林冠截留模型

对林冠截留的研究已有近百年的历史。1971年,Rutter等人就推导出了一个具有清楚物理意义的林冠截留模型,结束了以往的林冠截留模型中只有统计模型的历史。1987年,刘家冈用数理方法,对林冠截留的时空演变过程作了很好的描述。但使用他们的模型对林冠截留进行估计时,需要同时对其它多个气象因子进行测定,而且人们普遍关心的不是林冠对次降雨截留的大小,而是林冠对降水的年截留量大小。 1979年,Gash用分析法代替了Rutter模型中的数值法,建立了截留模型,该模型能在只有降雨数据的情况下,对林冠的季节截留进行估计,结果与实测值接近。该模型将林冠截留分成两部分,即树冠截留和树干截留,因而引进了较多的参数。本文从林冠截留的过程出发,推导出一个有清楚物理意义,且含林冠和降雨参数较少的截留模型。     

林冠降水截留效应国内研究进展

林冠对降雨截留再分配过程的影响,涉及到森林生态、森林水文、森林气象及水土保持等诸多方面,是森林涵养水源、减少地表径流的重要生态水文过程,对林地水分平衡和养分循环具有重要意义。近年我国对林冠截留、穿透雨、树干流的降水截留效应研究有较多报道,本文对近几十年来我国林冠对降水截留效应研究进展和现状进行简要整理     

辽宁东部山区主要森林类型林冠截留降水的研究

本文主要研究了辽宁东部山区主要森林类型林冠层对降雨的截留和树干迳流情况。结果表明，森林对降雨的截留率为１７．２％￣３３．１％。其中，油松林为３３．１％，落叶松叶２６．９％，红松林为２３．９％，杂木林为１７．５％，柞木林为１７．２％。树干迳流较少，占降雨量的１％以内。同时对不同降雨强度和不同月份林冠的截留率也做了对比研究。     

黄土高原半干旱区油松人工林林冠截留模型及其参数特征研究

利用2008—2011年定位观测数据,采用回归分析方法对黄土高原半干旱区油松人工林林冠截留与林外降雨之间的关系进行建模研究,并运用Bootstrap方法,对模型参数特征进行分析。结果表明:林冠截留量(I)与林外降雨量(P)可用非线性模型I=a Pb进行回归模拟,回归方程为I=0.584P0.576;该模型不仅具有较高的拟合精度,且拟合方程参数稳定性良好,经检验,方程均达到显著性要求,可在该区域油松人工林应用。     

毛竹林冠截留雨量的研究

毛竹林冠枝叶密布,能有效地阻截降雨流失。截留量随降雨量的大小、降雨的性质、降雨形成的原因和不同坡向、坡位、林冠枝叶湿润状况等因子而异。研究这种规律,对于控制毛竹林冠截留量,调节林下土壤的水分状况,涵养水源,提供理论依据。     

流溪河小流域针阔混交林林冠降雨截留模型研究

以流溪河流域针阔混交林为研究对象,对林分样地进行降雨截留实测与模拟研究.结果表明:林内穿透雨量与降雨量呈线性相关;穿透系数与降雨量呈对数相关;林冠截留量与降雨量呈幂函数相关;截留率与降雨量呈对数相关.以降雨强度、穿透系数和树干茎流率数据为基础,进行了林冠截留量模型模拟,实测表明该模型能较准确地估算针阔混交林分的林冠截留量.     

非均匀林冠降雨截留模型

考虑由彼此间有间距的树冠组成的非均匀林冠内的降雨截留过程,将以前的林冠截留理论模型从水平均匀随机分布林冠推广到非均匀林冠,导出相应的偏微分方程和截留量的计算公式,并以实例运行该模型,以揭示非均匀林冠在降雨截留过程中的一些细节特征.     

辽宁东部山区主要森林类型林冠截留降水的研究

本文主要研究了辽宁东部山区主要森林类型林冠层对降雨的截留和树干迳流情况。结果表明，森林对降雨的截留率为１７．２％～３３．１％。其中，油松林为３３．１％，落叶松林２６．９％，红松林为２３．９％，杂木林为１７．５％，柞木林为１７．２％。树干迳流较少，占降雨量的１％以内。同时对不同降雨强度和不同月份林冠的截留率也做了对比研究。     

林冠对降雨截留的半理论模型

在林冠对降雨截留过程的研究中,将理论模型的考虑方法和经验模型的模拟方法结合起来,提出一种新的半理论模型。这个半理论模型既具有理论模型把过程与机理紧密联系的优点,又具有经验模型计算相对简单的长处,新模型与实验数据很好地符合,也和理论模型的结果一致。     

A rainfall interception model for inhomogeneous forest canopy

The process of rainfall interception by an inhomogeneous forest canopy composed of tree crowns with some gaps among them were considered, and the previous theoretical models of rainfall interception were modified to model an inhomogeneous canopy instead of a statistically homogeneous canopy. The paper deals with the following. First, the process of rainfall interception in tree crowns and that of rainfall in the gaps among them are studied respectively to acquire the average rainfall interception of a forest canopy. Based on the model derived by Liu (1987) and setting the canopy density value, both the relevant partial equations and a formula to estimate rainfall interception were derived. Moreover, the new model was solved through a numerical method and was illustrated with typical values of some ecological factors; three groups of curves were acquired by calculation with the VisualBasic program. A model of rainfall interception by an inhomogeneous forest canopy is classified as a multi-layer model, which is different from previous models (models where all the parameters represent the whole canopy). The results from the model in this paper could be used to determine the relationship between interception and each ecological factor in detail. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2007, 43(3): 8–14 [译自: 林业科学]     

Crown projection area of young Pinus sylvestris: A model and its test

In this study we applied a theoretical model for determining the projection area of a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) crown in different directions. The model is based on the assumption that the foliage elements (shoots) are randomly distributed within a symmetrical crown envelope. The model was tested using photographically measured data for three young Scots pine crowns. The compatibility between calculated and measured values was satisfactory.     

Effects of canopy interception on energy conversion processes in a Chinese fir plantation ecosystem

The functions of canopy interception on energy conversion processes in a Chinese fir plantation ecosystem were studied with the aid of long-term observation data in Huitong. The results showed that the absorbed, penetrated and reflected amounts of solar radiation were, respectively, 2.5543 × 10⁹ J/(m²·year) (absorption rate of 0.827), 2.5306 × 10⁸ J/(m²·year) (penetration rate of 0.082), and 2.7432 × 10⁸ J/(m²·year) (reflection rate of 0.091) by the canopy. The conversion of net solar radiation to latent heat in the process of evaporation from canopy interception amounted to 6.3695 × 10⁸ J/(m²·year) (accounting for 22.9% of total ecosystem net radiation and 30.4% of ecosystem evaporation), which was an important part of the budget of the energy system. Canopy interception consumed kinetic energy of raindrops in overcoming resistance of branches and leaves, which collected raindrops, followed with the conversion of potential energy in raindrops to kinetic energy with falling raindrops. In general, the diameter of raindrops from the canopy is larger than that of the raindrops above the canopy as a result of the collection effort by the canopy. The kinetic energy of raindrops from the canopy, therefore, was higher than that of raindrops in the atmosphere. The drop-size distribution from the canopy was affected by the structure of the canopy layer rather than the amount of precipitation and precipitation intensity. The canopy had no important nor efficient effects on decreasing the kinetic energy of raindrops in our case study with a first branch height of 7 m and precipitation amounts over 3 mm. However, the canopy would play a key role in decreasing kinetic energy of raindrops in two cases, that of a small amount of precipitation and one of heavy precipitation intensity, in which the canopy could intercept the largest amount of precipitation in the former condition and the canopy could scatter bigger raindrops to smaller raindrops with striking leaves in the case of heavy precipitation. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2007, 43(2): 15–20 [译自: 林业科学]     

A crown profile model for Pinus radiata D. Don in northwestern Spain

A crown profile model was developed for radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) in Galicia (northwestern Spain). Data from 443 trees located in 56 permanent plots, established by the Unidade de Xestión Forestal Sostible (UXFS) of the University of Santiago de Compostela in plantations of this species in the region, were used. The crowns of the trees were measured by a visual method based on similar triangles. Both simple geometric shapes and mathematical equations were used to describe the crown profiles. As crown profile models usually require variables that are expensive to measure, equations to estimate the maximum crown radius and the height to the maximum crown radius were also developed, using other easily measured tree and stand variables. Several models were fitted using a system of equations approach and accounting for an autocorrelated, heteroscedastic error structure. The selected crown profile model consists of a system of two allometric equations for the crown below (primarily shade needles) and above (primarily sun needles) maximum crown radius. The model explained 88% of the variability in crown radius with a mean error of 0.24 m.     

Analysis of the relationship between DBH and crown projection area using a new model

Relations of DBH-crown projection area (CPA) were studied for deciduous and coniferous trees with different models, one of which is newly derived this time. For DBH-CPA relations, a proposed power-sigmoid function was the most suitable one among four models because of its good fit and mechanistic meaning. This model contains the feature that CPA grows with the second power relation to DBH, and the increasing rate of CPA slows as DBH increases. With transformation, the power-sigmoid function for DBH-CPA relation can be applied for individual basal area (IBA)-CPA relations as single-saturate function, and these two functional models have high compatibility. Next, the differences of DBH-CPA between deciduous and coniferous tree groups were analyzed with power-sigmoid function. The initial increasing rates of CPA against DBH for each group were similar, though the CPA's increasing rate for the coniferous group tended to decrease earlier than for the deciduous group. Because the power sigmoid function has mechanistic meanings, one can separately analyze the attributes of the DBH-CPA relation: the initial increasing rate of CPA and final tree form.     

Study on crown profile models for Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) in Fujian Province and its visualization simulation

Crown profile models were developed for Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) in Shunchang County, Fujian Province. We used data from 360 trees located in 65 pure, even-aged, and unthinned temporary plots. The data were divided into three groups according to site index. Nine models, including models for upper crown, lower crown, and entire crown, were fit; the optimal ones in each group were validated and chosen to estimate crown shape. The optimal models explained at least 70% variability in crown radius (CR). In addition, models for crown width, height above ground to crown base, and height above ground to largest CR were also developed to facilitate the convenient simulation of crown profile models. These three models explained 85.4%, 85.1%, and 86.9% variability. All models also passed the F-test and residual test. The 3D images of a single tree and stands were presented by OpenGL technology on visual c++ platform based on the proposed models. Tree growth was compared and analyzed using crown profile curves under constrained conditions. The analysis results accorded with plant growth.     

大苗带冠幅栽植技术要点

通过调查近年来八百里绿色行动造林中大量采用带冠幅绿化大苗进行造林的实际情况,浅述了带冠幅绿化大苗栽植的含义,并对树种的选择以及在栽植过程中对绿化大苗的起运、修剪、栽植和管理等技术进行了分析。     

Modelling of rainfall interception loss in agroforestry systems

Two models of interception loss have been tested against new field data obtained in widely-spaced stands of Sitka spruce trees. The Gash model and a modified version of the Rutter model, have been used with data from an automatic weather station, to predict interception loss using parameters obtained from observations made in 1988 and 1989. The predictions for an eight-week period during 1987 were compared with measurements of interception loss. Good agreement between observed and predicted interception loss was obtained with both models over the whole period. The modified Rutter model gave better predictions than the Gash model for individual storm events and performed better at the wider spacings. The sensitivity of both models to the major characteristics of the tree stand structure in agroforestry systems was also investigated and it was shown that interception loss was most sensitive to boundary layer conductance and free throughfall coefficient.     

基于树高和树冠因子的立木材积与地上生物量相容模型研究

【目的】无人机机载激光雷达能够准确地测定单木、林分乃至大尺度森林结构参数(树高和树冠因子)。为应用无人机激光雷达技术准确估测森林蓄积量、生物量和碳储量提供计量依据和技术支撑。【方法】以150株实测马尾松生物量样本数据为研究对象,采用非线性回归估计方法和度量误差联立方程组方法,分析立木材积和地上生物量与树高、树冠因子的相关性,并在此基础上研究建立基于树高和树冠因子的立木材积与地上生物量相容模型。【结果】单株材积和地上生物量与树高因子的相关性最为紧密,其次才是树冠因子;基于树高和冠幅因子的二元材积和地上生物量模型预估精度较高,达到92%以上,再考虑冠长因子的三元模型预估精度改进不大;基于树高和冠幅因子的二元立木材积与地上生物量相容模型估计效果更好,相对于一元相容模型系统而言,二元相容模型拟合效果有较大幅度提高,预估精度达到92%以上。【结论】采用度量误差联立方程组方法可以有效解决基于树高和树冠因子的立木材积与地上生物量相容问题,并且预估精度达到92%以上,所建二元立木材积与地上生物量相容模型可为应用激光雷达技术反演森林蓄积量和生物量提供计量依据。     

Relationship between annual rainfall and interception ratio for forests across Japan

Several previous studies in Japan have examined differences in rainfall interception amounts induced by differences in forest properties by comparing the annual rainfall interception ratios (annual rainfall interception divided by annual rainfall) from various sites without considering variations in meteorological conditions between sites. Rainfall interception actually depends on meteorological conditions as well as forest properties. This study examined variations in the annual interception ratio relating to the variation in annual rainfall, which would be the primary factor relating to the interception ratio, across Japan with the use of a rainfall interception model assuming the same forest properties (i.e., the canopy storage capacity, canopy closure, leaf area index (LAI), and the bulk coefficient for sensible heat transfer). The ratio ranged between 0.12 and 0.24 across Japan and was highly correlated to annual rainfall. This indicates that considering the variation in annual rainfall is critical for assessing the difference in rainfall interception amounts induced by forest properties. We reconsidered the results of previous studies in Japan that compared annual interception ratios between sites with different forest properties: (i) there is no clear difference in interception amounts between broadleaf and coniferous forests and (ii) there is a positive correlation in stem density and interception amounts for coniferous forests. These results still held when considering differences in annual rainfall between sites.