海南气候条件对北方粳型水稻两用核不育系繁种的影响

两系不育系的繁种是两系杂交水稻生产研究的重要环节。通过4个北方粳型两用核不育系在海南不同年份间的育性表现,研究不同光温背景对不育系育性转换及表达的影响,结果表明,不育系育性转换受光周期和温度的共同作用,其中温度条件在一定程度上影响着育性恢复程度,在育性敏感期间,适时低温有利于不育系自交结实率提高,而高温对自交结实不利。针对海南地区的生态条件,选育临界温度适当、光温互补性强的不育系类型,以降低繁殖风险。     

水稻光周期敏感雄性不育性的遗传研究

湖北光周期敏感核不育水稻(HPGMR)在长日照(LD)条件下,表现完全的雄性不育,而在短日照(SD)条件下表现为可育。这种受日照长度调控的育性转换特性可以稳定遗传。石明松、冯云庆、卢兴桂等的研究报道都认为光敏核不育性受一对隐性基因控制,与细胞质无关,还存在具修饰作用的微效基因,朱英国则认为光敏核不育     

籼型光（温）敏核不育系对变动低温忍耐性的初步研究

1992年和1993年系统观察了3个不同类型的籼型光（温）敏核不育系在自然条件下的育性表现，同时结合人工遮光试验，对光（温）敏核不育系在盛夏“高温──低温──高温”条件下变动低温的忍耐性进行了初步研究。结果表明，在低于起点温度的变动低温诱导下，籼型光（温）敏核不育系起点温度愈低，对低温敏感的幼穗分化时期愈早，育性波动时间愈迟，波动幅度愈小。对光（温）敏核不育系的选育和生产制种有一定指导意义。     

菜心核基因雄性不育系转育研究

以白菜核基因雄性不育系(简称核不育系)03S025为不育源,根据大白菜核基因雄性不育系“复等位基因遗传假说”设计转育方案,通过杂交、自交等方法,向菜心可育品系03S001(翡翠油青菜心)中转育核不育基因,获得了新的菜心100%核不育系及其相应的甲型两用系和临时保持系。     

提高“两系”杂交稻制种质量的技术措施

提高“两系”杂交稻制种质量的技术措施安徽省庐江县种子公司（２３１５００）刘平“两系”杂交稻制种是以光（温）敏核不育系在不育期间与常规品种配组，其操作技术与“三系”制种基本相同，不同之处在于不育系的差异。“两系”法不育系是光（温）敏不育系，其育性除受自...     

水稻野败胞质低温敏两用系新种质的初步研究

水稻低温敏两用系新资源３６３Ｓ是从三系杂交稻威优６３Ｆ２代分离群体中筛选培育的,具有野败不育胞质。在２４℃以下低温诱导表现稳定不育,２６℃以上高温诱导可育,这两种温度条件下其花粉育性与小穗育性表现一致;在２４～２６℃范围内,随温度升高,可染花粉增加,但小穗仍表现败育;短日处理有提高结实率的作用;恢保关系与目前使用的野败类型三系不育系基本一致。该不育基因可能与农垦５８Ｓ系统的光温敏不育基因不等位。     

再议水稻光周期敏感雄性核不育性的鉴别方法

再议水稻光周期敏感雄性核不育性的鉴别方法薛光行中国农业科学院作物育种栽培研究所北京100081我国光周期敏感雄性核不育(简称光敏核不育)水稻的研究证明,光敏核不育性的育性转换主要受光周期条件制约,也受环境温度、光温互作及背景基因型与环境互作等的影响……     

水稻C815S及其同源株系的育性光温特性

对C815S及其同源株系通过12种人控光温组合处理、短日遮光处理以及分期播种试验,就其育性光温特性、发育感光性以及两者之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明,C815S及其同源株系不育起点温度低,均在23℃以下。在长沙自然长日条件下没有明显不育向可育的转换;在长沙短日条件下,育性出现轻微波动。其育性受光温双因子共同作用,且这种作用的程度与发育感光性强弱似乎存在密切联系。提出了光温敏不育系光温双因子互作量化的光温效应连动假设。这一假设能提供每一光长条件下与之对应的育性转换温度,对光温敏核不育系的选育、制种和繁殖具有实际指导意义。     

水稻光（温）敏雄性不育系的育性转换机理研究

光敏核不育水稻的育性转换是由抽穗前５至１５－２０天的光温条件综合作用的结果。可育期内育性表现为一偏向高温（长日）的单峰型曲线，其数量关系可由结实率量化模型表达。温敏型不育系的育性变化由温度主控，光敏型不育系的育性在日长大于最适日长时由日长主控，短于最适日长时由温度主控，光温敏型不育系的育性由温光条件共同作用。温光当量可作为比较温度和日长对育性影响大小的具体量值。育性转换是一个可逆连续过程，其恢复和     

光敏核不育水稻在热带稻区的育性转换特性与利用研究

选用来自全国不同育种单位的各种类型光温敏核不育水稻材料，在海南省进行周年播种，对育性转换进行观测。试验表明，育性转换不同光温反应类型的品系在海南的育性转换存在很大差异，而同类不育系则表现了相同的转换趋势，其中育性转换可育上限温度高的高一低高型不育系在海南有明显的育性转换。由此，作者提出，低一低型和低一高型不育系在海南可以作为不育系用于水稻杂处优势利用，低一低型不育系可以考虑在海南繁殖，在海南冬繁时     

Identification and characterization of sources for photo‐ and thermo‐insensitivity in Vigna species

Cultivation of the same varieties of mungbean and blackgram across different seasons and locations is constrained by their photo‐ and thermo‐sensitive behaviour. Developing insensitive genotypes, which can fit well across all seasons, requires robust donors which would provide genes imparting this trait. This study was undertaken to identify such donors in the Vigna species. Forty‐eight accessions belonging to 13 Vigna species and eight released cultivars were evaluated under natural field conditions. Among these, two accessions, viz. V. umbellata (IC251442) and V. glabrescens (IC251372) were found photo‐ and thermo‐insensitive as these were able to flower and set pods at temperatures as high as 43.9°C and as low as 2.7°C. Pollen viability studies indicated viable pollen (>75% at 2.7°C and >85% at 41.9°C) and normal pollen tube growth at both the extremes of temperature. The identified V. glabrescens accession has long, constricted pods and dark green, mottled seeds while V. umbellata has smooth, curved pods and shining, oval, large seeds. Both these accessions can be utilized in developing photo–thermo insensitive genotypes in cultivated Vigna species.     

Modified complementation test of male sterility mutants in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.): preliminary study to convert male sterility system from GMS to CMS

The male sterility system in hybrid seed production can eliminate the cost of emasculation and ensure seed hybridity through avoidance of self pollination. GMS and CMS are two types of male sterility system that currently employed in pepper breeding. Conversion from GMS to CMS will increase the male sterility proportion of female parent from 50 to 100%. In this study, segregation analysis of four male sterile mutants consisting of one CMS mutant (CA1) and three GMS mutants (GA1, GA3 and GA4) showed that each had single recessive gene inheritance. A modified complementation test was performed by replacing male sterile mutants with their maintainer line as male parent. The nuclear restorer gene for CMS was independent of all nuclear restorer genes for GMS and all nuclear restorer genes for GMS were independent each other. Further observation on CMS and GMS male sterility loci revealed that GA1 and GA3 had mutated in both nuclear restorer genes for CMS and GMS, while CA1 and GA4 each carried mutation in single male sterility system of nuclear restorer gene for CMS and GMS, respectively. Conversion from GMS to CMS in the case of lines carried mutations in both sterility systems required only S-type cytoplasm donor, while lines carried mutation in single nuclear restorer gene for GMS required not only S-type cytoplasm but also rf allele donors. The important finding is the broader function of maintainer line in certain male sterility system that can be used as a maintainer or restorer line for other male sterility systems. We also confirmed that line CC1 is the general restorer for both CMS and GMS systems.     

Development and primary genetic analysis of a fertility temperature-sensitive polima cytoplasmic male sterility restorer in Brassica napus

Over the past decade, the polima cytoplasmic male sterility ( pol CMS) three-line and two-line systems have been developed for the production of hybrid seed in Brassica napus oilseed rape in China. The discovery of the novel pol CMS restorer line FL-204 is described here. It restores male fertility of hybrid plants in the pol CMS system, but hybrid seed production can only be carried out under autumn sowing in Wuhan in south China under moderate temperatures at flowering. The restorer cannot be used as a male for hybrid seed production in northwestern China (Gansu) under spring sowing conditions, because there it is more or less male sterile due to high temperatures at flowering. Because of this behaviour, it is referred to as a fertility temperature-sensitive restorer (FTSR) in this paper. F₂, BC₁ as well as double haploid populations were constructed to determine the inheritance of fertility restoration of FL-204 in the autumn at Wuhan and under spring sowing conditions at Gansu, respectively. Deviations from Mendelian genetics were observed. It was hypothesized that the change of fertility was the result of the interaction between nuclear genes [restoring gene ( Rf ) and temperature-sensitive genes ( ts )] and the cytoplasm. The Rf gene in FL-204 was incapable of restoring male fertility of pol CMS lines under spring sowing conditions at Gansu where it is inactivated by the recessive ts gene present in FL-204. However, the ts gene(s) could be non-functional under moderate temperature conditions at flowering at Wuhan which allows full expression of male fertility in FL-204. The recessive ts gene(s) can only be expressed in plants containing the pol sterile cytoplasm. A method for the utilization of the FTSR pol CMS restorer FL-204 for the production of hybrid seed in B. napus oilseed rape is proposed.     

Morphological characterization of modified flower morphology of three novel alloplasmic male sterile carrot sources

Three novel sources of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in carrot are characterized by altered flower phenotypes. Flowers were classified into subtypes, according to stamen (and petal) modification. Flower anatomy was investigated by light microscopy to describe organ modification and to specify the timing when morphology begins to deviate. Early stages of floral development were defined in fertile male flowers of the cultivated carrot according to model plants such as Antirrhinum and Arabidopsis and compared with corresponding stages of the novel cytoplasmic male-sterile flower types. Early organogenesis was identical in the different CMS types and comparable to corresponding stages of unmodified flowers. The morphology of stamens, and in some cases petals, became different in CMS flowers during early organ differentiation. For each CMS type, the cytoplasm appears to influence organogenesis in a specific way. Although homoeosis is usually considered to be controlled exclusively by specific nuclear genes, a role of cytoplasmic factors is suggested     

高粱雄性不育系、保持系正负极向过氧化物酶同工酶的电泳比较

对高粱雄性不育系、保持系不同生长发育阶段叶片中的正、负极向过氧化物酶同工酶进行了检测。结果表明,叶片中正极向过氧化物酶同工酶谱两者基本相同,说明正极向过氧化物酶在不同生长发育时期是稳定的。负极区域中,在叶片发育过程中有2条酶带消失,证明在这个区域中遗传信息出现顺序表达现象。花粉粒发育过程中,不育系的正极向过氧化物酶带始终多于保持系。作者认为,不育细胞质基因可影响编码过氧化物酶的核基因的表达,引起雄性不育。不育细胞质基因可能也同时具有调节基因的功能,表现为具有解除阻遏的作用,使不育系花粉粒发育过程中部分过氧化物酶基因得以表达;而保持系不具有这种解除阻遏的细胞质不育基因,使部分基因仍处于阻遏状态,造成保持系中过氧化物酶同工酶谱带少于不育系的现象。不育细胞质基因的这种调控作用,同样有可能影响核基因遗传功能的正常发挥,引起核质之间的不协调而导致雄性不育。     

Comparison of two fertility restoration systems against photoperiod-sensitive cytoplasmic male sterility in wheat

A ‘two‐line system’ using photoperiod‐sensitive cytoplasmic male sterility (PCMS) caused by Aegilops crassa cytoplasm under a long‐day photoperiod ( 15 h) has been proposed as a new means of producing hybrid varieties in common wheat. The PCMS line is maintained by self‐pollination under short‐day conditions, and hybrid seeds can be produced through outcrossing of the PCMS line with a pollinator under long‐day conditions. Two kinds of fertility restoration systems against the PCMS are known. One is involved with a set of multiple fertility‐restoring (Rf) genes in the wheat cultivar ‘Norin 61’ located on (at least) chromosomes 4A, 1D, 3D and 5D. The other is controlled by a single dominant major Rf gene, Rfd1, located on the long arm of chromosome 7B in the wheat cultivar ‘Chinese Spring’. To examine the degree of fertility restoration by these two systems, nine PCMS lines were crossed with ‘Norin 61’ and ‘Chinese Spring’ as the restorer lines, and the F₁ hybrids were investigated. The degree of fertility restoration was estimated by comparing the seed set rates in the F₁ hybrids having the Ae. crassa cytoplasm and those with normal cytoplasm. The results revealed that the fertility restoration ability of a set of multiple Rf genes in ‘Norin 61’ was higher than that of the Rfd1 gene in ‘Chinese Spring’.     

Cytoplasmic male sterility in Brassicaceae crops

Brassicaceae crops display strong hybrid vigor, and have long been subject to F₁ hybrid breeding. Because the most reliable system of F₁ seed production is based on cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), various types of CMS have been developed and adopted in practice to breed Brassicaceae oil seed and vegetable crops. CMS is a maternally inherited trait encoded in the mitochondrial genome, and the male sterile phenotype arises as a result of interaction of a mitochondrial CMS gene and a nuclear fertility restoring (Rf) gene. Therefore, CMS has been intensively investigated for gaining basic insights into molecular aspects of nuclear-mitochondrial genome interactions and for practical applications in plant breeding. Several CMS genes have been identified by molecular genetic studies, including Ogura CMS from Japanese radish, which is the most extensively studied and most widely used. In this review, we discuss Ogura CMS, and other CMS systems, and the causal mitochondrial genes for CMS. Studies on nuclear Rf genes and the cytoplasmic effects of alien cytoplasm on general crop performance are also reviewed. Finally, some of the unresolved questions about CMS are highlighted.     

光敏、温敏核不育水稻核不育基因等位性及基因对数的研究

以光敏核不育系农垦58S及其衍生的光敏核不育系7001S、温敏核不育系W6154S、增矮64S，以及温敏核不育系安农S－1及其衍生的温敏核不育系810S、安湘S、香125S为材料进行相互杂交，在长日高温条件下观察F1的育性，根据其可育性和不育性确定核不育基因的等位性。结果表明：7001S、W6154S、培矮64S与核不育基因供体农垦58S之间有等位点的核不育基因；但温敏核不育系W6154S与培矮64S之间，不具等位点的温敏核不育基因。该结果说明光敏核不育系农垦58S至少存在一对光敏核不育基因和两对温敏核不育基因，而且各对温敏核不育基因可独立遗传，在夏季高温条件下其不育性得到充分表达。安农S－1与其衍生的不育系之间以及衍生的不育系与不育系之间都具有等位点的温敏核不育基因。农垦58S及衍生的核不育系与安农S－1及衍生的核不育系之间没有等位点的核不育基因。     

Inheritance of male sterility mutations induced in haploid sorghum tissue culture

Summary A high frequency of male sterile mutants regeneration was shown in callus cultures derived from leaves and panicles of haploid sorghum (Ms_c1, A1 cytoplasm) and a spontaneous autodiploid obtained from this haploid. The cultures derived from the embryos of this autodiploid yielded significantly fewer mutants. Absolutely or partially male sterile mutants appeared among the regenerants or in the progeny of fertile regenerants. In the self-fertilized progenies of partially male sterile mutants and in the hybrids of sterile mutants with autodiploid line (i.e. under one and the same nuclear genome) male sterility mutations were inherited as cytoplasmic. Non-Mendelian segregation of sterile, partially male sterile and fertile plants was observed in these progenies. Partially male sterile plants were characterized by somatic segregation of male sterility genetic factors. In test-crosses with some CMS A1 fertility restorers, mutations were manifested as nuclear recessive while with others as nuclear dominant. These differences are supposed to be the result of interaction of fertility restorer genes of these testers with the novel cytoplasm. Male sterility mutations accompanied with female sterility were inherited as nuclear recessives.Abbreviations f fertile - ps partially male sterile - s male sterile plants     

小麦K型不育系育性恢复基因的遗传分析

选用K型不育系豫麦3号、S43及其相应的保持系,与恢复系豫麦2号和豫麦49组配了不育系//保持系/恢复系、不育系//不育系/恢复系和不育系/恢复系//保持系三种回交群体,对小麦K型不育系育性恢复基因进行了遗传分析。结果表明,不同恢复力的恢复系携带的恢复基因对数不同,恢复力较强的豫麦2号携带2对主效基因,恢复力较低的豫麦49仅携带1对主效基因。此外,还有微效基因对育性恢复起作用,这种基因不仅存在于恢复系中,也存在于不育系（保持系）中。在K型细胞质背景下,不携带恢复基因的雄配子的传递率很低,而雌配子传递正常。