issue, four experiments were conducted to determine the effects of substrate (Experiment 1), cutting type (Experiments 2 and 3), genotype (Experiment 4) and auxins (Experiments 1, 2, and 4) on rooting ability in a non-mist propagating unit in Mali. Among the four tested substrates, no significant differences were found in rooting parameters, including the percentage of rooted cuttings, the number of roots and secondary roots per rooted cutting, and the length of the longest root per rooted cutting. Semi-hardwood cuttings rooted significantly better than softwood cuttings with a higher percentage of rooted cuttings (31.7?±?6.5% vs. 9.2?±?2.7%), greater number of roots (8.2?±?4.8 vs 1.5?±?0.7), greater number of secondary roots (16.7?±?4.2 vs 4.6?±?1.8) and longer root length (17.8?±?12.0?cm vs 2.3?±?1.0?cm) per rooted cutting. In addition, one-node cuttings cut below the second and third nodes, respectively, had the highest rooting success (88% and 90%, respectively) followed by cuttings cut below the fourth node (68%) and the first node (62%). Significant differences in the percentage of rooted cuttings were found among 12 randomly selected genotypes with rooting varying from 2% to 75%.The results also showed that auxin application, especially IBA, had a significant effect on rooting success, the number of roots and secondary roots per rooted cutting. Single-node cuttings, and cuttings of 10?cm length with multiple softwood and semi-hardwood nodes, can be used with or without auxin treatment for successful clonal propagation of P. santalinoides. The results of the present study indicated that P. santalinoides is amenable to clonal propagation using low-cost propagators and sand-based rooting media.     

Small hive beetle diagnosis and control in naturally infested honeybee colonies using bottom board traps and CheckMite + strips

The efficacy of bottom board traps and CheckMite + strips using Coumaphos, for small hive beetle (SHB) diagnosis and control was studied in Australia. Colonies in three apiaries (N = 10 each) were surveyed for SHB. In two apiaries, colonies received bottom board traps (cardboard or plastic) with CheckMite + strips and in the control apiary, traps without strips. After 5 days, all colonies were surveyed again, killed and dissected to quantify non-detected SHB. Significant differences in the number of live SHB were found between apiaries after treatment, supporting the fact that Coumaphos traps are efficient (trap mortality: 94.73 ± 0.06% cardboard and 99.53 ± 0.01% plastic). However, mortality assessment at the colony level (53.29 ± 31.30%), showed that only a limited SHB proportion was affected. Post mortem colony inspections revealed that 14.06 ± 10.53% SHB were undetected, which should be considered for quantitative diagnosis. Bottom board traps provided a first estimate of infestation levels (43.03 ± 27.02%).