黑龙江省种猪场母猪繁殖障碍性疾病的监测

对黑龙江省22个规模化种猪场的16510头生产猪以ELISA，LATIFA等方法进行了猪繁殖障碍性疾病-猪瘟，猪生殖-呼吸综合征，猪伪狂犬病，猪细小病毒病，猪乙型脑炎，猪布鲁氏菌病的血清学监测。结果表明其感染率从高到低分别为猪生殖-呼吸综合征，猪伪狂犬病，猪细小病毒病，猪乙型脑炎，猪瘟，猪布鲁氏菌病。     

黑龙江省种猪场母猪繁殖障碍性疾病的监测

对黑龙江省22个规模化种猪场的16 510头生产猪以EL ISA,LAT IF等方法进行了猪繁殖障碍性疾病--猪瘟,猪生殖-呼吸综合征,猪伪狂犬病,猪细小病毒病,猪乙型脑炎,猪布鲁氏菌病的血清学监测,结果表明其感染率从高到低分别为猪生殖-呼吸综合征,猪伪狂犬病,猪细小病毒病,猪乙型脑炎,猪瘟,猪布鲁氏菌病.     

猪瘟、猪伪狂犬病和猪繁殖与呼吸综合征的免疫程序设计

为了筛选出适合生产实际和防疫要求的免疫程序,选择猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒抗体阴性、猪伪狂犬病抗体阴性、猪瘟抗原阴性的20头仔猪,随机分成4组,分别设计猪瘟、猪伪狂犬病和猪繁殖与呼吸综合征免疫程序进行试验。试验结果表明:只有试验Ⅰ组的免疫程序可行,即21日龄进行猪瘟疫苗首免,60日龄加强免疫1次;母猪分娩前第10天进行猪伪狂犬疫苗首免;35日龄加强免疫1次;35日龄进行猪繁殖与呼吸综合征疫苗首免,60日龄加强免疫1次。     

3种免疫增强剂对猪瘟卵黄抗体水平的影响

<正>近年来,各种隐性或温和型猪瘟导致规模猪场母猪流产、死胎及仔猪死亡率增加,给养猪业造成巨大的经济损失。免疫失败及免疫抑制性疾病的感染是各规模猪场温和型和繁殖障碍型猪瘟流行蔓延的主要因素。完善和强化猪瘟免疫及定期的抗体水平监测是目前各规模猪场防控该病的主要措施,但猪伪狂犬病、猪繁殖障碍呼吸综合征等免疫抑制性疾病的感染使猪瘟免疫失败报道较多。通过人工被动免疫给母猪直接注射猪瘟抗体液是繁殖障碍型猪瘟感染较严重猪场防控该病最直接     

猪瘟、猪伪狂犬病和猪繁殖与呼吸综合征免疫程序设计

选择猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒和抗体阴性、猪伪狂犬病抗体阴性、猪瘟抗原阴性的20头仔猪,随机分成4组,分别为试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组及对照组,分别设计3种猪瘟、猪伪狂犬病和猪繁殖与呼吸综合征免疫程序,首免后第2周开始每隔2周分别采血检测抗体。试验结果表明只有试验Ⅰ组的免疫程序可行,即:21日龄进行猪瘟疫苗首免,60日龄加强免疫1次,母猪分娩前10日龄进行猪伪狂犬疫苗首免,35日龄加强免疫1次,35日龄进行猪繁殖与呼吸综合征疫苗首免,60日龄加强免疫1次。     

猪瘟、猪伪狂犬病和猪繁殖与呼吸综合征的免疫程序设计

选择猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒和抗体阴性、猪伪狂犬病抗体阴性、猪瘟抗原阴性的20头仔猪,随机分成4组,分别为试验Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组及对照组,分别设计3种猪瘟、猪伪狂犬病和猪繁殖与呼吸综合征免疫程序,首免后第2周开始每隔2周分别采血检测抗体.试验结果表明只有试验Ⅰ组的免疫程序可行,即：21日龄进行猪瘟疫苗首免,60日龄加强免疫1次,母猪分娩前10日龄进行猪伪狂犬疫苗首免,35日龄加强免疫1次,35日龄进行猪繁殖与呼吸综合征疫苗首免,60日龄加强免疫1次.     

浙江省养猪场母猪繁殖障碍症主要病因调查

曾经严重危害我省母猪繁殖性能的乙型脑炎、猪细小病毒病得到了有效控制。然而 ,近几年来我省母猪繁殖发生障碍的情况还比较严重。造成母猪繁殖障碍的因素比较复杂 ,不权有非传染性的 ,也有传染性的 ,其中病毒病引起母猪繁殖障碍的更常见。资料表明[1,2 ] ,猪伪狂犬病和猪繁殖与呼吸综合征是严重危害母猪繁殖性能的主要病毒病 ,同时也证实[3 ,4 ] ,这二种疫病已在我国一些地方发生和流行。母猪猪瘟隐性感染也能导致母猪繁殖障碍。为了查清我省养猪场母猪繁殖障碍的主要原因 ,明确猪伪狂犬病、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征、母猪猪瘟隐性感染对我省母…     

猪繁殖障碍性疾病的发生原因与控制策略

猪繁殖障碍性疾病已成为严重危害养猪业的疾病之一。以妊娠母猪流产、死胎、木乃伊胎、产弱仔、少仔以及公猪不育、母猪不孕等为特征。发病率呈逐年上升之势。在众多的发病原因中,猪伪狂犬病、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征、温和型猪瘟等传染性因素以及多病原混合感染占据主导地位。猪场不规范的引种、不合理的饲养管理、不规范的免疫成为猪繁殖障碍性疾病发病率居高不下的主要原因,尤以盲目使用疫苗、不合理的免疫程序导致免疫麻痹最为突出。加强生物安全措施。提升饲养管理水平,科学地制定和实施免疫计划和免疫程序．最大限度地减轻母猪免疫负担。是控制猪繁殖障碍性疾病长远而有效的方法。     

青海省农业区主要猪病的流行病学调查

采用ELISA检测方法和流行病学调查方法，于2004～2005年对青海省互助、湟中、大通、乐都、民和、西宁6县（市）的142个规模养猪场和部分养殖户进行了猪瘟、猪生殖与呼吸综合征、猪圆环病毒2型感染、伪狂犬病等流行状况的调查。结果显示，猪瘟、猪生殖与呼吸综合征、猪圆环病毒2型感染、伪狂犬病在青海省农业区普遍存在，6县（市）之间血清抗体阳性率无明显差异；母猪繁殖障碍覆盖了所有种猪场，后备母猪不发情率约为8．2％，产死胎、木乃伊、弱仔的母猪占繁殖母猪的21％左右；猪瘟仍然是引起当地猪死亡的主要原因。     

猪蓝耳病在我国的流行现状及防控新进展

猪繁殖和呼吸障碍综合征(Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome,PRRS)是由猪繁殖与呼吸障碍综合征病毒(PRRSV)引起的猪的一种高度传染性疾病,又称"猪蓝耳病",该病以妊娠母猪的繁殖障碍(母猪流产、产死胎、产木乃伊胎)及各种年龄猪特别是仔猪的呼吸道疾病为特征。本病是20世纪80年代末发生于养猪业发达国家的一种病毒性疾病,在世界各国引发了空前的"流产风暴",给世界养猪业造成巨大的经济损失,使猪群发生严重免疫抑制,导致猪瘟、猪伪狂犬病等防控困难,同时继发感染病毒性与细菌性疾病,死亡率高,现已成为困扰我国规模化猪场养猪业的主要疫病之一。     

The effect of postmortem time of injection and freezing on the effectiveness of calcium chloride for improving beef tenderness.

Three experiments were conducted to determine the effect of freezing and time postmortem on the effectiveness of injecting CaCl2 to tenderize beef. In Exp. 1, longissimus muscle treatments included 1) control 0 h, 2) CaCl2-injected 0 h, 3) control 24 h, and 4) CaCl2-injected 24 h. Injection consisted of .3 M CaCl2 at 10% by weight. Injecting CaCl2 at 24 h postmortem reduced (P < .05) shear force requirements compared with the 24 h control but did not (P < .05) tenderize meat as much as injecting at 0 h. In Exp. 2, longissimus muscle treatments included the following: 1) aged 2 d; 2) aged 7 d; 3) frozen d 1, thawed, aged 6 d; 4) CaCl2-injected d 1, aged 6 d; 5) frozen d 1, thawed, CaCl2-injected, aged 6 d; and 6) CaCl2-injected d 1, frozen, thawed, aged 6 d. Injection alone at d 1 or freezing, then thawing and injecting resulted in the lowest (P < .05) shear force requirements. In Exp. 3, longissimus muscle treatments included the following: 1) aged 1 d; 2) aged 7 d; 3) CaCl2-injected 0 h, aged 7 d; 4) CaCl2-injected d 1, aged 6 d; 5) frozen d 1, thawed, aged 6 d; and 6) frozen, thawed, CaCl2-injected, aged 6 d. Both d-1 injection alone and freezing, thawing, then injecting resulted in meat with shear force requirements similar to those of 0-h injected meat. The effect of treatments on cooking loss was inconsistent. Treatments that reduced shear force also reduced (P < .05) calpain and calpastatin activity proportionately.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Characterization of estrogen-trenbolone acetate implants on tenderness and consumer acceptability of beef under the effect of 2 aging times

Anabolic steroid implants are commonly used to increase growth performance and carcass leanness. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of various trenbolone acetate implants on Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF), slice shear force, and consumer palatability ratings for USDA Choice and Select beef strip steaks aged for 14 and 21 d from cattle implanted before slaughter. Beef steers (n = 1,740) were subjected to the following treatments: 1) nonimplanted control (CON); 2) Revalor-IS on d 0 and Revalor-S on d 70 (IS/S); or 3) Revalor-XS (RXS) on d 0, and were randomly assigned to pens within blocks. A subsample of USDA Choice (n = 82) and USDA Select (n = 81) carcasses was selected. Strip loins from these carcasses were collected, and steaks measuring 2.54 cm were fabricated and aged for 14 or 21 d postmortem. Select steaks aged 14 d from RXS cattle had decreased (P < 0.05) WBSF values compared with IS/S steaks, but CON steaks did not differ from either implant treatment. Warner-Bratzler shear force did not differ among treatments (P > 0.05) from USDA Choice steaks aged 14 and 21 d or from Select steaks aged 21 d. Consumer scores for flavor and overall liking for USDA Choice 14-d aged RXS steaks were less (P < 0.05) than CON steaks; however, there were no differences between RXS, IS/S, and CON for tenderness or juiciness, or for tenderness and overall acceptability. Select steaks aged 14 d from IS/S cattle had less (P < 0.05) tenderness, tenderness acceptability, overall acceptability, overall liking, juiciness, and flavor scores than RXS and CON steaks; however, consumers also rated RXS steaks less for tenderness, juiciness, and tenderness acceptability when compared with CON steaks. Consumer scores for overall liking, flavor, and tenderness for USDA Choice steaks aged 21 d from RXS, IS/S, and CON did not differ. However, implant affected (P < 0.05) overall liking, flavor, juiciness, and tenderness for USDA Select steaks aged 21 d. Even so, there were no differences between RXS, IS/S, and CON steaks for tenderness or overall acceptability for steaks aged 21 d, regardless of quality grade. Results indicated that tenderness differences exist among implant strategies when strip steaks were aged 14 d; however, tenderness and overall consumer acceptability were only influenced by implant in Select steaks aged 14 d. Furthermore, aging for 21 d can minimize and even eliminate implant differences in WBSF and slice shear force, as well as tenderness and overall consumer acceptability.     

Management and herd performance of dairy herds with and without chronic wasting disease

'Chronic wasting' in cattle acquired a special meaning in the Netherlands in 1999. It was used to define animal health problems that were thought to be associated with the use of bovine herpesvirus 1 marker vaccine. Criteria have not been set by which an objectively independent inventory of the problems could be made. The objective of this study was to determine management factors associated with the problem of 'chronic wasting' prior to the use of the BHV1 marker vaccine. Knowledge about these factors could be helpful for generating additional hypotheses about the aetiology of chronic wasting in cattle. A total of 188 farms participated in the study, of which 94 had severe problems with chronic wasting. The other half consisted of control farms matched with the case farms that did not report problems after the use of the BHV1 marker vaccine. Data analyses were performed over the period before (and not at the time of) 'chronic wasting' problems. Data were collected from various sources. A questionnaire was used to collect information on farm management practice. In addition, information on laboratory submissions for 1996 to 1998, animal movements in 1998, roughage analyses of 1997 and 1998, expenses for animal health in 1998, and herd performance in 1995 to 1999 was collected. In the analyses, a distinction was made between information obtained objectively and subjectively. Herds with problems of 'chronic wasting' were larger than herds without wasting problems (animals, surface) but not more intensively managed. 'Wasting' herds had a lower performance in terms of fertility and udder health. In addition, these herds had more contact with other herds through the purchase of animals. There were no differences in farm management practices related to disease control and prevention. Additional studies are required with regard to the patho-physiology of chronic wasting cows. The role of herd size needs more study.     

RECEIVER OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC CURVE ANALYSIS OF THE UTILITY OF THORACIC RADIOGRAPHS FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF FELINE CARDIAC DISEASE

The results of a retrospective study in which 90 sets of feline thoracic radiographs were examined by six readers were evaluated with the aid of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. There were 51 sets of radiographs of 45 normal cats and 39 sets of radiographs of 33 cats with cardiac disease. The readers were asked to classify each set of radiographs as normal or abnormal, with respect to cardiac disease, into one of five diagnostic cholces that reflected reader confidence. The method of generating an ROC curve is discussed. There was no significant difference in the accuracy of interpretation between the five experienced readers. The mean accuracy of this group was 91%. However, inspection of the individual ROC curves demonstrated a fundamental difference in underlying reader bias (i.e., over-or underreading). As expected, the experienced readers were statistically more accurate than an inexperienced reader. ROC curve methodology has potential applications in veterinary medicine not only for assessing observer performance and reader bias, but also for comparing tests and in clinical decision making.     

二组同期发情方案及定时输精技术 提高牦牛受胎率效果观察

摘 要：为进一步研究牦牛发情不集中、受胎率低的问题,利用二组同期发情方案使牦牛在繁殖季节集中表现发情后定时输精,准确把握输精时机,提高牦牛受胎率。本试验选择在同一草场常年放牧、健康、膘情均达中等以上,年龄3-10岁母牦牛进行同期处理并严格控制处理和配种的时间,观察发情、受胎效果。结果显示,通过二组同期发情方案对牦牛同期发情处理,发情率、受胎率分别为 67%、76%、56%、64%,差异显著（P＜0.05）,同期组2不论同期发情率还是受胎率明显高于同期组1,应加以示范推广。     

绿茶粉对老年犬生化指标及抗氧化能力的影响

选取10岁初始体重为34.5～37.5 kg的拉布拉多犬72条,随机分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复6条,分别饲喂添加0,1 000,2 000和4 000 mg/kg绿茶粉饲料,以研究不同水平绿茶粉对老年犬血清生化指标和抗氧化指标的影响,试验进行60 d。结果表明:随着绿茶粉添加量的增加,谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、总胆红素逐渐下降,除1 000 mg/kg组外各试验组均显著低于对照组;随着绿茶粉从1 000 mg/kg提高到4000 mg/kg,血清中甘油三酯、胆固醇都显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。尿酸、尿素氮、葡萄糖、高密度脂蛋白和低密度脂蛋白差异不显著(P>0.05)。同时,绿茶粉能显著提高老年犬血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力(P<0.05)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力(P<0.01),并能明显降低血清中丙二醛(MDA)含量(P<0.05)。结果提示,添加2 000 mg/kg绿茶粉对老年犬有很好的保健作用。     

Vitamin D3 supplementation of cull cows: effects on longissimus and semitendinosus muscle tenderness

Previous studies have shown that supplementation of vitamin D3 to cow diets for 4 to 10 d before slaughter lowers Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) values and increases sensory tenderness scores in beef cuts. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of vitamin D3 supplementation on muscle calcium concentration, WBSF values, and sensory tenderness ratings of LM and semitendinosus (ST) muscles from cull, predominately Angus, cows (eight cows per treatment). Treatments included 0 (control), 5 million IU, or 7.5 million IU of vitamin D3 supplemented daily for 7 d preslaughter. Twenty-four hours after slaughter, 2.54-cm-thick LM and ST muscle steaks were cut; aged for either 0, 7, 14, or 21 d (ST steaks aged for 7 d only); and frozen at -20 degrees C for WBFS and sensory analysis. Mean values for LM calcium concentration tended to increase (P = 0.14) with vitamin D3 supplementation (154, 176, and 183 microig/g, fresh basis, for 0, 5, and 7.5 million IU/d, respectively). After 7 d of aging, LM steaks from cows fed 7.5 million IU had lower (P < 0.05) WBSF values than 7-d steaks from controls and cows fed 5.0 million IU/d aged 7 d; however, vitamin D3 supplementation had no (P > 0.05) effect on WBSF values of ST steaks aged 7 d. Vitamin D3 supplementation did not (P > 0.05) affect sensory tenderness ratings for either LM or ST steaks at any aging period. Aging, however, had a linear (P < 0.001) effect on tenderness, with an increase in tenderness as aging time increased from 0 to 21 d. Thus, results from the present study indicate that vitamin D3 supplementation, at these levels and duration before slaughter, provided little benefit to muscle tenderness of beef from cull cows.     

Comparative evaluation of mathematical functions to describe growth and efficiency of phosphorus utilization in growing pigs

Success of pig production depends on maximizing return over feed costs and addressing potential nutrient pollution to the environment. Mathematical modeling has been used to describe many important aspects of inputs and outputs of pork production. This study was undertaken to compare 4 mathematical functions for the best fit in terms of describing specific data sets on pig growth and, in a separate experiment, to compare these 4 functions for describing of P utilization for growth. Two data sets with growth data were used to conduct growth analysis and another data set was used for P efficiency analysis. All data sets were constructed from independent trials that measured BW, age, and intake. Four growth functions representing diminishing returns (monomolecular), sigmoidal with a fixed point of inflection (Gompertz), and sigmoidal with a variable point of inflection (Richards and von Bertalanffy) were used. Meta-analysis of the data was conducted to identify the most appropriate functions for growth and P utilization. Based on Bayesian information criteria, the Richards equation described the BW vs. age data best. The additional parameter of the Richards equation was necessary because the data required a lower point of inflection (138 d) than the Gompertz, with a fixed point of inflexion at 1/e times the final BW (189 d), could accommodate. Lack of flexibility in the Gompertz equation was a limitation to accurate prediction. The monomolecular equation was best at determining efficiencies of P utilization for BW gain compared with the sigmoidal functions. The parameter estimate for the rate constant in all functions decreased as available P intake increased. Average efficiencies during different stages of growth were calculated and offer insight into targeting stages where high feed (nutrient) input is required and when adjustments are needed to accommodate the loss of efficiency and the reduction of potential pollution problems. It is recommended that the Richards and monomolecular equations be included in future growth and nutrient efficiency analyses.     

Influence of quality classification, aging period, blade tenderization, and endpoint cooking temperature on cooking characteristics and tenderness of beef gluteus medius steaks

Top sirloin butts (n = 162) were used to investigate the influence of quality classification, aging period, blade tenderization passes, and endpoint cooking temperature on the tenderness of gluteus medius steaks. Top sirloin butts (gluteus medius) from Select (SEL), Choice (CHO), and Certified Angus Beef (CAB) carcasses were obtained, aged for 7, 14, or 21 d, and either not tenderized or blade tenderized one or two times. Three steaks from each top sirloin butt were randomly selected and assigned to a final endpoint cooking temperature of 65.5, 71.0, or 76.6 degrees C. Cooking characteristics and Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) were analyzed as a split-plot with a 3 x 3 x 3 factorial treatment structure of quality classification, aging period, and tenderization passes in the whole plot and endpoint cooking temperature in the subplot. Sensory panel data for CHO steaks cooked to 70 degrees C were analyzed with a 3 x 3 factorial treatment structure of aging period and tenderization passes. Thawing loss was greater (P < 0.05) for steaks aged 7 d than those aged 21 d. Cooking loss was greater (P < 0.05) for steaks aged for 14 and 21 d than those aged 7 d, and increased (P < 0.05) with each increasing endpoint temperature. Each increase in aging period resulted in lower (P < 0.05) WBSF values. In addition, steaks blade tenderized two times had lower (P < 0.05) WBSF values than steaks blade tenderized once or not at all. Within each quality classification, WBSF values increased (P < 0.05) as endpoint cooking temperature increased. When cooked to 71 or 76.6 degrees C, CHO and CAB steaks had lower (P < 0.05) WBSF than SEL steaks. Steaks blade tenderized one or two times received higher (P < 0.05) sensory panel ratings for myofibrillar and overall tenderness than steaks not blade tenderized. Connective tissue amount and overall tenderness ratings were higher (P < 0.05) for steaks aged 21 vs. 7 d. Postmortem aging and blade tenderization of gluteus medius steaks can improve tenderness, as measured by WBSF and sensory panel, without decreasing flavor or juiciness. When cooking to higher endpoint temperatures, higher quality classifications should be selected to minimize toughness due to cooking.     

Effect of long- or short-term feeding of alpha-tocopheryl acetate to Holstein and crossbred beef steers on performance, carcass characteristics, and beef color stability.

Three experiments were conducted to examine the effects of vitamin E supplementation on feedlot cattle. Vitamin E supplementation did not affect feedlot performance or carcass characteristics of cattle fed a high-concentrate diet (P greater than .1). The major finding was the effectiveness of vitamin E in extending the color stability of displayed beef (P less than .01). Color stability during display of longissimus lumborum steaks from cattle supplemented with 300 IU/d for 266 d, 1,140 IU/d for 67 d, or 1,200 IU/d for 38 d was extended by 2.5 to 4.8 d. Gluteus medius steaks had an extended color display life of 1.6 to 3.8 d. The accumulation of lipid oxidation products, but not aerobic microbes, associated with displayed longissimus lumborum was suppressed for muscle from vitamin E-supplemented steers. Taste panelists detected no difference among longissimus lumborum steaks from control and vitamin E-supplemented steers but found (P less than .01) steaks aged for 21 d to be more tender than steaks aged for 7 d. Supplementing cattle with vitamin E should reduce economic losses associated with discolored beef during retail display.