亚热带城郊草坪土壤呼吸对春季天气变化的响应

采用静态箱-碱液吸收法,对亚热带(长沙市)城郊2种暖季型草坪(狗牙根和台湾草)2012年初春典型天气过程下的土壤呼吸进行了连续28天的逐日观测,研究草坪土壤呼吸对春季天气变化的响应规律。结果表明,在春季的连续阴雨期、寒潮降温期和快速升温期,土壤呼吸波动较大,分别介于C 0.22~0.53、0.51~0.89和0.51~1.22 g/(m2·d),基本与土温变化一致。在观测期内,草坪土壤呼吸的表观Q10值较高(2.52),但在寒潮降温期和快速升温期Q10值降低(1.70和1.96),反映出草坪土壤微生物和根系活动对初春快速温度变化响应的敏感度降低,这可能是土壤呼吸长期适应的结果。春季降雨充沛,草坪土壤呼吸随着土壤质量含水量的升高而降低,较高的日降雨量明显抑制了土壤呼吸。两种草坪间土壤呼吸速率没有显著性差异,草种对初春土壤呼吸的影响可能很小。试验结果表明春季水热变化快,土壤呼吸日值波动大,在估算土壤呼吸年通量时,应充分考虑短期天气变化尺度上土壤呼吸的剧烈波动。     

农业生产对石灰性土壤无机碳库损失的影响

一般认为,土壤无机碳（SIC）周转缓慢,在全球农田碳循环及应对气候变化等方面的作用有限。近年来越来越多的证据表明,土壤无机碳转化速率也较快,在土壤肥力、碳库转化和调节大气二氧化碳浓度方面的作用不容小觑。总结了国内外关于农田无机碳方面的研究进展,强调无机碳在农田土壤固碳、缓冲土壤pH等方面具有重要作用;农业生产特别是氮肥大量施用导致我国一些地区农田无机碳消耗,加速土壤酸化,增加了作物重金属污染风险,影响了农田土壤健康。认为我国“秦岭-淮河”南北分界区非石灰性土壤与石灰性过渡区、山东半岛棕壤与潮土过渡区、东北黑土与黑钙土过渡区等区域SIC含量相对较低、降水量相对较高,长期大量施用氮肥会导致农田表层SIC发生损失,属SIC损失敏感区。提出应进一步研究的问题,包括：查明农业生产特别是施用氮肥对土壤无机碳去向的影响,研究土壤有机碳-二氧化碳-钙离子-无机碳相互作用机理及对氮肥的响应,在全球碳循环及土壤碳收支平衡研究中,应考虑人类活动特别是农业生产对土壤无机碳库的影响。建议定期监测我国无机碳损失敏感区农田土壤无机碳含量,合理施肥以减少土壤无机碳损失。     

Revisiting classic water erosion models in drylands: The strong impact of biological soil crusts

Soil erosion and subsequent degradation has been a contributor to societal collapse in the past and is one of the major expressions of desertification in arid regions. The revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) models soil lost to water erosion as a function of climate erosivity (the degree to which rainfall can result in erosion), topography, soil erodibility, and land use/management. The soil erodibility factor (K) is primarily based upon inherent soil properties (those which change slowly or not at all) such as soil texture and organic matter content, while the cover/management factor (C) is based on several parameters including biological soil crust (BSC) cover. We examined the effect of two more precise indicators of BSC development, chlorophyll a and exopolysaccharides (EPS), upon soil stability, which is closely inversely related to soil loss in an erosion event. To examine the relative influence of these elements of the C factor to the K factor, we conducted our investigation across eight strongly differing soils in the 0.8 million ha Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument. We found that within every soil group, chlorophyll a was a moderate to excellent predictor of soil stability (R² = 0.21–0.75), and consistently better than EPS. Using a simple structural equation model, we explained over half of the variance in soil stability and determined that the direct effect of chlorophyll a was 3× more important than soil group in determining soil stability. Our results suggest that, holding the intensity of erosive forces constant, the acceleration or reduction of soil erosion in arid landscapes will primarily be an outcome of management practices. This is because the factor which is most influential to soil erosion, BSC development, is also among the most manageable, implying that water erosion in drylands has a solution.     

Microbial responses and nitrous oxide emissions during wetting and drying of organically and conventionally managed soil under tomatoes

The types and amounts of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) inputs, as well as irrigation management are likely to influence gaseous emissions and microbial ecology of agricultural soil. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) efflux, with and without acetylene inhibition, inorganic N, and microbial biomass C were measured after irrigation or simulated rainfall in two agricultural fields under tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum). The two fields, located in the California Central Valley, had either a history of high organic matter (OM) inputs (“organic” management) or one of low OM and inorganic fertilizer inputs (“conventional” management). In microcosms, where short-term microbial responses to wetting and drying were studied, the highest CO₂ efflux took place at about 60% water-filled pore space (WFPS). At this moisture level, phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) indicative of microbial nutrient availability were elevated and a PLFA stress indicator was depressed, suggesting peak microbial activity. The highest N₂O efflux in the organically managed soil (0.94 mg N₂O-N m⁻² h⁻¹) occurred after manure and legume cover crop incorporation, and in the conventionally managed soil (2.12 mg N₂O-N m⁻² h⁻¹) after inorganic N fertilizer inputs. Elevated N₂O emissions occurred at a WFPS >60% and lasted <2 days after wetting, probably because the top layer (0–150 mm) of this silt loam soil dried quickly. Therefore, in these cropping systems, irrigation management might control the duration of elevated N₂O efflux, even when C and inorganic N availability are high, whereas inorganic N concentrations should be kept low during times when soil moisture cannot be controlled.     

三峡库区生物结皮对土壤分离过程的影响及其机制

为探明三峡库区生物结皮对土壤分离过程的影响及机制,以湖北省秭归县王家桥小流域为研究区域,选取以苔藓为优势种的生物结皮样地,以无结皮覆盖的裸地为对照,设计5个结皮盖度水平(1%～20%、20%～40%、40%～60%、60%～80%和80%～100%),采集原状土样,进行不同侵蚀动力条件下(水流剪切力4.89～17.99 Pa)的冲刷试验,建立生物结皮盖度与土壤分离能力、细沟可蚀性和临界剪切力间的定量关系,明确影响土壤分离过程的主要因素并阐明其作用过程。结果表明,生物结皮盖度显著影响土壤分离,裸地的土壤分离能力(0.160 kg/(m2·s))为生物结皮土壤(0.008～0.081 kg/(m2·s))的1.9倍～21.0倍,裸地的细沟可蚀性(0.018 7 s/m)为生物结皮土壤(0.009 5～0.000 9 s/m)的2.0倍～20.0倍;相对土壤分离速率和细沟可蚀性均随结皮盖度的增加呈指数衰减;通径分析显示土壤分离能力主要受结皮盖度、土壤黏结力和沙粒含量的影响,细沟可蚀性主要受结皮盖度和土壤容重的影响;非线性回归表明,土壤分离能力可用水流剪切力、黏结力和结皮盖度的幂函数进行模拟(...     

Ants mediate soil water in arid desert ecosystems: Mitigating rainfall interception induced by biological soil crusts?

As vital components of desert systems, the roles of ants in arid ecological processes have been well documented, while little attention has been given to their effects on soil water. We conducted a six-year investigation in sand dune systems stabilized via revegetation, to explore the hydrological role of ants through comparing the influence of ant nests on rainfall infiltration in different-aged revegetated dunes. The presence of ant nests markedly enhanced infiltration due to weakening the rainfall interception by biological soil crusts (BSCs) in revegetated dunes. The distribution of ant nest was denser in older revegetated areas, due to better developed BSCs of later successional stages, compared to younger revegetated areas. Ants prefer later to early successional BSCs because the later lichen–moss dominated crusts were thicker and their surface was more stable than the early cyanobacteria dominated crusts. Conversely, the crustal rainfall interception was positively correlated with BSC thickness. These findings suggest that the occurrence of ant nests in older revegetated areas benefited to the planted shrubs with deeper root systems and maintain a relative constant cover of shrubs in artificial sand-binding vegetation following an increase in infiltration to deeper soil layers.     

Modelling refractory soil organic matter

Most models for the turnover of soil organic matter (SOM) include a compartment that is either considered inert, or has a very slow turnover time (refractory SOM; RSOM). The RSOM content of soils varies markedly between sites, and knowledge of its size and variability are essential for determining whether soils behave as sources or sinks of atmospheric CO₂. It has also been suggested that the accurate specification of RSOM pools is essential to modelling studies, and that uncertainty in estimates of the size of RSOM pool could be a major source of error in modelling soil organic C. In this paper, current SOM models are reviewed, and approaches to modelling RSOM and its significance are discussed. Simulations of SOM turnover for the Rothamsted Broadbalk winter wheat experiment using the Rothamsted C model and CENTURY are presented as examples. Received: 13 July 1999     

荒漠区生物土壤结皮对土壤酶活性的影响

在干旱的沙漠生态系统中,生物土壤结皮对于沙丘的固定和土壤生物的维持起着相当重要的作用。土壤酶活性能敏感地指示土壤的恢复程度,是衡量沙区生态恢复与健康的重要生物学属性,而目前关于生物土壤结皮与土壤酶活性的关系研究很少。为探明生物土壤结皮对土壤酶活性的影响,以腾格里沙漠东南缘的人工植被固沙区生物土壤结皮覆盖的沙丘土壤为研究对象,根据固沙时间的不同将样地分为4个不同的区进行采样(57、49、32和22 a固沙区),以流沙区(0 a)和红卫天然植被区(100 a)为对照。研究表明:人工植被固沙区的藻-地衣结皮和藓类结皮均可显著提高土壤碱性磷酸酶、蛋白酶和纤维素酶的活性(p0.05);结皮类型显著影响土壤酶的活性,发育晚期的藓类结皮下土壤碱性磷酸酶、蛋白酶和纤维素酶的活性显著高于发育早期的藻-地衣结皮下土壤酶的活性(p0.05);固沙年限显著影响土壤碱性磷酸酶、蛋白酶和纤维素酶的活性,且与这三种土壤酶活性均存在显著的线性正相关关系(p0.05);目前,生物土壤结皮可显著提高0~20 cm土层碱性磷酸酶、蛋白酶和纤维素酶的活性(p0.05),且这种影响随土层的增加而减弱。而且,生物土壤结皮下土壤碱性磷酸酶、蛋白酶和纤维素酶的活性表现明显的季节变化,表现为夏季秋季春季和冬季。腾格里沙漠东南缘的人工植被固沙区生物土壤结皮的存在与演替提高了土壤酶的活性,生物土壤结皮有利于该区土壤及其相应生态系统的恢复。     

生物土壤结皮对荒漠区土壤微生物生物量的影响

为探明生物土壤结皮对土壤微生物生物量碳和氮的影响,以腾格里沙漠东南缘的人工植被固沙区生物土壤结皮覆盖的沙丘土壤为研究对象,根据固沙时间的不同将样地分为4个不同的区进行采样(55、47、30和20 a固沙区),以流沙区(0 a)和天然植被区(100 a)为对照。研究表明:人工植被固沙区的藻-地衣结皮和藓类结皮均可显著提高土壤微生物生物量碳(SMBC)和氮(SMBN)含量(p0.05),且固沙年限与SMBC和SMBN含量存在显著的正相关关系(p0.05);结皮类型显著影响土壤微生物生物量,藓类结皮下SMBC和SMBN含量显著高于藻-地衣结皮下SMBC和SMBN含量(p0.05);此外,生物土壤结皮可显著提高0~20 cm土层SMBC和SMBN含量(p0.05),且这种影响随土层的增加而减弱。而且,生物土壤结皮下SMBC和SMBN含量表现明显的季节变化,表现为夏季春季秋季。水热因子是决定土壤微生物生物量季节变化的主要因子,而生物土壤结皮通过调节土壤温度和湿度而影响土壤微生物生物量的季节变化。     

Feasibility of cyanobacterial inoculation for biological soil crusts formation in desert area

Practical testing of the feasibility of cyanobacterial inoculation to speed up the recovery of biological soil crusts in the field was conducted in this experiment. Results showed that cyanobacterial and algal cover climbed up to 48.5% and a total of 14 cyanobacterial and algal species were identified at the termination of inoculation experiment; biological crusts' thickness, compressive and chlorophyll a content increased with inoculation time among 3 years; moss species appeared in the second year; cyanobacterial inoculation increased organic carbon and total nitrogen of the soil; total salt, calcium carbonate and electrical conductivity in the soil also increased after inoculation. Diverse vascular plant communities composed of 10 and 9 species are established by cyanobacterial inoculation on the windward and leeward surface of the dunes, respectively, after 3 years. The Simpson index for the above two communities are 0.842 and 0.852, while the Shannon-Weiner index are 2.097 and 2.053, respectively. In conclusion, we suggest that cyanobacterial inoculation would be a suitable and effective technique to recover biological soil crusts, and may further restore the ecological system.     

Tillage and wind effects on soil CO2 concentrations in muck soils

Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentrations from agricultural activities prompted the need to quantify greenhouse gas emissions to better understand carbon (C) cycling and its role in environmental quality. The specific objective of this work was to determine the effect of no-tillage, deep plowing and wind speeds on the soil CO₂ concentration in muck (organic) soils of the Florida Everglades. Miniature infrared gas analyzers were installed at 30 cm and recorded every 15 min in muck soil plowed with the Harrell Switch Plow (HSP) to 41 cm and in soil Not Tilled (NT), i.e., not plowed in last 9 months. The soil CO₂ concentration exhibited temporal dynamics independent of barometric pressure fluctuations. Loosening the soil resulted in a very rapid decline in CO₂ concentration as a result of “wind-induced” gas exchange from the soil surface. Higher wind speeds during mid-day resulted in a more rapid loss of CO₂ from the HSP than from the NT plots. The subtle trend in the NT plots was similar, but lower in magnitude. Tillage-induced change in soil air porosity enabled wind speed to affect the gas exchange and soil CO₂ concentration at 30 cm, literally drawing the CO₂ out of the soil resulting in a rapid decline in the CO₂ concentration, indicating more rapid soil carbon loss with tillage. At the end of the study, CO₂ concentrations in the NT plots averaged about 3.3% while that in the plowed plots was about 1.4%. Wind and associated aerodynamic pressure fluctuations affect gas exchange from soils, especially tilled muck soils with low bulk densities and high soil air porosity following tillage.     

Shifts in microbial community and water-extractable organic matter composition with biochar amendment in a temperate forest soil

Biochar amendment in soil has been proposed as a carbon sequestration strategy which may also enhance soil physical and chemical properties such as nutrient and water holding capacity as well as soil fertility and plant productivity. However, biochar may also stimulate microbial activity which may lead to increased soil CO₂ respiration and accelerated soil organic matter (OM) degradation which could partially negate these intended benefits. To investigate short-term soil microbial responses to biochar addition, we conducted a 24 week laboratory incubation study. Biochar produced from the pyrolysis of sugar maple wood at 500 °C was amended at concentrations of 5, 10 and 20 t/ha in a phosphorus-limited forest soil which is under investigation as a site for biochar amendment. The cumulative soil CO₂ respired was higher for biochar-amended samples relative to controls. At 10 and 20 t/ha biochar application rates, the concentration of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) specific to Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as actinomycetes were lower than controls for the first 16 weeks, then increased between weeks 16–24, suggesting a gradual microbial adaptation to altered soil conditions. Increases in the ratio of bacteria/fungi and lower ratios of Gram-negative/Gram-positive bacteria suggest a microbial community shift in favour of Gram-positive bacteria. In addition, decreasing ratios of cy17:0/16:1ω7 PLFAs, a proxy used to examine bacterial substrate limitation, suggest that bacteria adapted to the new conditions in biochar-amended soil over time. Concentrations of water-extractable organic matter (WEOM) increased in all samples after 24 weeks and were higher than controls for two of the biochar application rates. Solution-state ¹H NMR analysis of WEOM revealed an increase in microbial-derived short-chain carboxylic acids, lower concentrations of labile carbohydrate and peptide components of soil OM and potential accumulation of more recalcitrant polymethylene carbon during the incubation. Our results collectively suggest that biochar amendment increases the activity of specific microorganisms in soil, leading to increased CO₂ fluxes and degradation of labile soil OM constituents.     

Biolog方法在区分城市土壤与农村土壤微生物特性上的应用

通过利用环境微生物研究中比较可靠有效的Biolog方法研究了英国阿伯丁市城市土壤与邻近农村土壤的微生物群落结构和功能多样性,结果表明在重金属元素胁迫下,城市土壤的微生物群落结构与农村土壤相比已经发生了显著的改变,从而导致城市土壤微生物在利用能源碳方面包括消耗量、消耗速度、能源碳的利用种类等发生了一系列改变,使城市土壤显著区别于农村土壤。