优质白沙型花生新品种濮花17号选育研究

濮花17号是河南省濮阳农业科学研究所选育,2002年通过河南省品审会审定命名的优质、高产、早熟、抗病白沙型花生新品种.在河南省区试及生产试验中,荚果和籽仁产量分别达到2950.2～3571.8kg/hm2、和2151.75～2654.1kg/hm2,籽仁比对照增产10%以上,高产示范中荚果产量达到6000kg/hm2.生育期105d左右,适合于夏直播.中抗锈病、叶斑病、网斑病,且品质优异,蛋白质含量29.69%,亚油酸含量40.52%,荚果美观,籽仁色泽鲜艳、光亮.     

施钾量对花生养分吸收及产量品质的影响

田间试验研究钾肥用量对花生生长、养分吸收、产量和品质的影响.结果表明,0～60kg/hm2范围内,随施钾量增加,花生荚果数增加,产量提高,60kg/hm2用量下,花生产量最高3640kg/hm2,比不施钾肥增产18.17％.0～90kg/hm2范围内,高施钾量可促进氮磷钾吸收,90kg/hm2用量下,花生粗脂肪含量最高为51.56％,比不施钾肥提高5.48％.超过90kg/hm2,增加施钾量导致花生养分吸收减少,荚果数下降,蛋白质、粗脂肪含量和产量随之下降.本试验条件下达到最佳经济效益的花生施钾量为63.3kg/hm2,产量可达到3611kg/hm2.     

施氮量对仁秆两用型花生光合特性及产量品质的影响

在大田试验条件下,研究了不同氮肥用量对仁秆两用型花生叶片光合特性及产量品质的影响.结果表明,花生荚果与花生秆产量随着施N量的增加呈先增加再减少的变化趋势,分别在施N肥300kg/hm2处理时产量达到最高,其中花生荚果产量比对照增产2.2％,但差异不显著;花生秆产量比对照增产86.0％,达极显著水平.对不同施氮量下花生光合特性的研究表明,花生功能叶片的光合速率随着氮肥用量的加大出现升高再下降的趋势,在施N肥300kg/hm2达到最高,随着氮肥用量的加大,花生功能叶片的气孔导度和蒸腾速率呈逐渐下降趋势.品质方面随施氮量的增加,花生秆粗蛋白含量呈极显著提高,但较高的氮肥施用量虽然可提高花生秆的营养品质,却降低了花生荚果和花生秆的产量.综合评价认为,在本试验条件下,在施N量300kg/hm2时花生荚果及花生秆产量最高,花生秆品质最好.     

5%二嗪磷颗粒剂对花生地下害虫防治效果简报

2003~2004年的研究表明,在花生播种期施用5%二嗪磷颗粒剂对花生安全,对蛴螬、金针虫等花生地下害虫有明显的防治作用,施用5%二嗪磷颗粒剂具有显著的保果作用,可以明显降低虫果率,提高花生荚果产量,用量为600g a.i./hm2的增产幅度达到10.28%。     

不同氮和钙肥用量对黑花生产量和品质的影响

黑花生因富含花青素而深受消费者青睐。为了探索黑花生高产优质的适宜氮肥和钙肥用量,本研究以黑花生品种济花黑1号为研究对象,设置不同的施氮量和施钙量处理,分析比较不同处理下农艺性状、荚果成熟饱满度、产量和品质的差异。结果表明,施氮120～360 kg/hm²和施钙300～600 kg/hm²,花生荚果产量分别较不施氮和不施钙对照增产5.95%～15.56%和5.40%～10.39%,N240和Ca450处理产量最高。氮和钙促进了花生营养生长,提高了单株结果数、单株饱果数、饱果率、百果质量、百仁质量和出米率。N120和N240处理的荚果产量和成熟饱满度差异较小,且均显著高于对照;Ca450处理的荚果产量和成熟饱满度显著高于对照,在钙处理中表现最优;最优用量之后继续增施氮肥和钙肥不利于荚果发育和产量形成。施氮和施钙提高了花生籽仁蛋白质、脂肪、总氨基酸、精氨酸等营养物质含量,增加了油酸含量和O/L比值,降低了饱和脂肪酸(硬脂酸和棕榈酸)含量,提高了黑花生的营养品质和保健价值。施氮120 kg/hm²和施钙450 kg/hm     

氮磷钾配施对砂姜黑土花生产量的影响

在砂姜黑土上，施肥可显著促进花生生长发育，提高荚果和籽仁产量；氮磷钾酸施效果优于氮钾配施，氮钾配施又优于氮磷配施。氮磷钾配施较氮钾配施荚果增产15.7%、24.8%，籽仁增产13.6%、26.5%；较不施肥荚果增产39.7%，籽仁增产43.2%。实行氮磷钾平衡施肥是提高砂姜黑土花生产量的有效措施。     

外源钙对盐碱土壤花生荚果生长及籽仁品质的影响

为探明外源钙对盐碱地花生荚果发育的影响,以花育25号品种为试材,采用盆栽法研究施用外源钙肥CaO对盐碱土花生荚果发育动态、籽仁品质及产量的变化。CaO用量设置0kg/hm^2(Dck)、52.2kg/hm^2(DCa1)、104.55kg/hm^2(DCa2)、156.6kg/hm^2(DCa3)4个水平,并以非盐碱土空白为对照(Lck)。结果表明:盐碱土对花生荚果的生长具有抑制作用,而DCa1、DCa2、DCa3处理均可促进盐碱土花生荚果与籽仁的生长发育,使籽仁膨大时间提前,其中以DCa3处理提高荚果干重、体积和籽仁干重的幅度最大,分别提高24.1%、15.5%和20.36%。施用外源钙降低了盐碱土花生籽仁蛋白质与亚油酸含量,提高了籽仁可溶性糖、脂肪、油酸含量与油酸亚油酸(O/L)比值。此外,外源钙的施用提高了盐碱土花生百果重、百仁重与出仁率从而提高了产量,以DCa3处理产量的增幅最大,达到43%。     

高产、高出仁率花生新品种漯花10号的选育

为适应我国长江流域花生生产的需要,以中花10号为母本,与自选品系漯河紫皮杂交,用一粒传法结合南繁加代选育出高产、高出仁率花生新品种漯花10号。介绍了该品种的选育过程及其区域试验与生产试验的结果:两年区域试验平均荚果产量4645. 5 kg/hm^2,比对照增产2. 32%,籽仁产量3513. 0 kg/hm^2,比对照增产6. 73%;生产试验平均荚果产量4125. 15 kg/hm^2,比对照增产7. 96%,籽仁产量3118. 5 kg/hm^2,比对照增产12. 48%。     

栽培方式对夏直播花生产量和品质的影响

选用早熟型大花生品系365-1为试验材料,研究地膜覆盖、秸秆还田、免耕对夏直播花生产量和品质的影响。结果表明,地膜覆盖栽培提高了籽仁棕榈酸、油酸、亚油酸、蛋氨酸、苯丙氨酸含量和花生单株结果数,降低了千克果数,并显著提高了产量。秸秆还田提高了籽仁的粗脂肪、蛋氨酸、苯丙氨酸含量和花生双仁果率、单果重,对提高产量有一定作用。免耕栽培对花生产量提高和品质改善不利。本试验条件下,秸秆还田结合地膜覆盖处理荚果产量最高,且花生籽仁的蛋白质含量和粗脂肪含量有所提高;免耕秸秆覆盖栽培作为保护性耕作方式,较秸秆还田露地栽培增产4.71%,粗脂肪含量最高,具有一定推广价值。     

花生区组间杂交新品种花育31号的选育

花育31号是山东省花生研究所生物技术部分子育种组利用不亲和野生种育成的国内外首个大粒型的花生属区组间杂种品种。在山东省两年区试中,平均荚果产量341．65kg／666．6m^2,籽仁产量248．97kg／666．6m^2,分别比对照鲁花11号增产8．16％和9．26％。生产试验荚果产量331．05kg／666．6m^2,籽仁产量243．68kg／666．6m^2,分别比对照丰花1号增产7．19％和11．78％。2009年3月23日通过山东省品种审定委员会审定。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.