鱼类胸腺研究进展

胸腺是大多数鱼类最早发育的中枢淋巴器官[1],也是产生功能性Ｔ淋巴细胞的主要免疫器官[2]。在鱼类免疫细胞的发生过程中,胸腺是最先检测到Ｔ细胞的淋巴组织,Ｔ淋巴细胞在胸腺中发育成熟并被运送到头肾、脾等外周免疫器官[1,3]。另外,许多研究表明鱼类的胸腺直接参与机体防御。例如,胸腺存在Ｂ细胞、浆细胞和空斑形成细胞,表明胸腺直接参与了抗体的产生[4],即胸腺参与了体液免疫反应。在虹鳟(Ｏｎｃｏｒｈｙｎｃｈｕｓｍｙｋｉｓｓ)的迟缓型超敏性反应中,大胸腺细胞数量急剧增多[5],表明胸腺本身参与了细胞免疫[6]。胸腺切除实验表明,胸腺在…     

鱼类基因组研究十年回顾与展望

本文回顾了我国鱼类基因组研究从无到有、从小到大的十年发展历程。分别介绍了我国在鱼类BAC文库构建、高密度遗传连锁图谱构建与QTL定位、全基因组测序和精细图谱绘制、基因组选择育种和基因组编辑等方面取得的重要进展和成果。结合国际上鱼类基因组研究进展,通过分析、比较指出,从2008—2013年,我国鱼类基因组研究在国际上处于全面跟跑状态,从2014—2018年,我国水产科学家奋起直追,加快鱼类基因组研究步伐,在短短5年内,在国际顶级刊物Nature Genetics、Nature上相继发表了半滑舌鳎、鲤、草鱼、牙鲆和海马等养殖鱼类的基因组精细图谱,使我国鱼类基因组研究在国际上从全面跟跑进入跟跑、并跑、领跑并存状态,特别是在个别方向和少数种类上实现了领跑。同时,指出了我国现阶段鱼类基因组研究与应用方面存在的不足和问题,并展望了我国鱼类基因组研究今后的发展方向和前景。     

Fish nutrition research: past,present and future

The systematic, scientific investigation of nutrition dates from the eighteenth century, but for many years, there were few studies on fish. As a result, knowledge about fish nutrition still lags behind that of man and his domesticated terrestrial animals. Initially, there were few incentives to collect information about the nutritional requirements of fish, and it is difficult to carry out experiments on aquatic animals. Fish were being farmed, but the extensive rearing methods used meant that there was no pressing need to gather detailed information that could be used for preparing feeds. Research into fish nutrition started in earnest around the middle of the twentieth century. Since then information has accumulated quite rapidly as research efforts have been spurred on by the expansion of aquaculture and developments within intensive fish farming. Nevertheless, the gaining of more knowledge about the nutrition of fish still needs to be given priority to assist in the continued development and improvement of sustainable practices in aquaculture. In this brief overview, fish nutrition research is placed in a historical perspective by considering some of the major challenges faced by fish nutritionists, how these challenges were addressed, the advances made, and knowledge gaps that need to be filled. The spotlight is focused on nutrient requirements, feed ingredients and their evaluation, and the formulation of diets that promote effective production whilst serving to maintain fish health and well-being.     

Fish farming of native species in Colombia: current situation and perspectives

In Colombia and the rest of the world, the decrease in capture fisheries production has turned the aquaculture into an alternative source of protein for the populations food security as well as an important productive activity, generating employment and income for the rural communities. The Colombian pisciculture is based on red Tilapia Oreochromis sp. (Linnaeus), Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) and cachama blanca Piaractus brachypomus (Cuvier), which currently represent around 96% of the total national production. The remaining 4% comes from other farmed species such as bocachico Prochilodus magdalenae (Steindachner), carp Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus) and yamúBrycon amazonicus (Spix & Agassiz). From the three main fish species, cachama blanca is the only native species, which has shown excellent performance in pond farming due to its rusticity, omnivorous habits, docility, meat quality, food conversion and disease resistance. The limited offer of Colombian fish farmed species determines its currently low competitiveness and restricted impact on the international markets; thus making necessary to explore the potential of new fish species in order to introduce them to the pisciculture system and to expand the range of fish farming species. A good alternative is the introduction of native catfish, which have great potential for fish farming activity.     

Fish genetics and conservation research in India: status and perspectives

Recent years have witnessed a rise in sensitivity towards protection of natural genetic resources and the environment at the international level. This is evident from the implementation of the convention on biodiversity (CBD). To conserve and optimize utilization of its bioresources, India enacted the Biological Diversity Act 2002. The conservation and management of aquatic resources is important for sustainable utilization of fisheries potential for the economic advancement of farmers and fishery workers, today as well as for posterity. As the biotechnological and genomic revolutions are ready to take off, the sovereign rights of native inhabitants to intellectual property rights (IPR) related to aquatic genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge are also integral components of management strategies for genetic resources.     

Quantifying fishing effort: a synthesis of current methods and their applications

The need to accurately quantify fishing effort has increased in recent years as fisheries have expanded around the world and many fish stocks and non‐target species are threatened with collapse. Quantification methods vary greatly among fisheries, and to date there has not been a comprehensive review of these methods. Here we review existing approaches to quantify fishing effort in small‐scale, recreational, industrial, and illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fisheries. We present the strengths and limitations of existing methods, identifying the most robust methods and the critical knowledge gaps that must be addressed to improve our ability to quantify and map fishing effort. Although identifying the ‘best’ method ultimately depends on the intended application of the data, in general, quantification methods that are based on information on gear use and spatial distribution offer the best approaches to representing fishing effort on a broad scale. Integrating fisher’s knowledge and involving fishers in data collection and management decisions may be the most effective way to improve data quality and accessibility.     

VGLMs and VGAMs: An overview for applications in fisheries research

The vector generalized linear and additive model (VGLM/VGAM) classes of statistical regression models implement general maximum likelihood estimation and smoothing. The VGLM/VGAM framework is very general and is shown to include many popular fisheries regression models such as GLMs and GAMs, the negative binomial (NB), the zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP) and ZINB, the zero-altered Poisson (ZAP) and ZANB as special cases. The primary purpose of this article is to introduce the VGLM/VGAM methodology into fisheries science. To this end, data from the 2008 FIPS-MOUCHE World Fly Fishing Championships is used to illustrate the chief advantages of the framework, viz. its large size and its ability to fit each model in a very flexible manner. Having a large framework leads to greater efficiencies in the practical modelling of data. The specific questions examined fall under two categories: (i) what distribution do the fish lengths have in each of the sectors? (ii) can fish catch reduction be detected and if so, how can the effects be ameliorated? As well as the above models, the utility of several other seemingly disparate regression models to fisheries research are presented, such as the bivariate odds-ratio model, the generalized extreme value distribution, and several quantile regression techniques.     

Induced maturation and spawning: opportunities and applications for research on oogenesis

Broodstock management requires the ability to detect and regulate oocyte growth, acquisition of maturational competence, maturation of oocytes, and onset of ovarian atresia. Our research on temperate basses (genus Morone) has supported development of these capabilities. These investigations have revealed that accumulation of neutral lipid droplets and deposition of vitellogenin-derived yolk proteins in growing oocytes are independent processes with different sensitivities to changing day length and water temperature. In these fishes, completion of oocyte growth is marked by disappearance of vitellogenin from ovarian biopsy samples. Competence of females for induced spawning is predicted by the ability of biopsied follicles to initiate oocyte meiosis in vitro in response to insulin-like growth factor I. Cytoplasmic maturation of the oocytes is triggered by the maturation-inducing steroid hormone and can be monitored by evaluating degradation of the yolk proteins. Onset of ovarian atresia is indicated by the appearance of edema in the granulosa cell layer of biopsied follicles, and can be delayed for months by holding gravid females at abnormally low temperature (`cold banking'). These novel findings hold strong promise for application to other farmed fishes.     

The daily egg production method: recent advances, current applications and future challenges

More than 120 surveys over 25 years suggest that appropriate use of the daily egg production method (DEPM) provides unbiased but rather imprecise estimates of spawning biomass (coefficient of variation generally above 30%). Knowledge of species reproductive biology and early life history and a survey design adapted to local population dynamics are required to optimize DEPM performance in terms of bias, precision and cost. Clupeoid applications dominate worldwide (mainly for anchovies and sardines) and estimates are often used to tune indirect assessment models or to calibrate other fisheries‐independent methods. The method seems better adapted to the life history of anchovies than of sardines, leading to more precise estimates of anchovy spawning biomass and facilitating extensions of the method to estimate total biomass and numbers at age. The continuous underway fish egg sampler is often used as a secondary sampler in the ichthyoplankton survey of the DEPM to reduce the cost and improve the precision of egg production. Multinomial models were recently developed to analyse egg incubation data and used in a Bayesian procedure for egg ageing and delimitation of daily cohorts. These were incorporated in model‐based estimators to get spatially explicit estimates of egg production, daily fecundity parameters and spawning biomass that can improve the precision of DEPM. Uncertainty in daily fecundity estimation of clupeoids is mainly because of spawning fraction estimation by the post‐ovulatory follicle (POF) method. Exploration of recent histological and molecular techniques for POF characterization and laboratory experiments to test the effect of temperature on POF degradation can help to improve spawning fraction estimation. Available estimates of egg production and mortality, daily fecundity, spawning area and biomass from different populations, species and ecosystems are being used to improve the understanding of clupeoid spawning dynamics, their relation with ecosystem productivity and to build comprehensive population models. Finally, a counter‐intuitive finding of this review is that, although the DEPM is almost exclusively applied to clupeoids, recent evidence indicates that it may be easier and cheaper to use in other teleost families, including demersal species.     

中国渔业生态环境学科研究进展与展望

我国是渔业大国,2022年水产品产量达6 800多万t,其中养殖产量约占世界养殖总产量的60%。渔业在保障国家粮食安全与营养安全,尤其是优质蛋白质供给中发挥了极其重要作用,与此同时渔业生产活动对养殖水域和毗连自然海域生态环境的影响也备受关注。渔业生态环境学科主要研究渔业活动对自然水域生态系统的影响、气候变化和人类活动对渔业生产以及渔业水域生态环境的影响、以及受损渔业水域生态修复与生境恢复等基础科学和产业技术问题。本文概括性总结了我国渔业生态环境学科的主要研究领域,以及近十年来各领域所取得的重要进展,并对我国渔业生态环境学科未来发展方向进行了展望,提出了今后渔业生态环境学科的研究重点,以期为推动中国渔业生态环境保护,促进渔业可持续发展提供参考。     

Biological filters in aquaculture: Trends and research directions for freshwater and marine applications

Factors such as limitations in water quality and quantity, cost of land, limitations on water discharges, environmental impacts and diseases, are driving the aquaculture industry toward more intensive practices. This will force producers to adopt environmentally friendlier technologies. Recirculating systems, with a biofilter as the most prominent characteristic, treat internally the water contaminated with dissolved organics and ammonia and reduce the amount of water use and discharge from aquaculture operations. This paper reviews the implications of the changing use of recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) on biofiltration research for freshwater and marine operations. Demand for cost effective biofilters will increase with the expansion of recirculating systems, both as a complement and replacement of traditional ponds. For freshwater aquaculture, emphasis should be placed in cost competitiveness, low head operations, intensification of ponds with RAS biofiltration and the evaluation of suspended growth systems. In the marine systems, an increase in demand of oligotrophic and ultraoligotrophic systems is expected, particularly in the nursery systems. Sizing and cost efficiency of biofilters for nursery operations should be addressed. Problems in marine biofilter acclimation appear to justify the development of new acclimation procedures. Biosecurity concerns, land cost and storm threats will drive nursery systems inland, where saltwater supply and disposal will force an increased water reuse. Denitrification strategies will need to be redefined and optimized for the marine nursery environment.     

黄河班多段鱼类多样性初步研究及保护对策

黄河班多段位于青海省兴海县境内,是黄河上游主要鱼类分布区之一.2011年4-11月对黄河班多段鱼类资源进行了调查.设采样点4个,分别在鱼类生长繁殖的重要时期使用不同网具采捕4次,并结合走访调查及鱼类样本的实验室鉴定与分析,重点研究鱼类种类、鱼类多样性、丰富度及均匀度,并提出了保护对策.结果表明,本次调查共采集鱼类10种、138尾,均为土著鱼类,种类占黄河上游青海段鱼类近1/2,班多段鱼类多样性相对黄河上游青海段其它水域较高,鱼类组成与黄河上游青海段其它水域相似,种类相对比较丰富,涉及多种保护鱼类,但每种鱼的个体均匀度较差,抗外界扰动的能力差.     

黄河班多段鱼类多样性初步研究及保护对策

黄河班多段是黄河上游主要鱼类分布区之一,位于青海省兴海县境内,2011年4月-2011年11月对黄河班多段鱼类资源进行了调查。本文重点介绍黄河班多段鱼类多样性、丰富度及均匀度,并提出了保护对策。结果表明,班多段鱼类多样性相对较高,物种相对比较丰富,但是每种鱼的个体均匀度较差。     

Trends,current understanding and future research priorities for artisanal coral reef fisheries research

Artisanal coral reef fisheries provide food and employment to hundreds of millions of people in developing countries, making their sustainability a high priority. However, many of these fisheries are degraded and not yielding their maximum socioeconomic returns. We present a literature review that evaluates foci and trends in research effort on coral reef fisheries. We describe the types of data and categories of management recommendations presented in the 464 peer‐reviewed articles returned. Identified trends include a decline in articles reporting time‐series data, fish catch biomass and catch‐per‐unit effort, and an increase in articles containing bycatch and stakeholder interview data. Management implications were discussed in 80% of articles, with increasing frequency over time, but only 22% of articles made management recommendations based on the research presented in the article, as opposed to more general recommendations. Key future research priorities, which we deem underrepresented in the literature at present, are: (i) effectiveness of management approaches, (ii) ecological thresholds, trade‐offs and sustainable levels of extraction, (iii) effects of climate change, (iv) food security, (v) the role of aquaculture, (vi) access to and control of fishery resources, (vii) relationships between economic development and fishery exploitation, (viii) alternative livelihoods and (ix) integration of ecological and socioeconomic research.     

Fish Oil Resin-Refining:

Four levels of fish oil and macroporous cation strong acid-resin volume ratios, 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, and 4:1, were used to determine the optimum ratio in terms of the quality of refined oil or fraction-1. Fraction-1 (freely flown oil or refined oil) and fraction-2 (oil retained in the column) were analyzed regarding their quality based on free fatty acid, refractive index, colour, fatty acid profile and sensory evaluation. The results showed that resin refining process significantly improved the fish oilÆs chemical, physical and sensory quality characteristics. The omega-3 fatty acid content in the refined oil fraction was maintained and the level in fraction-2 was significantly higher than the level in fraction-1. Sensory evaluation indicated that the fraction-1 was significantly better than fraction-2. The fish oil and resin volume ratio of 1:1 was found to be the best due to improvement in sensory and chemical characteristics.     

大型水母的研究现状及展望

自20世纪90年代中后期起,东海北部及黄海海域发生大型水母连年暴发的现象,海域生态严重恶化,引起政府及研究部门的关注。本文综述了大型水母暴发对我国海洋渔业的影响,并列举了大型水母暴发的成因;对国内外大型水母生活史的研究现状进行了概述。建议模拟海洋环境即在各种环境因子不断变化的条件下,对大型水母的生活史进行进一步探讨研究。温度及饵料丰度对大型水母生长发育各阶段影响的研究可以补充完善沙海蜇的暴发机理。     

GLMs, GAMs and GLMMs: an overview of theory for applications in fisheries research

This paper provides an overview of the modelling process using generalized linear models (GLMs), generalized additive models (GAMs) and generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs), especially as they are applied within fisheries research. We describe the essential aspect of model interpretation and construction so as to achieve its correct application. We start with the simplest models and show the progression from GLMs to either GAMs or GLMMs. Although this is not a comprehensive review, we emphasise topics relevant to fisheries science such as transformation options, link functions, adding model flexibility through splines, and using random and fixed effects. We finish by discussing the various aspects of these models and their variants, and provide a view on their relative benefits to fisheries research.     

水生食物网研究方法的发展和应用

水生生物在食物网中的相互关系及其变化是生态学研究的重要领域之一,其实质是研究生物之间的捕食与被捕食关系。传统的水生食物网研究方法是基于形态学观察的胃含物分析,具有较大的局限性。随着科学技术的发展,稳定同位素技术、特征脂肪酸组成分析和DNA条形码等分子技术的引入有效的弥补了胃含物分析的不足,并可以更深入的了解水生生物的摄食信息,因此得到了广泛的应用。本文采用文献计量法分析了水生食物网研究方法的发展动态,分别介绍了稳定同位素技术、特征脂肪酸组成分析和DNA条形码技术与胃含物结合应用的研究进展,着重归纳总结了其在水生生物食性研究中的应用现状及发展前景,详细地指出了4种水生食物网研究方法的优势和局限性、适用范畴和对实验样品的需求。胃含物分析作为传统食物网研究方法未来仍是不可缺少的一部分,其向我们传递了最为直接的摄食信息。在此基础上,稳定同位素技术、特征脂肪酸组成分析和DNA条形码等分子技术作为胃含物分析方法的补充手段,将更有利于重建复杂的水生食物网结构,进而为渔业管理提供必要的帮助。     

Fish mycobacteriosis: morphopathological and immunocytochemical aspects

Abstract. A morphopathological study of fish tuberculosis was carried out using histological and immunocytochemical techniques. The clinical signs observed were emaciation, lack of movement coordination and body deformation. Macroscopically, small, light-coloured, visceral nodules were detected. Immunocytochemical techniques were found to be effective in detecting infections where conventional staining methods failed to reveal, or detected only small numbers of bacilli.