东北红豆杉光合特性研究

以东北红豆杉为研究对象,利用Li-6400便携式光合作用测定系统对其光合速率日变化、不同光照强度的光合生理响应及叶绿素荧光参数进行测定,结果表明:东北红豆杉雌株的光合速率日变化曲线呈单峰形,雄株呈双峰形,并具有明显的午休现象;东北红豆杉光饱和点为520μmol·m-2·s-1,光补偿点为13.769μmol·m-2·s-1,具有很强的耐阴性;雌株与雄株之间的叶绿素荧光参数最大的(潜在)光化学量子效率Fv/Fm基本相同,而激发能捕获效率Fv'/Fm'雌株较雄株略高。雌雄株之间的各参数Fv/Fm、Fv'/Fm'、qN、qP、φPsⅡ、ETR并无显著性差异,表明雌雄株光系统II(Ps II)的变化基本相同。     

温度对银杏光系统Ⅱ光抑制的影响

以银杏叶片为试材,在不同温度下采用连续激发式植物效率仪PEA测试强光照射对快速叶绿素荧光诱导动力学参数的影响,利用CIRAS-2型便携式光合系统进行光合光转化效率LCE的光强响应测试。结果表明:银杏光抑制不仅呈现光强剂量效应,而且呈现温度剂量效应。当光强超过约1000μmol·m-2s-1时银杏LCE最低,为较严重的光抑制过程。在25℃常温下超过1000μmol·m-2s-1光强照射20min时银杏Fv/Fm下降加快;15℃以下低温和35℃以上高温均会使Fv/Fm进一步降低;而且热胁迫比冷胁迫的光抑制程度更大,因为25～45℃下Fv/Fm的直线回归斜率/kheat/比5～20℃的/kchilling/增大了15.4%。5～10℃的低温强光引起银杏叶片热耗散DIo/RC略微增加,而35℃以上高温强光会导致热耗散DIo/RC剧增。冷胁迫会降低PSⅡ反应中心数目,但是热胁迫会使之降低更多。冷热胁迫下强光引起的光抑制(Fv/Fm)与PSⅡ反应中心数目RC/CSo或RC/ABS与之间高度正相关。因此,PSⅡ的异质性即PSⅡ反应中心的可逆失活是冷热胁迫下光合机构发生光抑制的保护机制。     

3种引种杨树和3种乡土杨树苗叶的光合特性比较

在自然条件下,测定了3种引种杨树和3种乡土杨树苗木叶片的光合气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光参数。3种引种杨树为芬兰山杨A21、芬兰山杨16、加杨,3种乡土杨树为小青杨、小叶杨、兴安杨。其测定结果表明,3种引种杨树苗叶的净光合速率(Pn)显著高于3种乡土杨树,同时蒸腾速率(E)、瞬时水分利用效率(WUE)的平均值也高于3种乡土杨树的苗叶。从而说明3种引种杨树的光合能力较强,对吸收的光能和水分的利用效率较高。3种引种杨树苗叶的初始荧光(Fo)、最大荧光(Fm)、PSⅡ光能捕获效率(F′v/F′m)、稳定荧光(Fs)、光适应下最小荧光产量(F′o)、最大荧光产量(F′m)的平均值均高于3种乡土杨树,3种引种杨树的可变荧光(Fv)、PSⅡ最大光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)、可变荧光与初始荧光之比(Fv/Fo)、PSⅡ电子传递量子效率(ΦPSⅡ)、非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)的平均值均低于3种乡土杨树。相关分析表明,Pn与Tr、Tr与Ci、Fm与Fo、Fv/Fo与Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ与Fo均呈极显著正相关(P0.01);ΦPSⅡ与Fm、F′v/F′m与Fv/Fo呈显著正相关(P0.05);Fv/Fo与Fo、Fv/Fm与Fo、NPQ与Fv/Fm、NPQ与Fv/Fo均呈极显著负相关(P0.01);qP与F′v/F′m呈显著负相关(P0.05)。     

3个扁桃品种的光合特性

在盆栽条件下对3个引种扁桃品种3#、4#和7#的光合作用、荧光参数生理生态特点进行研究.结果表明: 1)扁桃叶片的净光合速率(Pn)日变化均呈双峰曲线型,峰值在10:00,次峰值在16:00,10:00-15:00有"午休"现象;在10:00-15:00时4#和7#叶片的Pn显著高于3#,15:00差值最大.2)扁桃不同品种的光合生理生态参数有显著差异: 4# 的光饱和点和补偿点都比3#和7#高,分别为1 206 μmol·m-2s-1和25.82 μmol·m-2 s-1,说明4#品种能适应较高的光照强度;4#和7# 的CO2补偿点和饱和点都比3#高,扁桃在CO2饱和点以下,Pn随CO2浓度的增加呈线性增长,说明增大CO2浓度可大大提高光合生产力.3)叶绿素荧光参数的日变化显示: 4#和7#的Fv/Fm、光化学猝灭系数(qP)均高,且正午过后Fv/Fm恢复较快,不仅能较强地吸收光能,同时还具有较高的PSⅡ活性和光能转化效率,从而将所吸收的光能有效地转化为化学能,提高光合电子传递速率,形成更多的ATP和NADPH,为光合碳同化提供充分的能量和还原能力.     

二硫苏糖醇对金镶玉竹叶绿素荧光参数的影响

为探讨叶黄素循环在竹子光保护中的作用,研究了叶黄素循环抑制剂二硫苏糖醇(DTT)处理后金镶玉竹Phyllostachys aureosulcata f.spectabilis叶片在不同光照条件下的叶绿素荧光参数变化。结果表明,随强光(1 200μmol·m-2·s-1)处理时间的延长正常叶片的q P,Fv'/Fm',Y(Ⅱ)和Fv/Fm值均显著降低(P0.01),Fo显著升高(P0.01);而DTT处理叶片的q P和Fv/Fm下降更为显著(P0.01),Fv'/Fm'和Fo下降较缓慢,但也达到极显著水平(P0.01)。DTT处理叶片在黑暗恢复阶段,Fo和Fv/Fm均呈恢复趋势;黑暗恢复12 h后,与未经DTT处理的叶片相比,用于光保护的Y(NPQ)所占比重较小,反应光损伤的Y(NO)所占比重较大,分别是未经DTT处理叶片的0.53和1.80倍;DTT处理的叶片经强光处理后再进行黑暗处理,其Fo和Fv/Fm无明显变化。由此表明,DTT通过抑制叶黄素循环来影响光胁迫条件下金镶玉竹的叶绿素荧光参数,进一步证明叶黄素循环在抵抗强光胁迫、防止光抑制、缓解反应中心蛋白失活以及平衡PSⅡ量子分配等方面有着重要作用。     

在CO2浓度加富条件下马尾松针叶的生理生态响应

研究了在3种不同CO2浓度(360 μmol·mol-1、800 μmol·mol-1、1 200 μmol·mol-1)下马尾松针叶的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、水分利用效率的变化.结果表明:在当前CO2(360 μmol·mol-1)浓度下,当光强为1 000 μmol·m-2·s-1时,净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度分别为3.46 μmol·m-2·s-1、0.273 mmol·m-2·s-1、0.0254 mmol·m-2·s-1,针叶的光饱和点和光补偿点分别为:(1 800±2) μmol·m-2·s-1和(24±2) μmol·m-2·s-1.当CO2加富到1 200 μmol·mol-1时,针叶的光饱和点降低了200 μmol·m-2·s-1,而光补偿点增加了4 μmol·m-2·s-1.在光照强度为50～2 000 μmol·m-2·s-1的条件下,不同CO2浓度下的水分利用率平均值分别为:1 200 μmol·mol-1浓度下的19.163 μmol·mmol-1,800 μmol·mol-1浓度下的12.912 μmol·mmol-1,360 μmol·mol-1浓度下的11.192 μmol·mmol-1.短期的CO2加富降低了植物叶片的蒸腾速率、气孔导度,而植物的水分利用效率则上升.     

强光胁迫下银杏叶片的光抑制及其防御机制

为探讨强光对银杏叶片光合特性的影响 ,对银杏叶片进行强光 (12 0 0 μmolphotons·m- 2 s- 1 )胁迫 5h ,通过分析叶绿素a荧光参数和叶黄素循环组分研究了强光胁迫下银杏叶片的光抑制以及相关的光破坏防御机制。强光胁迫过程中 ,银杏叶片的PSⅡ最大光化学效率 (Fv Fm)明显下降 ,胁迫结束时 ,Fv Fm 接近 0 3。而初始荧光(Fo)则在整个胁迫过程中呈上升趋势。PSⅡ实际光化学效率 (ФPSⅡ)和表观光合电子传递速率 (ETR)均大幅度下降 ,而非光化学猝灭 (NPQ)和天线热耗散 (HDR)明显上升 ,叶黄素循环关键组分玉米黄质 (Z)的相对含量则随着强光处理时间的延长而增加 ,由处理前的 3%上升到胁迫结束时的 6 6 %。结果表明 ,强光胁迫过程中 ,银杏叶片发生了严重的光抑制 ,依赖于叶黄素循环的非光化学猝灭和天线热耗散起到了有效耗散过剩光能的作用 ,但是PSⅡ反应中心可逆失活是银杏叶片Fv Fm 下降的主要原因。     

模拟酸雨对假俭草叶绿素荧光特性的影响

研究模拟酸雨(pH 2.5、pH 3.0)对假俭草叶绿素荧光特性的影响.结果表明:酸雨6 h胁迫引起假俭草PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/F0)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)、PSⅡ电子传递量子产率(ФPSⅡ)、光合电子传递速率(ETR)和非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)下降,pH 2.5处理比pH 3.0处理的下降幅度大;酸雨处理停止24 h后, Fv/Fm、Fv/F0、qP、ФPSⅡ、ETR、NPQ回升;酸雨处理停止48 h后,回升至接近对照.研究还表明,利用非损伤的叶绿素荧光技术可快速检测草对环境因子变化的响应.     

枣不同品种光合特征及叶片解剖结构的研究

利用Li-6400便携式光合作用测定仪等仪器测试了壶瓶枣、赞皇枣和梨枣的光合速率与叶片构造特征.结果表明:赞皇枣光饱和点为1 408.25 μmol·m-2·s-1,光补偿点6.67 μmol·m-2·s-1;梨枣光饱和点1 387.66μmol·m-2·s-1,光补偿点10.4 μmol·m-2·s-1;壶瓶枣光饱和点接近1 500μmol·m-2·s-1.在较高光照强度时枣树蒸腾比率提高,叶片对水的利用率增高.三品种叶片下表皮平均气孔密度为70/mm<'2>,且枣树单叶面积小,从光合特征及叶片结构方面解释了枣树喜光耐干旱的生理机制,为枣树优质丰产奠定了理论基础.     

不同光强下盐胁迫对桑树幼苗叶片活性氧和叶绿素荧光特性的影响

以桑树(Morus alba L.)为试验材料,分别研究了200、500和1 000μmol·m-2 s-1光强下,不同浓度盐胁迫对桑树幼苗叶片活性氧(ROS)代谢和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明:桑树幼苗叶片的ROS代谢和叶绿素荧光特性明显受到光强的影响。200μmol·m-2 s-1和500μmol·m-2 s-1下,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)有效降低了桑树幼苗叶片中的超氧阴离子(O2·-)和H2O2,且叶绿素荧光参数也没有发生明显变化,因此,弱光下桑树幼苗叶片抗氧化系统功能的增强在防止盐胁迫诱导的PSⅡ光抑制方面发挥了重要的作用。1 000μmol·m-2 s-1下,随着盐浓度的增加,桑树幼苗叶片O2·-大量产生,相应SOD活性增强,SOD的歧化作用导致了H2O2含量大量增加,同时在强氧化胁迫下,叶绿体内清除H2O2的APX活性却受到抑制,叶绿体内过量的H2O2可能破坏了电子传递链上的电子传递,并且PSⅡ发生了明显的光抑制。因此强光是引起盐胁迫下桑树幼苗叶片PSⅡ光抑制的重要原因之一,而强光引起盐胁迫下PSⅡ光抑制与ROS的代谢紊乱有关。     

Armillaria ostoyae in managed coniferous forests in Kastamonu in Turkey

Although several Armillaria species have been reported in Turkey, there is little information about their ecology in Turkish forests. In this study, we investigated five forest stands, approximately 5–74 ha in size, in Kastamonu province in the Black Sea Region of Turkey for the presence of Armillaria species in stumps and logs. The stands were mixed Abies nordmanniana ssp. bornmülleriana and Pinus sylvestris forests managed using a selective cuttings system; the proportion of fir in the total number of stems and stumps ranged from 36 to 98%. Based on sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer and intergenic spacer regions of the rDNA, all rhizomorphs sampled from the stumps and logs were of Armillaria ostoyae. The size of the genets was estimated with random amplified microsatellites analysis of the isolates and ranged from single stumps to approximately 450 m². One to seven genets were found in each stand. These results indicate that the genets had arisen from spores and vegetative spread was limited on most sites.     

上海中央公园特大银杏树白蚁防治探讨

通过对上海松江中央公园内65株特大银杏树白蚁为害情况的调查,发现该公园银杏受害率为100%,其中存在活白蚁的银杏占总量的56.9%,采用毒土处理、粉剂疗法、建立白蚁监测点等措施,经过两次灭杀,活白蚁的灭杀率达到92.3%和93.3%,从而使存在活白蚁银杏树的比例从56.9%下降到2.7%,白蚁发生情况明显降低。       

我国食品中农药残留研究进展

随着人们安全健康意识提高,食品中农药残留问题更加受到重视,本文综述了样品预处理研究进展及农药残留快速检测技术研究进展,并简单分析介绍各种方法的优缺点。     

建平半干旱地区石质山地造林技术研究

研究了不同植物在石质山地的造林成活率、土壤化学性质随造林年限的变化和造林措施对土壤化学性质和植物胸径、树高年净生长量的影响。结果表明：不同植物在石质山地的成活率在21%～85%之间,其中白榆和沙打旺的成活率分别为81%和85%,而小叶杨、刺槐、栾树的成活率均在70%左右;植被能明显提高石质山地不同土层的有机质、全N、P2O5含量,但提高程度随土层深度、养分种类和造林年限的不同而不同;在同一土层,生物复合肥料、菌剂和保水剂均显著提高土壤有机质含量（p〈0.01）并显著降低土壤P2O5含量（p〈0.01）;只有保水剂可引起土壤全K含量的明显升高;生物复合肥料、菌剂和保水剂均显著提高白榆、小叶杨、刺槐、栾树树高和胸径的年净生长量,但保水剂的提高程度最高。     

植物DNA甲基化研究进展

植物经常暴露在各种生物和非生物的胁迫之下,这些胁迫会影响植物的生长发育和繁殖并最终导致植物死亡。为了抵御不利的环境条件,植物已经进化出复杂而精细的网络来感知胁迫并激活防御系统。为此,植物激活许多信号转导通路,这些信号转导通路可以改变一些胁迫响应基因的表达,从而引起植物形态、生理和生化的改变以适应逆境。DNA胞嘧啶甲基化是高等真核生物的主要表观遗传机制之一,在维持基因组稳定性和调节基因表达方面起着关键作用。表观遗传变异比遗传变异更为灵活。一旦环境条件发生变化,为了适应新的环境植物都会发生表观遗传的改变。许多研究表明DNA甲基化参与植物的发育和应激反应。基于相关研究对DNA甲基化进行了综述,对植物逆境胁迫有重要意义。     

木材碳封存研究进展

碳封存可以分工业封存和生物封存, 工业封存包括地质封存、海洋封存、矿石碳化以及工业循环利用, 这些方法能快速回收CO₂, 但工艺流程技术复杂, 成本较高。木材碳封存是生物碳封存的一种类型, 树木光合作用吸收的碳主要存贮在木材中。运用木材密度、微密度等检测仪器, 通过确定木材密度变化, 结合其含碳率来计量木材的碳封存过程以及封存过程中碳的分配格局, 同时研究其与环境因子的相关性, 可以为研究森林的碳吸收动态提供便捷的方法和科学的依据。     

Natural regeneration in patch clear-cutting in Picea abies stands in Southern Finland

Abstract

The success of natural regeneration on patch clear-cuts in Norway spruce stands in Southern Finland was examined in terms of stocking and tree height. The experiment was established in mature spruce stands in the submesic Myrtillus (MT) site type. In each of the eight study sites, three plots were treated with clear-cutting and planting, clear-cutting with partial tree retention and planting, and patch clear-cutting without site preparation, respectively. In three of the study sites, one plot with patch clear-cutting and site preparation was established. Each plot was 1 ha, out of which three patches of 40×40 m were clear-cut in the patch treatments. 10–11 years after cutting, the patches had on average 1316 crop trees ha^–1, of which 91% were spruces. Some 27% of the stands were up to the target stocking level (≥1600 ha^?1), and 36% were at least satisfactory (≥1300 ha^?1). Site preparation did not yield greater stocking levels on patches, but that result is ambiguous due to a difference in initial stocking. The average spruce tree height in the patches (0.76 m) was much smaller than in the case of clear-cutting and planting (2.42 m). In conclusion, the patches had been restocked tolerably well with spruce and birch for practical purposes during the 10- to 11-year period, but the regeneration process had been very slow compared to clear-cutting and planting.     

Tree regeneration in patch cutting in Norway spruce stands in northern Finland

The study focused on the success of regeneration on patch cuts in spruce-dominated stands in terms of stocking and tree height. It was based on an experiment in the Kainuu region in northern Finland. The experimental design included 8 stands with 58 clearcut patches of variable size (0.09–0.37?ha), on which either natural regeneration without site preparation or site preparation and planting of Scots pine was applied. A regeneration survey was conducted 13–15 growing seasons after treatments. Patches without site preparation had been restocked quite well from natural seed sources. The average number of trees was about 11,000?ha^?1, of which 1700?ha^?1 crop trees. With site preparation and planting, the stocking levels were also very high, 25,000 and 2100?ha^?1, respectively. One hundred percent of the planted patches and 75% of the naturally regenerated patches had an acceptable density. Restocking was equally good across the range of patch sizes. Tree growth had been somewhat slower in the smallest patches than in the largest ones in the range. Natural regeneration was capable of yielding good regeneration results in most patches, especially when site preparation was applied. Stocking levels and height development were higher yet in the planted patches.     

Changes in micropores in dry wood with elapsed time in the environment

To investigate the changes in microstructures of wood with elapsed time in the environment, CO₂ adsorption onto dry wood was measured at ice-water temperature (273 K) for samples aged from 0.1 years to over 1000 years. The micropore size distribution was obtained using the Horvath-Kawazoe method. Micropores smaller than 0.6 nm in wood decreased in number with elapsed time in the environment, and a negative correlation was found between cumulative pore volume for pores smaller than 0.6 nm and elapsed time in the environment. Cumulative pore volume in the 1000-year sample was almost half of that in the 0.1- year sample. Micropores smaller than 0.6 nm in wood with a few decades or more of elapsed time increased in number after rewetting and drying. Consequently, microstructures of wood with longer time elapsed in the environment were considered to be more stable, because of longer-term thermal motion and possibly more repeated moisture adsorption and desorption and/or temperature variation in the environment.