基于SWAT模型的东北水稻灌区水文及面源污染过程模拟

灌区水文过程对于面源污染物的迁移、转化起到了重要的驱动作用。为揭示东北水稻灌区的水文及面源污染过程,该文在多年试验的基础上,运用修正的SWAT模型对其开展了模拟研究。2009-2011年在吉林省前郭灌区针对水稻生育期及冻融期内的灌区水文过程和农田面源污染物迁移、转化过程开展了系统的监测与试验。水稻生育期内,各级排水系统表现出不同的水文过程:末级排水沟中,由田间通过表层渗流进入排水沟的高浓度的水被灌溉退水所稀释,汇流排水沟的槽蓄量则在很大程度上影响了排水过程及污染物的对流和掺混过程。根据水稻灌区水文特性,以汇流排水沟为子流域,分别采用非稳定渗流公式和马斯京根法描述子流域中稻田向排水沟的渗流排水过程以及向子流域出口的排水汇流过程。试验和模拟结果表明:铵氮(NH4+)、硝氮(NO3-)和化学需氧量(COD)的浓度变化主要取决于排水过程,表层渗流和深层渗流过程决定了排水沟中NH4+和NO3-浓度过程,而排水沟中COD浓度还受到灌溉退水的影响。采用溴(Br-)作为示踪剂,通过测定土壤含水率、温度及示踪剂浓度变化,研究了冻结期的水文过程和面源污染物迁移过程,示踪试验结果显示,冻融期土壤中水流运动受到土壤基质势、温度势及重力势的影响,冻土中平衡状态下基质势为土壤温度的函数,土壤中污染物渗出通量与水分渗出通量表现出线性关系。基于水稻灌区下垫面产汇流特性和冻融期土壤对于灌区水文过程以及面源污染物迁移的影响机理,在SWAT模型模块修订的基础上,模拟了东北地区水稻灌区面源污染迁移流失过程,模拟流量、NH4+、NO3-、COD浓度与实测值符合较好,表明改进的模型能够用于东北地区水稻灌区的水文及面源污染过程模拟。     

追氮方式对夏玉米土壤N2O和NH3排放的影响

【目的】研究氮肥与硝化抑制剂撒施及条施覆土三种追施氮肥方式下土壤N2O和NH3排放规律、 O2浓度及土壤NH4+-N、 NO2--N和NO3--N的时空动态,揭示追氮方式对两种重要环境气体排放的影响及机制。【方法】试验设置3个处理: 1)农民习惯追氮方式撒施(BC); 2)撒施添加10%的硝化抑制剂(BC+DCD); 3) 条施后覆土(Band)。 3个处理均在施肥后均匀灌水20 mm。在夏玉米十叶期追施氮肥后的15天(2014年7月23日至8月8日)进行田间原位连续动态观测,并在玉米成熟期测定产量及吸氮量。采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定土壤N2O排放量,土壤气体平衡管-气相色谱法测定土壤N2O浓度,PVC管-通气法测定土壤NH3挥发,土壤气体平衡管-泵吸式O2浓度测定仪测定土壤O2浓度。【结果】农民习惯追氮方式N2O排放量为N 395 g/hm2,NH3挥发损失为N 22.9 kg/hm2,同时还导致土壤在一定程度上积累了NO2--N。与习惯追氮方式相比,添加硝化抑制剂显著减少N2O排放89.4%,使NH3挥发略有增加,未造成土壤NO2--N的累积。条施覆土使土壤N2O排放量显著增加将近1倍,但使NH3挥发显著减少69.4%,同时造成施肥后土壤局部高NO2--N累积。条施覆土的施肥条带上土壤NO2--N含量与N2O排放通量呈显著正相关。土壤气体的O2和N2O浓度受土壤含水量控制,当土壤WFPS大于60%时,020 cm土层中的O2浓度明显降低,而N2O浓度增加,土壤N2O浓度和土壤O2浓度间呈极显著负相关。各处理地上部产量及总吸氮量差异不显著。【结论】土壤NO2--N的累积与铵态氮肥施肥方式密切相关,NO2--N的累积能够促进土壤N2O的排放,且在条施覆土时达到显著水平(P0.05)。追氮方式对N2O和NH3两种气体的排放存在某种程度的此消彼长,添加硝化抑制剂在减少N2O排放的同时会增加NH3挥发,条施覆土在显著减少NH3挥发的同时会显著增加土壤N2O排放。在条施覆土基础上添加硝化抑制剂,有可能同时降低N2O排放和NH3挥发损失,此推论值得进一步研究。     

尿素施用对土壤pH值和模拟温室箱内NH_3和NO_2浓度的影响

在模拟条件下测定尿素引起土壤的pH变化及其对氨挥发的影响,同时利用被动采样法测定模拟温室箱中施用尿素所造成的NO2和NH3浓度变化趋势。实验表明:在短期内施用尿素能明显升高土壤pH,并增加土壤氨挥发。用1%柠檬酸作为NH3的吸收剂,测得NH3浓度在6～18μgm-3之间,用25%TEA作为NO2的吸收剂,测得NO2的浓度在12～35μgm-3之间。施用氮肥的模拟温室箱中NH3、NO2浓度明显高于不使用氮肥的状况及背景环境。     

公路两边农田环境污染及其防治

本文通过对公路两边农田环境污染的考察，给出模拟估算排放源强、大气污染物分布、土壤铅污染分布的三个模式，在此基础上分析了农作物对污染的反应，提出了防治措施和建议。     

亚热带典型农业小流域井水水质季节 变化与空间分布特征

井水是亚热带农业区域农民的饮用水源,其水质状况直接影响到当地农民的身体健康。本文选取亚热带典型农业小流域中井水铵态氮(NH4+-N)、硝态氮(NO3--N)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)为研究对象,采用地统计学方法,分析其季节变化和空间分布特征。结果表明,研究区农户井水中NH4+-N、NO3--N、TN和TP含量在全年4个季节的平均值分别为0.05~0.10 mg(N)·L-1、3.0~4.9 mg(N)·L-1、3.4~5.1 mg(N)·L-1和0.03~0.17 mg(P)·L-1,超标率分别为2.3%、10.4%、9.5%和7.9%。在季节动态变化上,NH4+-N在全年变化不显著(P0.05),这主要与土壤的吸附有关;而NO3--N、TN和TP均在夏季达到最高,春季最低,并且两个季节之间的变化具有显著性(P0.05),这主要与农业施肥活动和降水条件有关。在空间变异性上,NH4+-N、NO3--N、TN和TP含量在各季节的块金值与基台值的比值都为0,并且各变量在各季节的变程各不相同,说明这4个变量在各季节分别在不同尺度范围内表现出较强的空间自相关性。在空间分布上,NH4+-N、NO3--N、TN和TP含量都具有斑块状分布,而斑块的位置、大小和形状各不相同。NO3--N和TN在全年的空间分布与研究区地形和土地利用方式有关,在东南部和西南部地势较低的水稻种植区含量较高,而在北部地势较高的林地含量较低。而NH4+-N和TP的空间变异系数高于NO3--N和TN,这主要是由于NH4+-N易被土壤吸附,而磷素在土壤中易被固定,迁移较困难,导致NH4+-N和TP在不同地方的含量差异比较大。地形、水文气候条件、土壤类型、土地利用方式和农业施肥等是造成亚热带农业区域井水水质季节动态变化和空间分布格局差异的主要因素。     

黄淮海平原集约化种植条件下的土壤剖面硝态氮变化

通过田间试验研究玉米-冬小麦轮作系统下,两种不同水平的N肥施用量对NO3--N在黄淮海平原土壤剖面的分布及其动态变化规律的影响,并评估其对环境的潜在污染能力.土壤NO3--N监测为每间隔20 cm至剖面深180 cm.结果表示:作物收获后土壤剖面0～180 cm的残留NO3--N含量为107～443 kg/hm2,年际间和不同作物间的变异性较大.土壤剖面NO3--N含量随着施肥量的增加有增加的趋势,但差异不显著.当前当地农民常规施肥量处理和为常规施肥量2倍处理在试验期间出现的土壤剖面NO3--N含量峰值均在2003年的玉米生长季节,分别为688 kg/hm2和881 kg/hm2,但该玉米生长季节出现的大雨导致占0～180 cm土层50%左右的NO3--N积累在100～180 cm土层深处,该深度的NO3--N比较容易通过淋洗迁移出作物-土壤系统,也有可能是潜在的作物N素来源.由于类似大雨在当地出现的频率比较高,因此,即使在当前当地农民的传统耕作管理措施下,土壤NO3--N可能存在对环境的污染威胁,但程度如何,尚需进一步研究.     

外加可溶性碳源对华北典型农田土壤N2O、CO2排放的影响

以华北平原典型农田土壤为对象,运用静态培养系统研究方法,设置室内培养试验,研究添加不同浓度葡萄糖对土壤N2O、CO2排放的影响.结果表明:碳氮配施的外源添加方式明显促进N2O和CO2排放,其排放通量均高于对照组和只添加氮源的处理.在配施碳源葡萄糖浓度为0.5 g/kg时N2O排放通量最高(NH4+组2 500 μg/(kg·d),单位以N计,下同,NO3-组1 500 μg/(kg·d)),4.0 g/kg时N2O排放通量最低(NH4+组500 μg/(kg·d),NO3-组800 μg/(kg·d));葡萄糖浓度为2.0 g/kg时CO2排放通量最高(NH+组500mg/(kg· d)),0.5 g/kg时CO2排放通量最低(NH+组100 mg/(kg,d)).从培养开始到结束,只添加氮源的土壤NH+含量变化不明显,NO3-含量增至29.21 mg/kg(NH4+组)和62.25 mg/kg(NO3-组);而配施葡萄糖的土壤NH+含量降为不足1 mg/kg(NH4+组),NO3-含量明显减少.N2O累积排放通量与葡萄糖浓度呈负相关(NH4+组),CO2累积排放通量与葡萄糖浓度呈正相关.分析结果表明,外加可溶性碳源明显减少土壤中NH4+和NO3-含量,并且促进土壤N2O、CO2排放,其排放通量大小与C/N比有关.     

耕作模式和滞水时间对稻田中氮磷动态变化的影响研究

通过微区模拟稻田试验,分析了免耕、浅耕和深耕3种耕作模式下滞水时间不同的稻田排水中氮磷的动态特征及总氮、总磷流失潜能,研究了稻田夏季施肥耕作模式和滞水时间对氮磷的减排效能。结果表明：（1）深耕有利于土壤固肥作用的发挥,田面水中TN和NH4＋-N浓度呈逐渐下降的趋势。浅耕和深耕土壤中微生物环境利于硝化反应,不易被土壤吸附的NO3--N得以迅速向田面水中释放。免耕和深耕处理的田面水中TP和DP浓度在第1～5 d内浓度较高,3个耕作处理的滞排水中TP和DP在耕作处理5 d后均处于较低的浓度水平。（2）不同耕作模式滞水5 d后TN的绝对流失量均处于较低水平。免耕、浅耕、深耕在滞水5 d后可分别减少田面水中TN流失59.55%～65.68%、70.15%～88.20%和65.23%～77.26%。深耕处理的模拟稻田田面水中TN的流失潜能相对较小。不同耕作模式处理相对流失形态与潜能以TN为主。（3）免耕处理田面水中TP的绝对流失量最大,浅耕处理田面水中TP绝对流失量最少。免耕、浅耕、深耕在滞水5 d后再排水可分别减少田面水中TP流失54.70%～67.78%、62.99%～85.09%和52.45%～87.99%。浅耕处理模拟稻田田面水中TP的相对流失潜能较小。不同耕作模式处理田面水中磷素的相对流失形态表现出一定的差异性,田面水中磷素流失形态随时间变化呈现出TP与DP交替变化的现象。总之,从减少田面水中氮磷的绝对流失量出发,夏季浅耕不失为最佳清洁耕作模式;同时在滞水5 d后排水,能有效减少田面水中氮磷的流失量,减少稻田排水对面源污染的影响。     

基于DNDC模型的东北地区春玉米农田固碳减排措施研究

春玉米是我国东北地区主要粮食作物,但由于连年耕作和氮肥的高投入,春玉米农田也可能成为重要的温室气体排放源。因此,通过优化田间管理措施在保证作物产量的同时实现固碳减排,对于春玉米种植系统的可持续发展具有重要意义。过程模型（Denitrification Decomposition, DNDC）是评估固碳减排措施的有效工具,本研究在对DNDC模型进行验证的基础上,应用模型研究不同施氮和秸秆还田措施对东北地区春玉米农田固碳和氧化亚氮（N2O）排放的长期综合影响。模型验证结果表明,DNDC模拟的不同处理下土壤呼吸季节总量、 N2O排放季节总量和春玉米产量与田间观测结果较一致;同时模型也能较好地模拟不同处理下土壤呼吸和N2O排放季节变化动态。这表明DNDC模型能较理想地模拟不同施氮和秸秆还田措施对春玉米农田土壤呼吸、 N2O排放和作物产量的影响。利用模型综合分析不同管理情景对产量和土壤固碳减排的长期影响,结果表明: 1）与当地农民习惯施肥相比,优化施氮措施不会明显影响作物产量,能减少N2O排放,且对土壤固碳影响很小,因而能降低温室气体净排放,但净排放降低幅度有限（8%~13%）; 2）在优化施氮措施的同时秸秆还田能在保障供试农田春玉米产量的同时大幅度减少春玉米种植系统温室气体净排放,甚至可能将供试农田由温室气体排放源转变为温室气体吸收汇。本研究结果可为优化管理措施实现春玉米种植系统固碳减排提供科学依据。     

土壤改良剂聚丙烯酰胺对紫色土物理性质及其空间变异的影响

聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)作为一种良好的土壤改良剂.对土壤结构的改善及其土壤对水分和养分的保持发挥了巨大作用,为了研究PAM对紫色土物理性质及其空间变异的影响.进行了野外径流小区试验.试验采用PAM的4种施用模式,包括A模式(浓度为30 g/m~3PAM液施)、B模式(浓度为60 g/m~3PAM液施)、C模式(浓度为30g/m~3PAM液施结合添加剂)、D模式(浓度为60 g/m~3PAM液施结合添加剂),并对紫色土坡面及其不同坡位的土壤水稳性团聚体、机械组成、容重、初始含水率以及土壤渗透率进行了测定.结果表明,C模式对促进>0.25mm水稳性土壤团聚体形成最明显,增大了23.87%,而相同模式下的不同坡位>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量的增量排序均为:上坡>中坡>下坡;4种模式在坡面及其不同坡位都促进了土壤中砂粒、粘粒的增加和粉粒和土壤容重的减少,其促进作用为:C模式>B模式>A模式>D模式;在坡面位置C模式分别提高初渗速率和稳渗速率1.790 mm/min和0.701 mm/min,同一模式下,土壤稳渗率的增量表现为:上坡>中坡>下坡.因此适当浓度的PAM结合添加剂的方式对紫色土物理性质的改良效果最好.     

The relative effectiveness of NOx and VOC strategies in reducing Northeast U.S. ozone concentrations

This investigation was conducted to compare the relative benefits of controlling emissions of VOC vs. NO_x for reducing tropospheric O₃ (smog) concentrations in the Northeast United States. Because of the nonlinear nature of O₃ photochemistry, controls on NO_x emissions could actually result in increases in O₃ depending on the relative amount of VOC present and meteorological conditions. The Regional Oxidant Model (ROM) was used as the tool for estimating the impacts of different VOC and NO₃ strategies. Scenarios simulated include a future baseline and separate strategies with controls on just NO, just VOC, and a combination of VOC and NO_x controls. The results indicate that in general, NO_x controls are more beneficial across the region than VOC controls. However, for several large urban areas, NO_x controls were predicted to result in higher O₃ than VOC controls. Also, the relative benefits of VOC and NO_x controls varied from day-to-day suggesting a dependency on meteorological conditions. Given the variable nature of the effects of NO_x controls, additional modeling using more spatially resolved models is warranted to identify specific strategies for attainment of the ozone NAAQS in individual areas.     

The role of nitrogen oxides in oxidant production as predicted by the Regional Acid Deposition Model (RADM)

Regional oxidant distributions produced under various atmospheric conditions and emission scenarios are investigated using the Regional Acid Deposition Model (RADM). RADM is a complex, evolving three-dimensional Eulerian model that describes the chemistry, transport and deposition of tropospheric trace species including SO₂, sulfate, NO _x and volatile organic compounds as well as O₃, other major oxidants and acids. The model calculates the short-term temporal evolution of atmospheric trace gas concentrations and their deposition on the regional scale. This study is focused on oxidant production in the eastern United States and southeastern Canada. The influence of atmospheric conditions is explored by comparing three characteristic winter, summer and spring/fall cases. Base-case 1985 emissions of SO _x , NO _x , volatile organic compounds (VOCs), NH₃ and CO are specified using the comprehensive pollutant emissions inventory developed as part of the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP). The perturbed case, which represents projected anthropogenic emission changes for 2010, indicates changes in daily total 80 km grid average NO _x emissions ranging from increases of 75% to decreases of 45% and VOC emission changes ranging from increases of 65% to decreases of 20%. The largest NO _x emission changes occur in the northeast, and the largest VOC changes occur in the Gulf Coast area. Ground level grid average midday O₃ concentrations for the 1985 emission cases are highest (on the order of 70 to 100 ppb) in the New York City and Houston metropolitan areas for the summer and spring cases; the summer case also indicates relatively high grid average O₃ concentrations of greater than 80 ppb in the southeast. Winter case values are much lower than summer O₃ values throughout the region, with highs of 40 to 50 ppb occurring in the southeast and the Great Lakes area. Changes in NO _x and other emissions under the complex 2010 emissions scenario for the summer case result in maximum O₃ concentration reductions of 10% in the Houston area and increases in O₃ of a few percent in some rural areas of the southeast. This study underscores the need for more comprehensive assessment of the complex relationships among regional emission changes, oxidant production and atmospheric conditions.     

Estimation of source-receptor matrices for deposition of NOx-N

The contributions of the anthropogenic sources of NO_x from various combinations of contiguous U.S. states or Canadian provinces to integrated deposition across selected states or provinces are estimated with the Advanced Statistical Trajectory Regional Air Pollution (ASTRAP) model. The model assumes linearity between emissions and deposition, and uses the same parameterization methods, although with different rates, as in simulations of transport and deposition of SO_X. Vertical distributions of emissions for the two classes of pollutants are substantially different in the gridded inventories used in simulations, with a weighted mean effective emission height of 160 m for NO_X and 310 m for SO_X. This might be expected to lead to an effective transport distance before deposition shorter for NO_X than for SO_X. However, the calculated fraction of NO_X emissions deposited within the contiguous United States and Canada south of 60 deg N (57%) is not greatly different from the fraction calculated for SOX emissions (54%). This suggests that there may be compensating factors in the horizontal distribution of NO_X emissions, and in the lower dry deposition velocities for NO/NO₂ than for SO₂ in ASTRAP.     

Natural emissions of oxidant precursors

This paper provides an overview of the sources, the estimation methodology, and the relative amounts of natural hydrocarbon and NO_x emissions. The most recent estimate of natural nonmethane hydrocarbon (NMHC) emissions for the United States is 28 Tg yr^?1. This compares with 20 Tg yr^?1 for anthropogenic NMHC sources. The southeastern and southcentral portions of the United States account for approximately 43% of the annual U.S. natural NMHC estimate. These emissions exhibit strong diurnal and seasonal dependencies related to temperature, solar radiation, and active biomass. Forests are the primary vegetative source of hydrocarbons. The major sources of natural NO_X emissions in North America are biomass burning, lightning, and microbial activity in soil. We present a comparison of hourly gridded NO_X emissions from lightning, soil, and man-made sources for the northeastern United States. We also provide results from preliminary investigations of the sensitivity of O₃ predictions from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Regional Oxidant Model to natural NMHC and nitric oxide emissions.     

Acidifying emissions in The Netherlands

The emission of acidifying compounds to air in the Netherlands, expressed as acidifying equivalents, consisted in 1992 mainly of NO_X (45%), NH₃ (35%) and SO₂ (20%). Transportation, agriculture and large combustion plants each contributed about 30% to the national total emission of acidifying compounds. The emissions from transportation activities mainly consisted of NO_X, while in agriculture NH₃ emission strongly dominated. Combustion processes in large combustion plants resulted both in SO₂ emissions (especially from refineries) and NO_X emissions (especially from public power plants). The total emission of acidifying substances decreases steadily in the Netherlands. The emission in 1992 was 24% lower than in 1985. It is expected to decrease further in future. The emission levels in 1992 and 1993 still are more than twice as high as the emission objective for the year 2000, set by Dutch environmental policy.     

Seasonal variations in indirect N<Subscript>2</Subscript>O emissions from an agricultural headwater ditch

Agricultural headwater ditches are an important source of indirect agricultural nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions, but their contribution is difficult to quantify. In the present study, the static chamber-gas chromatography technique was used for measurement of N₂O emissions from vegetated (V, the whole ditch ecosystem) and non-vegetated (NV, the sediment-water interface only) zones in an agricultural headwater ditch in the Central Sichuan Basin in Southwestern China during 2014–2015. Annual N₂O emissions from the agricultural headwater ditch were similar to direct N₂O emissions from an adjacent N-fertilized purple soil cropland, suggesting nitrogen (N)-enriched ditches are important anthropogenic N₂O sources. Mean cumulative N₂O emissions during summer and autumn were higher than those in spring and winter. Overlying water nitrate (NO₃ ^?-N) concentration and sediment-water interface temperature were primary factors affecting seasonal N₂O emissions. Heavy precipitation transported NO₃ ^?-N from cropland and increase NO₃ ^?-N in the agricultural headwater ditch water, and subsequently stimulate N₂O emissions. A literature review of EF_5r (the indirect N₂O emission factor for rivers) revealed a mean value of 0.23%, similar to our values (0.27%), and also the default value (0.25%) proposed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The number of studies on indirect N₂O emissions remains limited, and more in situ measurements are needed to have more accurate values of EF_5r.     

Nitrification and denitrification as sources of atmospheric nitrous oxide – role of oxidizable carbon and applied nitrogen

Laboratory incubation experiments were conducted to study the influence of easily oxidizable C (glucose) and mineral N (NH₄⁺ and NO₃^-) on N₂O emission, evolution of CO₂ and consumption of O₂. A flush of N₂O was always observed during the first few hours after the start of soil incubation, which was significantly higher with NH₄⁺ compared to NO₃^- applications. The increase in N₂O emission was attributed mainly to enhanced soil respiration and subsequent O₂ limitation at the microsite level. Application of NH₄⁺ helped to develop denitrifying populations since subsequent additions of NO₃^- and a C source significantly enhanced N₂O emissions. In soils treated with NH₄⁺, N₂O emissions declined rapidly, which was related to decreasing concentrations of easily oxidizable C. Addition of glucose in different amounts and pre-incubation of soil for different lengths of time (to create variation in the amount of easily oxidizable C) changed the pattern of N₂O emissions, which was ascribed to changes in soil respiration.     

优化施肥下华北冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系农田反硝化损失与N2O排放特征

在田间条件下,应用乙炔抑制-原状土柱培养法测定优化施肥下华北冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系土壤反硝化和N2O的排放特征。研究表明:冬小麦和夏玉米整个生育期反硝化速率和N2O排放通量均表现出明显的季节性变化,且均与土壤水分和无机氮浓度呈显著正相关。小麦季和玉米季的反硝化损失量及N2O排放量均表现出随施肥量的降低而降低,夏玉米季的反硝化损失量和N2O排放量均高于小麦季。小麦季的反硝化损失量和N2O排放量习惯施肥处理是氮肥减量后移处理的1.62和1.67倍,玉米季分别为2.01和2.00倍。氮肥减量后移可能是通过改变土壤无机氮浓度而降低反硝化损失量和N2O排放量。     

Trends and uncertainties in volatile organic compound emissions from anthropogenic sources

This paper discusses trends and uncertainties in the anthropogenic emission inventory for VOC. EPA's trend analysis indicates that emissions increased almost across the board until about 1970. After 1970, emissions continued to increase for industrial solvents, but declined for transportation, nonindustrial solvents, and combustion and waste disposal. With the current emphasis on using grid models to define NO_x and VOC control strategies, the uncertainty of emission inventories is becoming increasingly important. However, the volume of data in an emissions inventory makes the detailed assessment of uncertainty difficult if not impossible.     

Nitrous oxide emission from soil and from a nitrogen-15-labelled fertilizer with the new nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP)

Mineral-N fertilization can lead to a short-term enhancement of N₂O emission from cultivated land. The aim of this field study was the quantitative determination of the short-term N₂O emission after application of a fertilizer with the new nitrification inhibitor (NI) 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) to winter wheat. NO₃^- and NH₄⁺ fertilizers labelled with ¹⁵N in liquid and granulated form were used in specific fertilizer strategies. N fertilizers with higher NO₃^- contents caused higher N₂O emission than NH₄⁺ fertilizers. For fertilizers with NIs, used in simplified fertilizer strategies with fewer applications and an earlier timing of the N fertilization, the N₂O release was reduced by about 20%. Of the total N₂O emission measured, 10-40% was attributed to fertilizer N and 60-90% originated from soil N. Besides the fertilizer NO₃^--N, the microbial available-N pool in the soil represented a further important source for N₂O losses. Compared to liquid fertilizers, the application in granulated form led to smaller N₂O emissions. For fertilizers with NIs, the decrease in the N₂O emission is mainly due to their low NO₃^--N content and the possibility of reducing the number of applications.