茶树叶片蛋白的SDS-PAGE分析

以茶树鲜叶为材料,对4种常用的蛋白提取方法(TCA沉淀法、冷丙酮沉淀法、TCA-丙酮沉淀法、Tris-丙酮沉淀法)、SDS-PAGE条件及影响蛋白定量的因素进行了比较研究。确定了一套优化的适用于茶树叶片蛋白提取、定量、凝胶制备、电泳和染色的方法。利用这一优化方法对茶树鲜叶蛋白和不同蔗糖浓度处理的愈伤组织蛋白进行了研究,找出了差异条带。     

棉花根系总蛋白质提取及双向电泳方法的改良

对棉花根系蛋白的双向电泳提取技术进行改良,以获得更好的分离效果,为棉花根系蛋白质组学研究奠定基础。以鲁棉研28为材料,分别采用TCA/丙酮法、改良TCA/丙酮/SDS法、饱和酚-甲醇醋酸铵法这3种根系蛋白质提取方法,提取棉花幼苗根系总蛋白,并进行双向电泳进行蛋白质分离。在蛋白质含量、蛋白纯度和电泳图谱等方面对3种方法进行比较。利用饱和酚-甲醇醋酸铵提取法提取的棉花根系蛋白,其蛋白样品纯度高,SDS-PAGE电泳图谱清晰,蛋白点数量最多为601个点;TCA/丙酮法提取得到的蛋白总量最高约为7.53 mg/g,但样品纯度低,SDSPAGE电泳图谱模糊,蛋白点数量最少为417个点。采用考马斯亮蓝染色,上样量为1 500μg获得的凝胶图谱效果较好。总之,适合棉花根系蛋白质提取的方法为饱和酚-甲醇醋酸铵法,在考马斯亮蓝染色蛋白质上样量为1 500μg时能获得优良的分离效果。     

杏叶片与果实总RNA提取方法研究

以杏叶片及幼果为材料,分别从操作耗时、RNA质量和产量等方面比较了CTAB法、改进CTAB法、SDS法、改进SDS-酚法和RNA提取试剂盒Trizol等5种不同的RNA提取方法。结果表明：5种方法均能从幼嫩叶片中提取到总RNA;经电泳检测,28SrRNA和18SrRNA两条主带清晰,A260/A280大于1.8。在叶片RNA提取过程中,改良的CTAB法及Trizol法能获得高质量的RNA,产量也分别达到395.21和839.25μg/g。其中改良SDS以及改良CTAB能更有效减少果实RNA的提取中酚类物质和多糖等杂质的影响,获得质量高的总RNA。每种方法提取的叶片和果实的RNA经反转录后形成cDNA,并进行RT-PCR扩增,成功扩出看家基因泛素蛋白UBQ片段,说明了RNA能够很好地应用于文库构建、基因克隆等研究。     

棉花叶片双向电泳体系的研究

 以棉花叶片为材料,比较分析了不同叶位棉花叶片总蛋白提取方法、线性固相pH梯度(Immobilized pH gradient,IPG)胶条pH值、上样量、水化上样缓冲液中还原剂和两性电解质等对电泳结果的影响。结果表明,三氯乙酸-丙酮沉淀法结合甲醇等有机溶剂洗涤纯化样品能获得纯度较高的棉花叶片蛋白样品。24 cm pH 5～8的线性IPG胶条,300 μg上样量,水化上样缓冲液中用还原剂TBP(三丁基膦)代替DTT(二硫苏糖醇),两性电解质pH 3～10和pH 5～8按1∶1（V/V）的比例混合使用,并结合适宜的双向电泳参数,可获得背景清晰、重复性较好、蛋白点数目多且分辨率高的双向电泳图谱。从而建立了一套适合于棉花叶片蛋白组学分析的双向电泳技术体系。     

适于SDS-PAGE分析的苹果叶片蛋白质提取方法

为探索苹果叶片蛋白质SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)分析的样品制备方法,比较了三氯乙酸(TCA)/丙酮沉淀法、改良的Tris-HC1法、酚-甲醇/醋酸铵沉淀法、二硫苏糖醇(DTT)/丙酮法及Tris-HC1法等5种蛋白质的提取方法.制备的样品经SDS-PAGE分离采用银染显色.结果表明,改良的Tris-HC1法在加大PVPP用量和蛋白质提取缓冲液的基础上,将丙酮沉淀蛋白质的时间由30 mln增加到1 h,使蛋白质的得率最高为3.243μg/μL,上样量5μL得到的蛋白质条带数量最多,条带最清晰为41条.利用这一改良方法对苹果实生树不同节位蛋白质的动态变化进行了研究,共发现6条蛋白质差异带,分子量分别为71.9,60.5,52.6,41.1,35.3,18.5 kDa,条带清楚,背景清晰.因此,改良的Tris-HC1法适用于苹果叶片的SDS-PAGE分析.     

棉花叶片蛋白质组双向电泳技术的优化

 以棉花叶片为材料,针对试材中含有大量色素、酚、醌等干扰物质的问题,从蛋白提取方法、裂解液成分、上样量等方面对棉花叶片蛋白质组双向电泳技术进行优化。结果表明：采用改良的TCA/丙酮法提取棉花叶片总蛋白,含有7 mol·L^-1尿素、2 mol·L^-1硫脲、4% CHAPS、80 mmol·L^-1 DTT、1 mmol·L^-1 PMSF、0.3%载体两性电解质的裂解缓冲液,上样量为600 μg,采用pH 4～7、24 cm的IPG胶条进行双向电泳时,2-DE图谱的蛋白点分布均匀、清晰且重复性好。本体系为开展棉花蛋白质组学研究奠定了技术基础。     

板栗基因组DNA不同提取方法的比较

板栗组织中富含多酚类、糖类以及单宁类等次生代谢物质,因而难以提取比较高质量的DNA分子。本实验利用三种不同提取方法,分别是改良CTAB法、CTAB-乙醚萃取法、简易法提取板栗不同部位的基因组DNA。纯化的DNA分别经过核酸蛋白分析仪、电泳以及PCR技术检测,表明改良CTAB法和CTAB-乙醚萃取法都适用于板栗嫩叶、成熟叶片及韧皮部组织DNA的提取,提取的DNA纯度较为理想,能够满足后续分子生物学的要求。     

血红鸡爪槭叶片总RNA提取方法的比较研究

血红鸡爪槭叶片中富含多糖、多酚物质,严重影响了RNA提取纯度和质量。为了获得适宜血红鸡爪槭叶片总RNA提取的方法,采用柱式植物RNAout法、TRIZOL法和改良CTAB法3种提取方法对其叶片总RNA提取效果进行比较分析。结果显示,采用柱子法提取获得的总RNA产率最高,但是有DNA污染;TRIZOL法提取的总RNA OD260∕OD280为1.65,可能有多糖和酚类物质的污染,并且产率最低;改良CTAB法提取的总RNA纯度很高,OD260/OD280平均值在2.0左右,产率在上述两种方法之间,电泳图清晰,而且改良CTAB法提取的总RNA,经RT-PCR获得了清晰的特异性条带。表明改良CTAB法提取的总RNA纯度和产率高,完全可以满足进一步分子生物学研究的需要,是血红鸡爪槭叶片总RNA提取的适宜方法。     

甜菜双向电泳体系条件的优化

为了获得甜菜叶片双向电泳中蛋白质最佳提取方法,建立甜菜叶片蛋白质双向电泳最佳的双向电泳体系。以甜菜叶片为材料,通过比较分析,研究甜菜叶片总蛋白提取方法、IPG胶条pH值及其对应上样量等因素对甜菜叶片蛋白质双向电泳结果的影响。结果表明:酚提取法、TCA/丙酮提取法和可溶性蛋白提取法3种蛋白提取方法中TCA/丙酮法提取效果较好,pH值4~7与pH值5~8的双向蛋白电泳比较发现:pH值4~7胶条蛋白点清晰且在图谱上的蛋白点分布均匀,无蛋白点集中现象,更适合甜菜叶片的蛋白质组分析。采用7 cm线性固相IPG胶条进行双向电泳,150μg上样量蛋白点明显增多,双向电泳效果更好,pH值4~7的17 cm胶条300μg上样量胶点更多更清晰,试验结果为甜菜蛋白质组学的研究提供了最佳的试验方法。     

利用改良的CTAB法提取棉花叶片总RNA

由于棉花基因组中含有大量的内含子,直接利用由基因组克隆的基因十分困难,目前国内外主要采用由棉花的cDNA作模板克隆基因并进行遗传转化.得到完整的cDNA必须有高质量的RNA,由于棉花组织中棉酚、多糖的含量较高,因此用通用的提取RNA的方法提取棉花RNA比较困难,国内外的许多学者针对棉花的具体情况已经发展形成几种比较有效的棉花总RNA的提取方法,如:高离子强度、高pH值提取法、热CTAB法、异硫氢酸胍法、Trizol reagent kit法、CTAB/酸酚法、热酚法和热硼酸法等;这些方法都能提出棉花的总RNA,但相比较而言,异硫氢酸胍法和Trizol试剂比较昂贵,高离子强度、高pH值提取法步骤繁琐,本文借鉴热CTAB法并进行了改良,提出一套完整可行的提取棉花叶片总RNA的经济简便的方法.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.