Ultrasonic determination of chicken composition.

An ultrasonic technique has been developed for measuring the composition of chicken meat. The relationship between the composition and ultrasonic velocity of chicken meat was determined using chicken analogues of different composition, prepared from dried chicken powder, corn oil, and distilled water. The ultrasonic velocity of chicken analogues was measured at temperatures from 5 to 35 degrees C using an ultrasonic spectrometer. The ultrasonic velocity increased with solids-nonfat (SNF) content at all temperatures but had a more complex dependence on fat content. Around 15 degrees C the ultrasonic velocity was independent of fat content; however, at lower temperatures it increased with fat content, and at higher temperatures it decreased. Semiempirical equations were developed to describe the relationship between ultrasonic velocity and chicken composition. To determine the usefulness of these equations, the ultrasonic velocities of various chicken meats were measured. The compositions of the chicken meats predicted on the basis of ultrasonic measurements were in good agreement with those determined by using standard methods (r(2) > 0. 97). The ultrasonic technique could also be used to measure the solid fat content of chicken fat. This study shows that ultrasonic velocity measurements can be used to characterize chicken composition. This method has great potential for application in the food industry because it is simple, fast, nondestructive, and reliable.     

坡面薄层水流流速测量的比较研究

在室内模拟水槽中分别用质心运动学原理、电解质脉冲法和流量法3种方法测量不同坡度、不同泥沙含量条件下的薄层水流流速。比较以上3种测量结果发现在下垫面无渗透时，即加入的盐液没有损失时，电解质脉冲法测量坡面薄层水流流速与质心运动速度及流量法测量结果基本是一致的。在泥沙含量较大时，电解质脉冲法测量结果的误差较大，流量对测量结果影响不显著；随着测量距离的延长，测量误差变小，这可能是随着测量距离的增加，加入电解质的时间与测量时间之比减小，从而使假设加入的电解质为电解质脉冲更加合理。总的来说，电解质脉冲法在实验条件下测量坡面薄层水流流速是可行的。     

Heat-induced changes in the ultrasonic properties of whey proteins

The physical aggregation of commercial whey protein isolate (WPI) and purified beta-lactoglobulin was studied by ultrasound spectroscopy. Protein samples were dialyzed to achieve constant ionic strength backgrounds of 0.01 and 0.1 NaCl, and gelation was induced in situ at constant temperatures (from 50 to 75 degrees C) or with a temperature ramp from 20 to 85 degrees C. Changes in the ultrasonic properties were shown in the early stages of heating, at temperatures below those reported for protein denaturation. During heating, the relative ultrasound velocity (defined as the difference between sample velocity and reference velocity) decreased continuously with temperature, indicating a rearrangement of the hydration layer of the protein and an increase in compressibility of the protein shell. At temperatures <50 degrees C the ultrasonic attenuation decreased, and <65 degrees C both velocity and attenuation differentials showed increasing values. A sharp decrease in the relative velocity and an increase in the attenuation at 70 degrees C were indications of "classical" protein denaturation and the formation of a gel network. Values of attenuation were significantly different between samples prepared with 0.01 and 0.1 M NaCl, although no difference was shown in the overall ultrasonic behavior. WPI and beta-lactoglobulin showed similar ultrasonic properties during heating, but some differences were noted in the values of attenuation of WPI solutions, which may relate to a less homogeneous distribution of aggregates caused by the presence of alpha-lactalbumin and other minor proteins in WPI.     

干湿交替下基于超声波速度的土壤含水率估算模型

为探究不同墒情需求的农田耕作层土壤含水率与超声波速度的变化关系,采用室外模拟降雨的方式,使土壤样本初始含水率分别为15%、20%、25%和30%,之后置于自然环境下干燥直到土壤含水率达到5%结束干燥,每种处理进行共4次干湿交替,利用超声波土壤含水率原位检测装置对土壤样本进行超声波速度测定。结果表明:土壤样本在各次干湿交替过程中随着土壤含水率的不断下降,土壤容重及超声波速度均呈非线性的增加。随着干湿交替次数的增加,土壤含水率变化对超声波速度的影响减弱,土壤样本初始含水率越高,干湿交替次数对超声波速度的影响越小。采用自适应加权数据融合算法将多次干湿交替过程中的土壤样本超声波速度加权融合,并利用非线性回归分析构建适用于经历多次干湿交替作用下的超声波速度-土壤含水率关系模型,预测误差在6%左右,表明该模型可用于描述不同墒情需求的农田耕作层土壤含水率与超声波速度的关系。研究结果可为利用超声波速度特性实现不同灌溉性质农田土壤含水率的持续监测及预测提供参考。     

Ultrasonic Investigation of the Effect of Mixing Under Reduced Pressure on the Mechanical Properties of Bread Dough

Mixing is critical to attainment of a desirable gas cell distribution in dough. By varying mixer headspace pressure, changes in the mechanical properties of dough were investigated as a function of the dough's void concentration using low frequency (50 kHz) ultrasonic techniques. For the mixer used, this allowed the volume fraction of voids (Φ) to be varied from ≈0.01 to 0.08. The ultrasonic attenuation of longitudinal waves increased linearly with increases in Φ. If, as reported, pressure reductions during mixing decrease the number density of the voids but do not affect void size, the change in attenuation is proportional to the number of voids. By contrast, the velocity of longitudinal ultrasonic waves decreased dramatically with increasing Φ in the range 0.012 < Φ < 0.03, dropping from a value near that of water to values well below the velocity of sound in air. At higher Φ, the velocity decrease was less rapid. The longitudinal elastic modulus determined from these ultrasonic results shows that the mechanical properties of the dough are sensitive to the presence of gas bubbles. At low void fractions, the elastic behavior of dough is also influenced by changes in dough matrix properties.     

Ultrasonic spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry of liposomal-encapsulated nisin

The thermal stability of phosphatidylcholine (PC) liposomes (colloidal dispersions of bilayer-forming polar lipids in aqueous solvents) in the presence and absence of the antimicrobial polypeptide nisin was evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and low-intensity ultrasonic spectroscopy (US). PC liposome mixtures with varying acyl chain lengths (C16:0 and C18:0) were formed in buffer with or without entrapped nisin. Gel-to-liquid crystalline phase transition temperatures (T(M)) of liposomes determined from DSC thermograms were in excellent agreement with those determined by ultrasonic velocity and attenuation coefficient measurements recorded at 5 MHz. The dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) T(M) measured by DSC was approximately 41.3 and approximately 40.7 degrees C when measured by ultrasonic spectroscopy. The T(M) of distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC) and DPPC/DSPC 1:1 liposomes was 54.3 and 54.9 degrees C and approximately 44.8 and approximately 47.3 degrees C when measured by DSC and US, respectively. The thermotropic stability generally increased upon addition of nisin. Analysis of the stepwise decrease in ultrasonic velocity with temperature indicated an increased compressibility corresponding to a loss of structure upon heating.     

3种坡面流水深测量方法比较

[目的]为坡面流水深的快速、准确测量提供技术支撑。[方法]采用超声波系统测量变坡试验水槽不同坡度和流量条件下坡面流水深,同时用测针法和染色法对其进行平行测量,利用平均绝对误差(MAE),平均相对误差(MRE),相对均方差误差(RRMSE)和Nash—Sultcliffe系数(NSE)4个指标比较超声波法和染色法或测针法测量数据的接近程度。[结果]通过对3种方法测量结果的比较分析发现,不管以测针法还是以染色法的测量值为参照,超声波法测量的水深值与参照值更接近且相关程度更高。[结论]超声波法能快速有效地测量坡面流水深,用于侵蚀静床坡面流水动力学、土壤侵蚀机理等相关的研究工作。     

Interactions of whey proteins during heat treatment of oil-in-water emulsions formed with whey protein isolate and hydroxylated lecithin

The interactions of proteins during the heat treatment of whey-protein-isolate (WPI)-based oil-in-water emulsions with and without added hydroxylated lecithin were studied by examining the changes in droplet size distribution and the quantity and type of adsorbed and unadsorbed proteins. Heat treatment at 90 degrees C of WPI emulsions resulted in an increase in total adsorbed protein; unadsorbed beta-lactoglobulin (beta-lg) was the main protein interacting with the adsorbed proteins during the first 10 min of heating, but after this time, unadsorbed alpha-lactalbumin (alpha-la) also associated with the adsorbed protein. In emulsions containing hydroxylated lecithin, the increase in total adsorbed protein during heat treatment was much lower and the unadsorbed beta-lg did not appear to interact with the adsorbed proteins during heating. However, the behavior of alpha-la during heat treatment of these emulsions was similar to that observed in the emulsions containing no hydroxylated lecithin. In the presence of NaCl, the particle size of the emulsion droplets and the quantities of adsorbed protein increased markedly during heating. Emulsions containing hydroxylated lecithin were less sensitive to the addition of NaCl. These results suggest that the binding of hydroxylated lecithin to unfolded monomers or intermediate products of beta-lg reduces the extent of heat-induced aggregation of beta-lg and consequently decreases the interactions between unadsorbed beta-lg and adsorbed protein. This was confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of heated whey protein and hydroxylated lecithin solutions.     

病死猪酶解及超声波预处理工艺优化

病死畜禽资源化利用是解决病死畜禽污染的一条重要途径。为探索病死猪肉酶解工艺条件,该文以猪肉为原料,以胰蛋白酶为试验用酶,以水解度为指标,选取加酶量、底物浓度、pH值、温度作为试验因素,通过单因素试验初步确定了胰蛋白酶的水解条件,并分析了各因素对酶解反应的影响规律。应用Box-Behnken中心组合设计建立数学模型,以水解度为响应值,进行了四因素三水平的响应面优化试验,确定了最佳酶解工艺条件,并通过响应面模型的曲面图直观地分析了各影响因素之间的交互作用。在此基础上,探索频率为20 k Hz,功率为500 W的超声波预处理猪肉20 min对酶解效果的影响,并应用扫描电子显微镜在微观结构上对其原因进行了分析。结果表明,各因素对酶解反应的影响大小依次为:加酶量温度pH值底物浓度,在试验范围内得到的酶解最佳工艺条件为:加酶量为1.15%(质量分数)、底物质量浓度为80.5 g/L、pH值为7.96、温度为40.6℃,酶解1 h的预测水解度可达16.74%,验证试验水解度为16.77%,表明试验结果与软件分析结果相符,最佳水解时间为6 h,此时的水解度为28.91%。超声波预处理后,最佳水解时间为4 h,水解度达到32.86%,因此超声波预处理能缩短水解周期2 h,提高水解度4个百分点。由此可见,应用超声波预处理可以提高酶解效率,缩短工作时间。     

The effect of organic matter on the difference between particle-size distribution data obtained by the sedimentometric and laser diffraction methods

Particle-size distribution in dispersed sediments, soils, atmospheric dust, and other natural objects is their fundamental characteristic. The methods of sedimentometry (the pipette method) and laser diffraction have been applied to study particle-size distribution in a typical chernozem of Kursk oblast from the Alekhin Central Chernozemic Reserve. The content of the clay fraction as determined by the method of laser diffraction is three to five times lower than the clay content determined by the traditional pipette method. One of the reasons for such a great difference in the results obtained by two different methods is related to the low density of the solid phase of the particles of soil organic matter that have the size corresponding to the fine and medium silt fractions. Owing to this, they fall into the category of the clay fraction during the traditional sedimentometric analysis. The initially water-stable aggregates of 0.25–0.5 mm in size are subjected to several stages of their breakdown under the impact of ultrasonic dispersion with the detachment of small particles from their surface layers. The remaining aggregates have different resistance to ultrasonic treatment. After the long-term ultrasonic dispersion, the most stable microaggregates still exist in the soil mass. These microaggregates may only be decomposed to elementary soil particles after the addition of sodium pyrophosphate.     

坡面水流滚波特征参数超声波自动测量系统构建与试验

精确高效的观测手段是深入研究坡面薄层水流特性的基础。基于系统集成理论和自动化测量原理,结合高精度超声波水位传感器,研制坡面水流滚波特征参数测量系统。在光面玻璃床面,5种坡度和5种单宽流量条件下进行实际测量应用,评价测量系统的精确度及稳定性,并与人工测针法和目测法测量结果比较分析。结果表明,测量数据相对误差为0.23%,变异系数为0.66%;测量系统和传统测量方法测得的滚波波峰值最为接近,滚波频率、波速和波长的接近程度依次减弱;相比人工测量方法,超声波测量操作简便,自动化程度高且能够进行持续稳定观测,具有较好地测量精度和可靠性,能够满足坡面水流滚波特性研究需求。研究成果在坡面水流测量手段改进方面具有广阔的运用前景。     

Hydrolysis of whey protein isolate with Bacillus licheniformis protease: fractionation and identification of aggregating peptides

The objective of this work was to identify the dominant aggregating peptides from a whey protein hydrolysate (degree of hydrolysis of 6.8%) obtained with Bacillus licheniformis protease. The aggregating peptides were fractionated with preparative reversed-phase chromatography and identified with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed that the dominant aggregating peptide, at pH 7.0, was beta-lg AB [f1-45]. In addition, the peptides beta-lg AB [f90-108]-S-S-alpha-la [f50-113], alpha-la [f12-49]-S-S-alpha-la [f50-113], beta-lg AB [f90-108]-S-S-beta-lg AB [f90-108], beta-lg A [f90-157], and beta-lg AB [f135-157/158] were also identified as main aggregating peptides. The results further showed that aggregation, via hydrophobic interactions, prevented further digestion (at pH 8.0), thereby explaining the large size of the aggregating peptides. It is hypothesized that B. licheniformis protease breaks down hydrophilic segments in the substrate and, therefore, preserves hydrophobic segments that aggregate once exposed to the solvent.     

Multiple Wavelength Ultraviolet Determinations of Nitrate Concentration, Method Comparisons from the Preakness Brook Monitoring Project, October 2005 to October 2006

The direct spectrophotometric analysis of aqueous nitrates is a simple analytical procedure but prone to interferences. A twelve-month study of the Preakness Brook in Wayne Township, New Jersey demonstrated that two wavelength, three wavelength, and second derivative calculation methods provide very different results from the same ultraviolet absorption spectrum. On average, the two wavelength and second derivative methods yielded the same concentration at each sample point over the entire study period. These methods provided concentration results closest to those obtained by ion chromatography and significantly lower than the three wavelength computation method. The degree of variation between the different computation methods was not consistent as it rose with increasing absorbances at wavelengths associated with interfering compounds. This variation was especially pronounced between May and August.     

基于频谱分析法的超声波流量计流道结构优化

大尺度漩涡对超声波流量计测量误差有直接影响,该文通过频谱分析法定量研究了63 mm超声波传播路径上各点的湍流脉动频率和特征长度,得到了大尺度漩涡的分布规律,明确了大尺度旋涡比较集中地出现在超声波流量计声波传播路径的中后部的现状,为超声波流量计的流道结构优化提供了重要依据。提出用"井"字形网栅限制声道中后部漩涡尺度的优化方案。研究了3种网栅布置方案(方案1:设置单层网栅于63 mm声波传播路径中后部;方案2:设置3层均布网栅分别位于声波路径4等分点处;方案3:以10 mm间距设置3层均布网栅于声波传播路径中后部)对大尺度旋涡的抑制效果。结果表明方案3效果最好,在Re=50 000条件下,湍流误差仅为0.18%,且压力损失较小。因此,该优化设计有良好的工农业应用前景。     

超声波土壤含水量检测装置的模型建立与验证

为探究利用超声波脉冲速度检测土壤体积含水量的可行性,以广东省红壤、赤红壤、水稻土为研究对象,设计了一种超声波土壤含水量检测装置,并利用ZBL-U510型非金属超声波检测仪在3种不同温度环境下(10、20、30℃)对不同含水量的土壤样本进行声速测定,构建了土壤体积含水量与超声波差值声速的温度效应数学模型。结果表明:超声波在水稻土中的传播速度比红壤、赤红壤快,且温度对超声波声速随土壤体积含水量变化节律的影响不同。20℃环境下超声波在土壤中的传播速度最快,10℃其次,30℃最慢。采用Richards模型表征土壤体积含水量与超声波差值声速关系的预测误差在3%左右,采用分段结构温度效应模型的预测误差在5%以内,证明该文提出的超声波脉冲速度-土壤体积含水量的温度效应模型可用于动态温度条件下的土壤含水量预测。该研究可为超声波技术在土壤水分检测领域的应用研究提供参考。     

Study of the interaction of pancreatic lipase with procyanidins by optical and enzymatic methods

The interactions between porcine pancreatic lipase (PL) and grape seed procyanidins were studied by an enzymatic assay, fluorescence quenching, nephelometry, and dynamic light scattering (DLS). An inhibitory effect of grape seed procyanidins on lipase hydrolytic activity was found. Both the inhibition of lipase activity by procyanidins and the respective quenching of intrinsic protein fluorescence increased with the average degree of polymerization of the tested procyanidins. The association between procyanidins and enzyme involves a specific interaction as inferred from the fluorescence assays despite not changing significantly the tertiary structure of the protein. For all tested procyanidins it was shown, both by DLS and by nephelometry, that an increase in aggregation occurs up to a stoichiometric maximum after which further procyanidin addition causes a decrease in aggregation of aggregates. The maximum size of aggregates was shown to be closely related to the maximum overall aggregation. It was also shown that the inhibition of enzyme activity is to a large extent independent of the formation of aggregates.     

不同pH条件下黄壤胶体凝聚的动态光散射研究

土壤胶体的凝聚或分散紧密地联系着许多环境问题,并受胶体表面电荷性质的调控.以黄壤为实验材料,利用动态光散射技术研究pH作用下该可变电荷胶体颗粒的凝聚动力学.结果发现:土壤胶体的凝聚与否强烈依赖于pH.不同浓度HNO3和KOH诱发的土壤胶体凝聚均表现出慢速和快速凝聚特征,在快速凝聚中,HNO3作用较KOH作用的黄壤胶体平均凝聚速率更高、变化更快,表明表面电荷中和诱发的凝聚远大于压缩双电层诱发的凝聚.通过快速平均凝聚速率变化的反转点对应的pH,估计电荷零点(Zero pointof charge,ZPC),提供了一个实验测定ZPC的新方法.     

The soil aggregates stability index (ASI) and its extreme values

A method for determining maximum–minimum values of the soil aggregates stability index (ASI) is presented. This allows for the calculation of the range of variations of the soil aggregates stability index for destructive changes of soil aggregation and for assuming criterion of the soil aggregation stability evaluation. The data used for the calculations are distributions of soil aggregate frequencies before and after destruction. On the base of the ASI, determined for the tested soil and the range of its possible variations, other indices that characterise the relative nature of aggregate variations have been defined. The presented methodology for the analysis of the soil aggregation stability index has been illustrated for three soils and various methods of water stability determination.     

Estimating evaporation: A comparison between Penman, Idso-Jackson, and zero-flux methods

A field evaporation—drainage study was conducted to compare three methods of predicting evaporative losses from a bare soil. Two of the methods (modified Penman combination and Idso—Jackson) are dependent only on measurements of atmospheric parameters whereas the third method (plane of zero flux) is dependent only on measurements of soil parameters.A Captina soil profile was wet up and allowed to dry by evaporation and drainage. For the initial two days after infiltration ceased all three methods predicted similar evaporative losses. Differences between the three methods occurred when the soil moisture content at the soil surface controlled the evaporation rates. Under the three drying conditions the three methods behaved somewhat differently in the prediction of the amounts of water evaporated from the soil surface. Lower losses by evaporation were predicted by the Idso—Jackson and zero-flux methods. In the case of the Idso—Jackson method this result was attributed to the influence of clouds on albedo, the impact of wind and the importance of albedo in the predictive equation. For the zero-flux method the decrease in evaporation was due to lower soil water contents and matrix potentials near the surface which resulted in lower transport rates of water to the surface.     

基于超声波传播特性的液态食品质量检测系统研制

研制了一个适用于液态食品超声波传播特性检测的装置，利用超声脉冲发射和接收测定液态食品的超声传播速度、声衰减和声阻抗。声速检测采用比较法，相对误差小于0.5%。利用声传播途径通过方程计算声衰减和声阻抗，计算中考虑了传播过程的声反射和声透射，结果具有一定的准确性。利用该装置研究发现苹果汁饮料中原果汁浓度与声速有良好的线性相关，具较好的实用性，可以应用于食品质量的超声检测。