东太平洋大青鲨年龄与生长的研究

根据2003年7~11月在东太平洋海域(03°~17°S、96°~146°W)金枪鱼延绳钓生产调查中兼捕获取的89 ind大青鲨样本,通过对大青鲨脊椎骨年轮的观察及其生物学特征数据的记录,研究了大青鲨的年龄与生长。结果表明,大青鲨的最大寿命为17.1龄;von Bertalanffy生长参数L∞=292 cm,K=0.16/yr,t0=-1.6yr;大青鲨的生长拐点年龄为5.3yr,拐点体重为55.8kg,拐点叉长为195 cm。     

西北太平洋秋刀鱼主要体征及繁殖特性研究

根据2014年6—7月和10—11月于西北太平洋公海两航次采集的秋刀鱼样本,分析其性别比例、体长和体质量组成、摄食等级,以探究其生长、性腺及繁殖特性。研究结果表明,随着月份的增大,秋刀鱼雌性比例逐渐降低,雄性占比升高;6、7月雌、雄样本优势体长组与体质量组范围均较10、11月小;体长和体质量关系中,秋刀鱼雌性生长系数为3.24,雄性为2.82;各月样本胃饱满度以1级为主,F检验表明,除0级外,4个月内各摄食等级间呈显著差异(P<0.01);秋刀鱼雌、雄样本性腺发育以Ⅱ期为主,各性腺等级间差异不显著(P>0.05),雌性性腺指数在Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ期内大于雄性,Ⅴ、Ⅵ期内相反,逻辑斯蒂方程表明,秋刀鱼50%性成熟体长雌性为284.7 mm,雄性为267.4 mm;雌性秋刀鱼绝对繁殖力为1032～17 708粒/尾,平均值为(5522±3196)粒/尾,绝对繁殖力高的个体体长和体质量分别为280～320 mm、110～150 g。     

2009年秋冬季东南太平洋智利竹筴鱼的渔业生物学特征

根据2009年秋冬季(3~6月)东南太平洋智利竹筴鱼的渔业调查资料,对其群体组成、叉长与体重关系、性腺成熟度、摄食等级和渔获量作了初步研究。结果表明:叉长范围为100~650 mm,优势叉长组350~400 mm;体重范围为100~2 600 g,优势体重组400~800 g;3~5月性腺成熟度大部分为Ⅱ期,6月则有52%个体为Ⅲ期。3~5月总产量和CPUE(t/h)呈逐渐增加趋势,6月份均显著下降,仅为5月的38.7%和51.4%。冬季(6月)总产量的大幅下降,暗示该渔场的空间分布出现了一些新的变化。     

Genetic analysis of the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei): heterosis and heritability for harvest body weight

The aim of this study was to estimate heterosis and heritability for harvest body weight of the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) measured at commercial farm conditions. Heterosis and heritability were estimated using a base population from diallel crosses of eight introduced strains. The base population included 9936 shrimp from 207 families that were produced with 188 sires and 172 dams using a nested mating design by artificial insemination. Heterosis was calculated basing on the least squares means (LSM) of harvest body weight. The results showed that most of the hybrids (75%) have positive heterosis for harvest body weight, which ranged from ?13.36% (UA2 × UA5) to 13.80% (UA6 × UA5) with a mean of 2.41%. The high amount of heterosis manifested in the hybrids indicated the usefulness of these hybrids for improving the growth. Variance components and heritability for harvest body weight were estimated using an animal model. The heritability estimate for harvest body weight was 0.092 ± 0.082 (h²) when genetic groups were excluded from the pedigree, but it was decreased when genetic groups were included in the pedigree ( = 0.066 ± 0.050), implying that there are strain additive genetic effect and heterosis in the base population. However, the heritability estimates for harvest body weight were significantly different from zero (P < 0.05) and there was no significant difference between h² and (P > 0.05). The results from this study indicated that significant improvement for growth is possible through cross‐breeding and selective breeding in L. vannamei.     

Spatial differentiation in the eastern Pacific yellowfin tuna revealed by microsatellite variation

ABSTRACT:   Five eastern Pacific yellowfin tuna samples (four northern: 10–25°N, 95–130°W, and one southern: 16–18°S, 95–97°W), collected from fishing vessels between 1994 and 2002 were analyzed for variation at seven microsatellite loci to evaluate their spatial genetic homogeneity. Single-locus homogeneity exact tests revealed significant genetic differentiation caused by three of seven loci. Pairwise sample comparisons of multilocus allele-frequency homogeneity tests and subpopulation division ( F _ST), revealed significant differentiation in comparisons between north equatorial samples and the south equatorial sample. amova analysis among collections grouped as northern and southern populations separated by the equator in the eastern Pacific confirmed the differentiation observed. These results may be considered as preliminary evidence of the presence of discrete populations in the eastern Pacific yellowfin tuna. The possibility that the spatial differentiation observed corresponds to temporal variation or non-random sampling cannot be discarded. The genetic differences encountered need to be corroborated by increasing sample sizes, including temporal replicates, and by the use of an alternative marker.     

凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)工厂化养殖系统微藻的群落特征分析

2015年6-9月期间,对青岛市宝荣水产科技有限公司凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)工厂化养殖车间的6个实验池进行采样调查,分析了水体中微藻的种类组成、丰度、多样性和优势种演替特征,并结合养殖情况进行了讨论.共检出微藻5门28属49种(其中优势种14种),丰度范围为5.2×105-9.4×108 cell/L,生物量范围为1.23-208.00 mg/L,多样性指数范围为0.42-2.44.多样性指数低于0.9时,生态系统稳定性差,对虾易发病.不同养殖阶段微藻优势种种类不同,前期主要是绿藻门(Chlorophyta)、硅藻门(Bacillarionphyta)和部分甲藻门(Pyrrophyta)的种类,中、后期以蓝藻门(Cyanophyta)的微囊藻(Microcystis sp.)和颤藻(Oscillatoria sp.)为主.对虾养殖密度显著影响微藻优势种演替,300 ind/m2养殖密度(A1池)藻相稳定且以绿藻和硅藻为优势种,对虾生长良好;400-500 ind/m2养殖密度(B1、C1和C2池)颤藻在中、后期演替成为绝对优势种,对虾易发病死亡.本研究为优化对虾工厂化养殖环境、指导养殖生产提供参考.     

Geographical variation in spawning histories of age-1 Pacific saury Cololabis saira in the North Pacific Ocean during June and July

Fisheries Science - We examine geographical differences in percentages of age-1 Pacific saury Cololabis saira with previous spawning experience collected from 143°E to 165°W during June...     

Impacts of Lactobacillus plantarum in Depuration for Reducing Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Pacific Oysters (Crassostrea gigas)

This study investigated potential application of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in depuration for reducing Vibrio parahaemolyticus in oysters. Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 8014, which exhibited strong bactericidal effects against V. parahaemolyticus in vitro, was added to artificial seawater for depuration of Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) inoculated with V. parahaemolyticus BE 98-2029 (O3:K6) to levels of about 10⁴ MPN/g at 15 ± 1 and 10 ± 1°C. Application of L. plantarum ATCC 8014 treatment (10⁷ CFU/mL) in oyster depuration did not enhance reductions of V. parahaemolyticus in oysters depurated at 15 ± 1°C but significantly decreased (p < 0.05) levels of V. parahaemolyticus in oysters depurated at 10 ± 1°C after 5 days (3.40 log reductions) when compared with controls (2.75 log reductions). It is not clear if a competitive exclusion by LABs to compete with V. parahaemolyticus binding sites in oyster tissues plays a role in the reduction of V. parahaemolyticus in the oysters. Further studies utilizing different types of LABs in oyster depuration might provide additional knowledge for application of LAB in depuration for decontaminating V. parahaemolyticus in oysters.     

Patchiness structure and mortality of Pacific saury Cololabis saira larvae in the northwestern Pacific

Patchiness structure and mortality rates of Pacific saury Cololabis saira larvae were estimated in the frontal area of the Kuroshio Extension in spring 2000 and 2001. Drogued GPS buoys, which were used as Lagrangian reference points, were deployed to mark dense patches of saury larvae and a series of samplings was conducted using a neuston net around the buoys during the night over a period of several days. A total of 225 tows were conducted and 11 690 specimens were sampled during four buoy tracking. Despite the occurrence of water diffusion, patchiness density, distance between adjacent patches and patch size estimated by geostatistical analysis did not drastically change during the buoy tracking and these parameters were robust for the difference of variogram models and the threshold larval density defining patchiness. Such a stability of the patchiness allowed the estimation of larval mortality from the decrease of larval density for different size classes with respect to individual growth based on the samples taken repeatedly during the buoy tracking. Although low or negative values were obtained for the larvae right after hatching, probably due to continuous hatching, the estimates of mortality then increased and became stable in the range of 23–37% day⁻¹ with a small standard deviation until their knob length reached to 36 mm. In situ information on the patchiness structure and larval mortality provides crucial parameters for simulating the recruitment process of small pelagic fishes in high-resolution hydrodynamic models.     

北太平洋公海秋刀鱼渔场初步分析

根据2004年7~11月“中远渔1号”调查船北太平洋公海秋刀鱼渔场探捕调查的生产情况,对秋刀鱼渔场进行分析。结果发现:①秋刀鱼渔场可根据渔场位置分为北部渔场和南部渔场,北部渔场范围为44°~45°N、156°~158°E,南部渔场范围为41°~42°N、150°~151°E,南部渔场的分布范围小于北部渔场。②秋刀鱼的生产以11月份生产最好,平均日产量达22.7t,其中最高日产量为60.42t;8月份的秋刀鱼生产最差,平均日产量为2.95t,与2003年的12.05t反差较大,主要是由于受到渔场环境因子变化的影响,鱼发位置偏至俄罗斯专属经济区内的缘故。③秋刀鱼舷提网作业平均日放网次数达7.6次,最高1天放网次数达到16次,而最高网次产量为11.05t。④秋刀鱼渔获组成以中小型鱼为主,占80%以上,除7月份渔获中特大型秋刀鱼占有较大比例外,其余月份很少有特大级秋刀鱼。⑤在相近的渔场位置,秋刀鱼个体随着生产月份的推迟,鱼体呈变小的趋势。     

热带中西太平洋海域黄鳍金枪鱼的摄食生物学特性

利用延绳钓作业方式,于2018年5月—2019年2月对热带中西太平洋海域(163°14'E—173°35'E,2°03'S—11°17'S)的黄鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus albacares)进行了取样.对取样的919尾黄鳍金枪鱼叉长进行了组成和性比分析,对其中的551尾进行了摄食生物学研究,并使用方差分析(ANOVA)...     

Nursery habitat use for larval and juvenile Pacific herring Clupea pallasii in Miyako Bay on the Pacific coast of northern Japan

Fisheries Science - To clarify nursery habitat use for larval and juvenile Pacific herring Clupea pallasii, we collected eggs, larvae, and juveniles at several sampling sites in inner Miyako Bay...     

The parasite Ichthyophonus sp. in Pacific herring from the coastal NE Pacific

The protistan parasite Ichthyophonus occurred in populations of Pacific herring Clupea pallasii Valenciennes throughout coastal areas of the NE Pacific, ranging from Puget Sound, WA north to the Gulf of Alaska, AK. Infection prevalence in local Pacific herring stocks varied seasonally and annually, and a general pattern of increasing prevalence with host size and/or age persisted throughout the NE Pacific. An exception to this zoographic pattern occurred among a group of juvenile, age 1+ year Pacific herring from Cordova Harbor, AK in June 2010, which demonstrated an unusually high infection prevalence of 35%. Reasons for this anomaly were hypothesized to involve anthropogenic influences that resulted in locally elevated infection pressures. Interannual declines in infection prevalence from some populations (e.g. Lower Cook Inlet, AK; from 20–32% in 2007 to 0–3% during 2009–13) or from the largest size cohorts of other populations (e.g. Sitka Sound, AK; from 62.5% in 2007 to 19.6% in 2013) were likely a reflection of selective mortality among the infected cohorts. All available information for Ichthyophonus in the NE Pacific, including broad geographic range, low host specificity and presence in archived Pacific herring tissue samples dating to the 1980s, indicate a long‐standing host–pathogen relationship.     

Horizontal movements,utilization distributions,and mixing rates of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) tagged and released with archival tags in six discrete areas of the eastern and central Pacific Ocean

A total of 1522 yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares, were captured, tagged, and released with surgically implanted archival tags (ATs), in six discrete areas of the eastern and central Pacific Ocean, during 2002 through 2019. Of 483 ATs returned (31.7%), 227 ATs from yellowfin (48–147 cm in fork length) at liberty from 32 to 1846 d ( = 300.1 d) provided suitable data sets which were processed using an unscented Kalman filter model with sea-surface temperature measurements integrated (UKFsst) in order to obtain most probable tracks and movement parameters. Although some differences were observed in the movement patterns for fish from within and among the six release areas, 99% of the 227 fish remained within 1000 M of their release locations, indicating limited dispersion and fidelity to release locations. The median movement parameter D, which defines dispersion from the UKFsst model, for the fish released in the offshore equatorial areas showed much greater dispersion rates compared to those for the fish released along the coast or around islands. The rates of mixing of yellowfin among the release areas were found to be dependent on the distances between release areas, with, in general, the greatest mixing occurring among areas in closest proximity, whereas for the two areas offshore Mexico and the two offshore equatorial areas, the rates of mixing were nonexistent or negligible.     

西北太平洋公海7~9月秋刀鱼渔场分布及其与水温的关系

根据2003~2005年7~9月西北太平洋公海秋刀鱼生产数据和水温遥感数据,对西北太平洋公海秋刀鱼作业渔场分布及其与表温和上层水温结构的关系进行了分析。结果认为,随着时间的推移,7~9月西北太平洋公海秋刀鱼渔场重心有从西南向东北变动的趋势;各月产量重心处水温结构有较大差异,9月混合层深度较7月和8月有所加深,渔场也较后者向北移动;各月高产渔区0~15m温度梯度都在0.25℃/m以下,0~40m温度梯度在0.1℃/m左右,40~60m温度梯度在0.25~0.42℃/m之间。灰色关联度分析表明,渔区月产量受到众多因素的影响,其中捕捞努力量、渔区平均日产量和表温是其主要影响因子,对渔区平均日产量影响较大的有表温、0~15m温度梯度、0~40m温度梯度和月份,其关联度都在0.80以上。     

西北太平洋秋刀鱼渔业探析

由于近海渔业资源的衰退和恶化,我国海洋渔业面临严峻的挑战。1985年我国远洋渔业开始起步,1989年发展了远洋鱿钓渔业,1993年首次进入西北太平洋从事柔鱼钓生产,经过艰难的创业和发展,到2002年我国远洋鱿钓船已发展到480多艘,成为我国渔业生产的支柱产业之一。但是,近几年来北太平洋总产量徘徊在9万t左右,另外,我国有80多条专业鱿钓船在西南大西洋作业,7～10月无生产。因此,尽快找到新的捕捞对象,提高经济效益,是当前发展远洋渔业的迫切任务。而栖息在亚洲和美洲沿岸太平洋热带和温带水域中的秋刀鱼,则以其具有一定的资源量、简单易行的捕捞方式以及广阔的销售前景,成为远洋鱿钓船队今后可供选择的捕捞对象之一。     

Correction to: Geographical variation in spawning histories of age-1 Pacific saury Cololabis saira in the North Pacific Ocean during June and July

Fisheries Science - The article "Geographical variation in spawning histories of age 1 Pacific saury Cololabis saira in the North Pacific Ocean during June and July", written by Satoshi...     

东南太平洋智利竹筴鱼渔场浮游生物数量分布及与渔场关系

2006年6~8月,对智利外海渔场的5个站点(31°00′~40°45′S、82°05′~91°52′W)进行了浮游生物调查。结果显示,浮游植物共有7属10种,其中硅藻门有5属5种,甲藻门1属3种,蓝藻门1属2种;浮游植物平均生物量为0.416 mg/m3,最高生物量为0.822 mg/m3,最低为0.13 mg/m3。浮游动物为33属40种,其中桡足类有14种,占总种类数的35%,其次为浮游幼虫、水螅水母类、糠虾类和磷虾类等;浮游动物平均生物量为0.656 mg/m3,最高丰度为211 ind/m3,最低为33.5 ind/m3。通过对智利竹筴鱼产量及CPUE(单位渔获量努力量)叠加分析,发现中心渔场区域主要集中于38~43°S、80~83°W范围内,与各采样站点浮游植物生物量分布趋势一致,中心渔场与表层浮游动物生物量的分布尚不存在相对应的关联。     

低鱼粉饲料中添加羟基蛋氨酸硒对凡纳滨对虾生长性能、抗氧化能力和抗亚硝酸盐胁迫的影响

[目的]本实验旨在研究低鱼粉饲料 中添加羟基蛋氨酸硒(HMSe)对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)生长性能、抗氧化能力及抗亚硝酸盐胁迫的影响。[方法]实验选用初始体质量为(0.90±0.05)g的凡纳滨对虾,分别投喂HMSe添加水平为0.000、0.375、0.750、1.500和2.250 mg/kg的实验饲料,命名为HMSe0 、HMSe1、HMSe2、HMSe3和HMSe4,每组3个重复,养殖8周。养殖实验结束后,进行12 h 的亚硝酸盐胁迫实验。[结果]结果表明,凡纳滨对虾的终末体质量(FBW)、增重率(WG R)和饲料效率(FE)随着饲料中HMSe水平的增加呈现先升高后下降的趋势,并在HMSe2组达到峰值。随着饲料中HMSe水平的提高,对虾全体和肌肉中的硒含量均显著增加,而全虾粗蛋白和粗脂肪的含量呈现先升高后降低的趋势,并分别在HMSe2组和HMSe1组达到最大值。HMSe4组中凡纳滨对虾的血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和肝胰腺过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著高于HMSe0组。亚硝酸盐胁迫显著影响凡纳滨对虾的存活率。与胁迫前比较,胁迫后对虾肝胰腺中MDA含量升高,GST、CAT和T-SOD的活性降低,而补充适量的HMSe可减轻这些负面影响。根据凡纳滨对虾胁迫后成活率的二次多项式回归分析,低鱼粉饲料中凡纳滨对虾的HMSe最适添加量为1.350 mg/kg。[结论]综上所述,在低鱼粉饲料中添加0.750~1.350 mg/kg HMSe,能够提高凡纳滨对虾的生长性能、饲料利用率和抗亚硝酸盐胁迫的能力。     

Effects of Varying Sucrose Concentrations in Pacific Whiting (Merluccius productus) Stabilized Mince Used for Surimi Production

Stabilized mince (SM) was made from fresh Pacific whiting mixed with varying levels of sucrose (6 to 12% w/w) including 0.2% w/w polyphosphates. SM samples were maintained in frozen storage and used at different time intervals for surimi production. Comparisons with control surimi made from fresh mince showed that acceptable surimi can be produced from SM stored at -20°C with cryoprotectant levels at 6% w/w sucrose and 0.2% w/w polyphosphates. There was a slight decrease in whiteness in surimi made from the SM samples when compared to the control. Surimi yields from SM were comparable to yields of surimi made from fresh mince.