The effect of rank order on feed intake and growth of fattening pigs

On the basis of 120 fattening pigs, classified in 6 groups of 20 animals each, the rank order was determined and its influence on the feed intake behaviour as well as on the fattening progress was studied. The results show that with respect to the total length of stay at the trough and to the time per visit to the feeding station the dominant barrows stayed significantly longer at the feeding place than their subordinate pen mates. Additionally, they showed a higher weight at the end of the fattening period and a higher weight gain per day of fattening. As to the frequency of the visits to the feeding station there was no significant difference between high-ranking and low-ranking animals during the period of observation.     

谷氨酰胺在断奶仔猪饲料中的应用效果

选取108头28日龄杜大长三元杂交断奶仔猪,按饲养试验随机分成3组,每组设3个重复,每个重复12头。Ⅰ组为5%乳清粉日粮组、Ⅱ组为0.5%谷氨酰胺二肽日粮组、Ⅲ组为2%乳清粉+0.5%谷氨酰胺二肽日粮组。试验从28日龄开始至52日龄时结束,试验期为24d,进行断奶仔猪日粮中添加谷氨酰胺对提高断奶仔猪生长性能的试验研究。试验结果表明:Ⅱ组(0.5%谷氨酰胺二肽)比对照Ⅰ组(5%乳清粉)平均日增重提高了3.8%,差异不显著(P>0.05);Ⅲ组(0.5%谷氨酰胺二肽+2%乳清粉)比对照Ⅰ组(5%乳清粉)平均日增重提高了19.2%(P<0.05),增重效果显著。这表明断奶仔猪日粮中添加0.5%谷氨酰胺二肽可替代5%的乳清粉,谷氨酰胺和乳清粉联合使用(用0.5%的谷氨酰胺二肽替代3%的乳清粉)对断奶仔猪来说能取得更理想的饲养效果,并且显著降低了饲料成本。在饲料报酬和采食量方面,Ⅱ组(0.5%谷氨酰胺二肽)与对照Ⅰ组(5%乳清粉)相比饲料转化率降低了1.17%,差异不显著(P>0.05);Ⅲ组(0.5%谷氨酰胺二肽+2%乳清粉)与对照Ⅰ组(5%乳清粉)相比饲料转化率提高了9.25%,差异显著(P<0.05)。表明谷氨酰胺能改善仔猪肠道功能,增加营养物质的吸收,谷氨酰胺与乳清粉联合使用可显著提高饲料转化率,同时可促进仔猪的采食量。在仔猪腹泻方面,试验各组的断奶仔猪均保持在一较低水平的腹泻率,并且差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

添加呈味核苷酸对断乳仔猪采食量的影响

剌激断乳仔猪的食欲,提高采食量,才能最大限度地发挥断乳仔猪的生长性能。选择36头平均体重为7.36kg、30日龄的杜长大杂交断乳仔猪,按体重、公母等平均原则,随机分为对照组和试验组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮基础上添加含5'-肌苷酸二钠(IMP)、5'-鸟苷酸二钠(GMP)的呈味核苷酸400mg/kg,试验期30d。结果显示:试验组各重复头均日采食量、头均日增重分别比对照组提高18.96%、13.61%。由此可知,添加含5'-肌苷酸二钠(IMP)、5'-鸟苷酸二钠(GMP)的呈味核苷酸能提高断乳仔猪的食欲及采食量,并改善断乳仔猪的生长性能。     

Voluntary feed intake and growth performance of slow-growing pigs fed on increasing levels of ensiled potato hash meal

The objective of the study was to determine voluntary feed intake and growth performance of Windsnyer pigs fed on increasing levels of potato hash silage meal. Thirty-six growing Windsnyer pigs (19 kg ± 5.59) (mean ± standard deviation (SD)) were individually and randomly assigned to six experimental diets containing 0, 80, 160, 240, 320 and 400 g/kg DM of potato hash silage. Diets containing the potato hash silage were formulated using diet dilution method from 0 g/kg and 400 g/kg. Six pigs were fed on each diet ad libitum for 6 weeks. Average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG), gain to feed (G/F) ratio, scaled feed intake (SFI) and scaled average daily gain (SADG) were measured weekly. Increasing levels of potato hash silage caused a decrease (P < 0.05) in ADG, G/F ratio and SADG. The ADFI interacted significantly (P < 0.05) with the inclusion level of potato hash silage and week of feeding. Pigs fed on 240 g/kg potato hash silage had greater ADFI in the second, third and fourth week of feeding. There was a quadratic increase (P < 0.05) in ADFI. There was a linear decrease (P < 0.05) in ADG and G/F ratio and SADG as the potato hash silage level increased. Using piecewise regression, potato hash silage can be included up to 240 g/kg DM in Windsnyer pigs without undermining growth performance.     

Conceptus and maternal responses to increased feed intake during early gestation in pigs

Maternal diet influences fetal growth and postnatal development. We hypothesized that conceptuses gestated in sows provided ad libitum vs. restricted feed intake would differ in the milieu of hormones, growth factors, nutrients, and metabolites associated with growth and metabolism. This hypothesis was tested in two experiments by providing fourth-parity sows (Pig Improvement Co. C15 bred to Line 326 boars) with either 1.81 kg/d (as-fed basis; control) or ad libitum access to gestation diet. In Exp. 1, control (n = 6) or ad libitum (6.4 +/- 0.11 kg/d; n = 9) treatments were provided from d 29 to 45 (onset of estrus is d 0), and sows were slaughtered on d 46. Ad libitum sows gained more weight from d 29 to 45 than controls (34.0 vs. 4.32 kg, respectively; P < 0.01). No differences were observed on d 46 for the number of fetuses, conceptus attachment length, allantoic + amniotic fluid volume, placental weight, fetal weight, and fetal crown-to-rump length. Variation in fetal crown-to-rump length was less (P < 0.03) in sows fed ad libitum. Sows fed ad libitum had greater (P < 0.01) IGF-I and insulin concentrations in plasma than controls on d 43. In Exp. 2, sows were fed 1.81 kg/d (n = 6) or ad libitum (7.0 +/- 0.11 kg/d; n = 4) from d 30 to 56 of gestation, when sows were anesthetized and samples were collected surgically from their gravid uteri. Sows fed ad libitum gained more weight (P < 0.01) than did controls and had more (P < 0.06) IGF-I in their plasma and the plasma collected from umbilical veins of their fetuses. No differences were found for concentrations of insulin or glucose in plasma of sows or fetuses, but urea N concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) in maternal plasma and in the plasma, and allantoic and amniotic fluids of conceptuses from sows fed ad libitum. Combined data from Exp. 1 and 2 revealed a treatment x fetal number interaction (P < 0.05) for average fetal weight. The expected negative relationship between within-litter average fetal weight and the number of fetuses per uterus was observed for control sows (y = 115.4 -1.75 x fetal number; P < 0.05), but litters of ad libitum sows did not show this effect. The hypothesis that providing feed in excess of established requirements in early gestation affects the in utero milieu is supported by these results. Data further reveal that, at least at mid-gestation, the restraint to fetal growth that is exhibited when fetal number increases in control sows is not exhibited when sows are fed ad libitum.     

高免全蛋粉对早期断奶仔猪生产性能、肠道组织形态的研究

试验研究高免全蛋粉对早期断奶仔猪生产性能、肠道组织形态及饲料表观消化率的影响 ,以及在断奶仔猪日粮中添加高免全蛋粉的应用效果。试验采用 72头、2 8d断奶仔猪 (杜×长 ) ,按性别、体重随机分为 4个处理 ,每个处理 6个重复 ,每个重复 3头仔猪。 4个处理组为高免全蛋粉组、血浆蛋白粉组、普通全蛋粉组和不添加上述 3种蛋白原料的对照组 ,试验期 2 8d。试验结果表明 :0～ 14d ,在断奶仔猪试验日粮中添加高免全蛋粉 ,能显著提高平均日采食量、平均日增重和饲料转化效率 ,而与血浆蛋白粉组没有显著差异 ;15～ 2 8d ,高免全蛋粉有提高采食量的趋势。高免全蛋粉能显著提高干物质、总能、粗蛋白、有机物、钙、总磷、灰分的表观消化率。高免全蛋粉能有效防治早期断奶仔猪腹泻 ;在日粮中添加高免全蛋粉能降低肠道中大肠杆菌数 ,增加绒毛高度 ,降低隐窝深度。在断奶仔猪日粮中添加高免全蛋粉 ,在获得与添加血浆蛋白粉组相同的生产性能下 ,每吨饲料可以节省成本 4 2 .3元。     

有机微量元素对断奶仔猪生长发育和饲料利用率的影响

以无机盐和氧化物形式提供给动物各种微量元素 ,不仅元素利用率低 ,而且还可能氧化破坏配合饲料和添加剂预混料中的其他活性营养物质。因此 ,人们开始对有机微量元素 (氨基酸螯合物 )进行了不断的探索。 1 977年Ａｓｈｍｅａｄ博士报道铁螯合物可以预防仔猪缺铁性贫血。 1 989年美国饲料监察局的官方出版物中 ,载入了多种金属元素氨基酸螯合物以及被称为“金属元素蛋白盐”的复合物。 1 994年东北农业大学许丽等报道 ,在围产期向母猪日粮中添加甘氨酸铁 ,仔猪生后不补铁可以达到预防和治疗仔猪贫血的目的。本试验以无机微量元素为对照组 ,研…     

仔猪营养研究进展及无公害化饲养与饲粮配制

随着经济发展与人民生活水平的提高,人们对肉、蛋、奶食品的消费观念也发生了变化,即由单纯营养型,向营养保健型方面发展。对提高畜产品品质及卫生标准有了更高的要求。今后高产、高效虽然是畜牧业与饲料工业发展的目标,但畜产品药残以及动物生产过程中对环境造成的污染,必须引起动物营养学家的高度重视。在养猪生产中,仔猪阶段是生长发育最强、饲料利用率最高、开发潜力最大的一个阶段,也是死亡率最高、饲养管理最繁杂的一个阶段。除了做好品种的选育、搞好饲养管理、合理的营养外,可采取一定的营养技术措施:如酸化剂、酶制剂、调味剂、代…     

早期断奶仔猪过渡料的配制技术

为适应仔猪早期断奶的需要,需要高质量的断奶仔猪过渡料来克服仔猪的断奶应激。本文对断奶仔猪过渡料的营养标准、原料选择、加工工艺和饲料药物添加剂的应用等技术要点进行介绍。     

The effect of krill meal at lowered chitin contents in feed mixtures for fattening pigs on depot fat quality

The aim of this research was to determine the impact of feeding fattening pigs with krill meal added mixture at lowered chitin content to about 50% on the physiochemical properties of depot fat. The obtained results show, that feeding pigs with complete mixture with krill meal added at lowered chitin content resulted in the decreased amount of saturated fatty acids and increased amount of unsaturated fatty acids in back fat and suet.     

Ethologic risks of early weaning in pigs]

Regularities of social behaviour in sheep have been studied in large-scale production conditions. Efforts were made to work out an hypothesis and to determine the extent in which the biosocial relation mother-young one represent a limiting factor for animal sociability during their ontogeny. For this purpose, two forms of weaning were defined and compared: lasting 28 days (early) and 10 days (very early). Sociability of animals in a group and indexes of their sociability (IS) were criterions under study. The IS values in the first form of weaning varied within the values 3.24-4.09. An average IS value was mean = 2.68 and the dynamics of social hierarchy of the group was stable on the 8th day of their age (Fig. 1). The IS values varied within 1.21-4.30 in the second form of weaning. Average IS value of animals in the group was mean = 3.55 and the sociability was stable on the 28th day of their age. The study was aimed at analysing the social adaptation, eventually maladaptation as a potential consequence of deprivation resulting from very early weaning of pigs. Fig. 3 shows the results of research in the form of different indexes of sociability between simulated weanings of pigs, form I--2.68 and form II 3.55. The IS difference is significant at the significance level alpha = 0.01 and alpha = 0.05. This fact confirms hypothesis of social maladaptation as a consequence of social deprivation of young animals very early weaned.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Effect of replacing barley with tapioca meal at two different levels of feeding on the growth and health of early weaned pigs

The effects of barley and tapioca meal as the main source of carbohydrate — at two levels of feeding — on the growth and health of early weaned piglets were compared. The effects of the two carbohydrate sources on growth were not significantly different, but the tapioca ration caused a significantly higher incidence of digestive disturbances, even though it showed a better digestible energy in experiments with rats. Ad libitum feeding resulted in a significantly higher rate of growth than restricted feeding, but at the same time there was a significantly higher incidence of digestive disturbances and a lower utilization of energy. Restriction of feed was thus found to be an effective way of reducing the incidence of digestive disturbances and a lower utilization of energy. Restriction of feed was thus found to be an effective way of reducing the incidence of scouring. Tapioca meal appears to be a suitable source of carbohydrate, when balanced with other essential nutrients.     

早期断奶乳猪日粮原料的选择及饲养技术的研究

前言哺乳仔猪实行早期断奶在养猪生产上具有很大的优越性。目前,仔猪断奶日龄普遍提前,规模化猪场在乳猪出生后7～10d开始补饲代乳料,断奶日龄为21～28d。但是,以目前国内的生产水平,大规模地推广早期断奶技术还存在不少困难,其中最主要的难题是难以有效地防止乳猪早期断奶后腹     

The effect of litter size before weaning on subsequent body development, feed intake, and reproductive performance of young rabbit does

An experiment was performed to study the effect of litter size before weaning on subsequent body development and composition, feed intake, and reproductive performance of young rabbit does with the objective to improve reproductive performance. Litter size (LS) before weaning (treatment) was 6, 9, or 12 kits. After weaning (30 d), 58 female kits per treatment (in two successive replicates) were reared and fed for ad libitum intake to 14.5 wk of age (end of rearing). At 14.5 wk of age, receptive does were inseminated. Nonreceptive and nonpregnant does were inseminated at 17.5 wk of age. The experiment ended when the second litter was weaned. Part of the animals was slaughtered to determine body composition at the end of the experiment (replicate one) and at the end of rearing (replicate two). At weaning, BW differed among treatments (P < 0.05; 855, 773, and 664 +/- 15 g for LS6, 9, and 12, respectively). Compensatory growth was observed. At the end of rearing, LS12 does were smaller (P < 0.05) than LS9 and LS6 does (3,524, 3,778, and 3,850 +/- 48 g, respectively). After first lactation, no difference in BW among treatments was found. Compared with LS6, empty body weight (BW minus gut, bladder, and uterus content) of LS12 contained more (P < 0.05) nitrogen (32.5 vs 31.1 +/- 0.3 g/kg), more (P < 0.05) ash (30.7 vs 28.3 +/- 0.6 g/kg), and less (P < 0.05) fat (168.6 vs 200.2 +/- 8.6 g/kg). No differences in body composition among treatments were found at the end of the experiment. During rearing, LS12 had the lowest (P < 0.05) daily feed intake (152, 164, and 169 +/- 2 g/d for LS12, 9, and 6, respectively). During the reproductive period, no differences in feed intake among treatments were found. Kindling rate (the number of kindlings per number of inseminations) was not influenced by treatment. In the first parity, total litter size (number of alive and stillborn kits) was lower (P < 0.10) for LS12 than for LS9 (6.4 vs 8.6 +/- 0.5, respectively). When first mating was delayed by 3 wk, an increased (P < 0.05) total litter size was found regardless of treatment (7.5 and 9.4 +/- 0.3 for 14.5, and 17.5 wk, respectively). Decreasing litter size before weaning from nine to six kits did not alter future reproductive performance. Based on results of this study, it seems advisable to perform a limited standardization level (at nine kits) after kindling and postpone first mating to an older age (17.5 wk) to improve reproductive performance.     

青蒿提取物作为饲料添加剂对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响

试验将青蒿提取物作为饲料添加剂饲喂断奶仔猪。结果发现:试验组D平均日增重分别比对照组A、试验组B和试验组C提高了23.81%、18.18%、26.83%,差异极显著(P<0.01);对照组A、试验组B、试验组C之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。试验组D平均日采食量分别比对照组A、试验组B、试验组C提高了19.48%、15.00%2、4.32%,差异极显著(P<0.01),试验组A、B、C平均日采食量差异不显著。试验组D料重比比对照组A、试验组B、试验组C下降了3.28%2、.74%、1.67%,差异显著(P<0.05),试验组A、B、C三组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

仔猪早期断乳料的蛋白质来源

１仔猪对蛋白质的需求和消化仔猪早期(４．５ｋｇ～１１ｋｇ)对粗蛋白的需求一般为２０%,如果以构成理想蛋白质模式来补充合成必需氨基酸,可适当降低饲粮粗蛋白质水平。这主要取决于饲料中能量水平及饲料原料的营养消化率。近年来有研究表明,断奶料中随着粗蛋白水平的提高,仔猪肠后段的腐败性物质增多,董国忠等(１９９７)报道,随着断乳料蛋白水平增高,对仔猪组织损伤程度加剧。由于早期断乳仔猪消化道尚未发育健全,各种消化酶合成分泌水平很低,且对饲粮蛋白质来源极为敏感。研究表明,不同蛋白质来源影响仔猪消化酶合成,尤其是蛋白酶(胃蛋白…     

The effects of weaning age, diet composition, and categorisation of creep feed intake by piglets on diarrhoea and performance after weaning

This study investigated the effects of weaning age, diet, and classification of piglets as ‘eaters’ or ‘non eaters’ of creep feed in lactation, on production and diarrhoea after weaning. Four antimicrobial-free diets were offered in lactation and for 14 days after weaning: (i) wheat–soy based diet with animal and vegetable (‘mixed’) protein sources (COMM), (ii) heat-processed rice (HPR) with barley hulls and potato starch and mixed protein sources (RBHPS), (iii) HPR with sugar-beet pulp and mixed protein sources (RSBP), and (iv) HPR with mixed protein sources (R). Piglets were individually examined for diarrhoea daily for 14 days after weaning, and antibiotic treatments were individually recorded. Faecal swabs were taken on day 10 after weaning and scored for β-haemolytic Escherichia coli. There were significant main effects of weaning age and diet (both P < 0.001) on daily gain between weaning and 14 days after weaning. Pigs weaned later grew 50 g/day more than pigs weaned earlier, and pigs fed the COMM diet grew slower than pigs fed the rice-based diets. The number of antibiotic treatments was influenced by diet (P < 0.001), with most treatments (2.1) given to pigs fed the diet RBHPS. Faecal score was influenced by a weaning age and diet interaction (P < 0.01). There was no correlation (P > 0.05) between the number of antibiotics treatments and the E. coli score.     

饲粮加工对仔猪断奶早期生产性能的影响

本试验分别选择3周龄断奶的长白仔猪3窝和长×太仔猪4窝,每窝仔猪按配对试验分为2组并在仔猪断奶后第一周分别饲喂加工和未加工的饲粮,重点考察仔猪饲粮加工对两个不同品种仔猪生产性能的影响。在仔猪断奶后第二周,各组仔猪均饲喂同一饲粮以考察前期饲粮加工处理对仔猪生产性能的后续效应。根据加工饲粮的尿素酶活性、胰蛋白酶抑制活性、蛋白质溶解度、蛋白质分散指数及淀粉糊化度等指标,综合确定饲粮的适宜加工条件为料水比1∶2,经121￣126℃(0.10￣0.15MPa)处理3min。试验结果表明,不同品种仔猪断奶早期的生产性能存在较大差异,饲粮加工可以较大程度地提高仔猪断奶早期尤其是断奶后第一周的生产性能,且长白仔猪生产性能的提高程度大于长×太仔猪。