低剂量啶虫脒和双丙环虫酯对棉蚜茧蜂寄生功能的影响

为明确低剂量化学杀虫剂对寄生性天敌昆虫的影响,以棉蚜茧蜂为对象,测定了常用杀虫剂啶虫脒和新型杀虫剂双丙环虫酯在LC₅和LC₃₀剂量下对棉蚜茧蜂寄生功能反应的影响。结果表明：啶虫脒和双丙环虫酯对棉蚜的LC₅₀值分别为442.6和1.67 mg/L,对棉蚜茧蜂的LD₅₀值分别为0.007和20.58μg/cm²。经低剂量的2种杀虫剂处理后,棉蚜茧蜂寄生量与棉蚜密度呈负加速曲线,随棉蚜密度的增加棉蚜茧蜂寄生量逐渐增大,最终趋于平缓。模型拟合结果表明,寄生功能反应模型的基本结构仍然属于Holling-Ⅱ模型,但模型的各项参数均发生了改变。在棉蚜密度为20、40和100头/皿时,除LC₅剂量双丙环虫酯处理棉蚜(间接处理)组棉蚜茧蜂的寄生量与对照组无显著差异外,其他各药剂处理组的寄生量均显著低于对照组,其中LD₃₀剂量啶虫脒直接处理棉蚜茧蜂对其寄生能力的抑制作用最强。经低剂量药剂间接处理后,棉蚜茧蜂处理每头棉蚜所用的时间与对照相比均显著延长,且药...     

Ultrastructure of the apical glandular region of the scolex of Proteocephalus torulosus (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae)

In the apical glandular region of the adult Proteocephalus torulosus (Batsch, 1786), two types of eccrine gland cells are present. The first type of unicellular gland produces large electron-dense granules of various sizes. The second type contains small electron-dense granules. Most cells form glands with large granules; glands with small granules are infrequent. The secretion of both types of gland cells is concentrated in the apical parts of the cyton and in the ducts opening to the exterior. On the scolex of P. torulosus, there are regional structural differences of the microthrix border. The apical glandular region bears filamentous microtriches only. On the remaining frontal part, surrounding the glandular region, there are blade-like and filamentous microtriches. The lateral parts of the scolex and suckers bear blade-like microtriches. Possible functions of both types of gland cells and different parts of the scolex microthrix border are discussed. The unique structure of the frontal part of the scolex of P. torulosus and its differences from Proteocephalus macrocephalus, P. longicollis and P. percae correlate well with the putative basal phylogenetic position of P. torulosus among European species of Proteocephalus.     

烟粉虱与温室白粉虱羧酸酯酶、谷胱甘肽转移酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶性质的比较研究

对温室白粉虱 Trialeurodes vaporariorum和烟粉虱 Bemisia tabaci羧酸酯酶(Car E)、乙酰胆碱酯酶 (ACh E)和谷胱甘肽转移酶 (GSTs)的生物化学性质进行了初步研究。比较 Car E活性 ,烟粉虱显著高于温室白粉虱 ,烟粉虱和温室白粉虱 Car E对底物乙酸 -α-萘酯的 Km 分别为 0 .073mmol/ L 和 3.458mmol/ L。烟粉虱 ACh E活性分布高峰在 2～3m OD/ (min·头 )之间 ,而温室白粉虱 ACh E活性分布高峰在 10～ 15 m OD/ (min·头 )之间 ,烟粉虱 ACh E的 Km 值是温室白粉虱 Km 值的 12 .6倍。烟粉虱的 GSTs比活力为2 .218OD/ (mg pro·min) ,显著高于温室白粉虱的 GSTs比活力 0 .663OD/ (mg pro· min) ,差异达极显著水平 ,烟粉虱 GSTs对底物的亲和力比温室白粉虱高。     

Evaluation of proposed amended names of several pseudomonads and xanthomonads and recommendations

ABSTRACT In 1980, over 90% of all plant-pathogenic pseudomonads and xanthomonads were lumped into Pseudomonas syringae and Xanthomonas campestris, respectively, as pathovars. The term "pathovar" was created to preserve the name of plant pathogens, but has no official standing in nomenclature. Proposals to elevate and rename several pathovars of the genera Pseudomonas and Xanthomonas to the rank of species has caused great confusion in the literature. We believe the following changes have merit and expect to adopt them for publication in a future American Phytopathological Society Laboratory Guide for Identification of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. Upon review of published data and the Rules of The International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria, we make the following recommendations. We reject the proposal to change the name of P. syringae pvs. phaseolicola and glycinea to P. savastanoi pvs. phaseolicola and glycinea, respectively, because both pathogens are easily differentiated phenotypically from pv. savastanoi and convincing genetic data to support such a change are lacking. We accept the elevation of P. syringae pv. savastanoi to the rank of species. We accept the reinstatement of X. oryzae to the rank of species with the inclusion of X. oryzicola as a pathovar of X. oryzae and we accept the species X. populi. We agree with the elevation of the pvs. cassavae, cucurbitae, hyacinthi, pisi, and translucens to the rank of species but not pvs. melonis, theicola, and vesicatoria type B. We recommend that all type A X. vesicatoria be retained as X. campestris pv. vesicatoria and all type B X. vesicatoria be named X. exitiosa. We reject the newly proposed epithets arboricola, bromi, codiaei (poinsettiicola type B), hortorum, sacchari, and vasicola and the transfer of many pathovars of X. campestris to X. axonopodis. The proposed pathovars of X. axonopodis should be retained as pathovars of X. campestris.     

THE EFFECT OF DEPTH OF BURYING AND FREQUENCY OF CULTIVATION ON SURVIVAL AND GERMINATION OF SEEDS OF WILD OATS (AVENA FATUA L. AND AVENA LUDOVICIANA DUR.)

Summary. Seeds of Avena fatua and A. ludoviciana were sown at a depth of 15 cm or mixed into the top 5 cm of soil in small field-plots at Rothamsted and subjected to 5 different regimes of depth and frequency of cultivation for 3 years, after which all plots were dug to 15 cm in spring and autumn for a further 4 years. Seedlings were counted and no plants were allowed to produce seeds. After 7 years, soil-samples showed that very few intact seeds of A. fatua and none of A. ludoviciana remained, although less than 20% of the seeds sown had produced seedlings. Laboratory tests after 4 to 8 years'dry slorage showed seeds of both species to be viable. The maximum survival of viable seeds, estimated by seedling-emergence, was 61 months for A. fatua and 33 months for A. Indoviciana . Seeds of A. fatua survived slightly longer at 15 cm than in the top 5 cm of soil. Survival of A. ludoviciana was less affected by depth and cultivation, except that birds ate some shallow-sown spikelets in the first fortnight after sowing. A. fatua germinated in spring and autumn, and A. tudoviciana in winter, irrespective of age of seed and cultivation of soil. Frozen soil delayed emergence of A. ludoviciana seedlings lor varying periods between December and March. Seedlings of A. ludoviciana were slightly more winter-hardy than A. fatua . More seedlings of A. fatua appeared in the second spring than at any other time, but 80% of the seedlings of A. ludoviciana appeared in the first autumn and winter.
Effets de la profondeur d'enfouissement des graines et de la fréquence des façons culturalles sur la longévité et la germination des semences de Folle-Avoine (Avena fatua L. et A. ludoviciana Dur .)     

中间寄主对甘蓝夜蛾赤眼蜂寄生行为的影响

麦蛾卵和米蛾卵作繁蜂寄主对甘蓝夜蛾赤眼蜂G和F两个品系的寄生行为是有影响的。尽管两种卵均可作为甘蓝夜蛾赤眼蜂繁蜂寄主 ,但用米蛾卵繁殖甘蓝夜蛾赤眼蜂比用麦蛾卵繁蜂更好。甘蓝夜蛾赤眼蜂G和F品系在米蛾卵上的总寄生卵量分别为 75.90粒和 67.00粒 ,明显高于在麦蛾卵上的总寄生卵量。用麦蛾卵和米蛾卵作繁蜂寄主 ,将甘蓝夜蛾赤眼蜂G和F品系各 20头进行5d的逐日寄生试验 ,结果表明 :每日平均的寄生卵量、子代羽化率、子代发育历期以及子代性比均随寄生日期的推延而降低。     

The incidence of Alternaria spp. and Leptosphaeria maculans in commercial brassica seed in the United Kingdom

Tests on samples of oilseed rape seed ( Brassica napus ) sown in the UK between 1981 and 1984 indicated that on average 25% of samples were infected with Alternaria brassicae and 61% with Leptosphaeria maculans , with maximum incidences of infection of 19 and 4.2% respectively. Much infection by Alternaria spp. occurred on vegetable and forage brassica seed produced in the UK between 1979 and 1983. In B. oleracea types A. brassicicola occurred most frequently, affecting 88% of samples and up to 55% of seeds. A. brassicae was detected in 44% of B. oleracea samples and in up to 13% of seeds. Little Alternaria infection occurred in swede or forage rape samples (B. napus ), but A. brassicae affected up to 8–5% of seeds in turnip samples ( B. campestris ). L. maculans occurred in 44% of samples of vegetable and forage brassica seed produced in the UK, with a maximum of 4–6% infected seeds. A. brassicicola was present in 73% of samples of imported B. oleracea seed, affecting up to 25.5% of seeds. A. brassicae was absent from these samples and little L. maculans was detected. Pathogenicity tests on isolates of L. maculans from infected seeds indicated that virulent pathotypes were present in 16 rape seed samples but in only one sample (swede) of vegetable or forage brassica seed. The high incidence of seed infection by these pathogens emphasizes the importance of applying fungicide treatments to all types of brassica seed.     

大青沟水曲柳、蒙古栎、大果榆苗木根系生物量与土壤养分及pH值关系的研究

通过野外调查和室内实验相结合的研究方法,测定了水曲柳（Fraxinus mandschurica Rupr.）、大果榆（Ulums macrocarpa Hance.）和蒙古栎（Quercus mongolica Fisch.ex Turcz.）植物群落土壤养分含量及pH值,测定了7年生水曲柳、大果榆和蒙古栎苗木根系生...     

柠条种子小蜂在不同柠条寄主上的种群动态

2017年6月－7月, 系统调查了树锦鸡儿、甘蒙锦鸡儿、荒漠锦鸡儿和中间锦鸡儿4种植物上第一代柠条种子小蜂种群动态及寄主荚果发育进程。结果表明, 不同寄主植物上的柠条种子小蜂幼虫、蛹、成虫数量有显著性差异, 密度大小依次为: 树锦鸡儿＞中间锦鸡儿＞甘蒙锦鸡儿＞荒漠锦鸡儿。在发生时间动态上, 柠条种子小蜂幼虫、蛹和成虫的数量基本呈现先逐渐上升后下降的趋势, 4种寄主植物上不同虫态的柠条种子小蜂高峰期出现时间各不相同。甘蒙锦鸡儿上的小蜂出现最早, 6月17日幼虫达到高峰期; 中间锦鸡儿上的小蜂出现最晚, 7月2日幼虫高峰期, 7月14日成虫高峰期; 树锦鸡儿与荒漠锦鸡儿居中。柠条种子小蜂发育进程与锦鸡儿植物的荚果发育进程吻合。本文讨论了柠条种子小蜂种群动态与寄主植物的关系, 明确了柠条种子小蜂发生和达到高峰的时间, 为柠条种子小蜂预测预报和综合治理提供依据。     

石柱黄连根腐病发生的相关生态因子及防治对策

为明确石柱黄连根腐病发生的生态条件、危害特点和防治对策,对67块石柱黄连地块的海拔、土壤质地类型、植被类型、坡度、荫蔽度、黄连耕作制度、生长年限等生态因子与根腐病发病情况进行了相关性分析,并测定了几种杀菌剂对黄连根腐病的防治效果。结果表明,黄连根腐病的发生程度与土壤质地呈显著相关,相关系数为0.290,与耕作制度呈极显著相关,相关系数为0.503;轮作8年地块以3%甲霜·噁霉灵AS处理对黄连根腐病的防治效果最好,为48.38%;轮作5年地块以75%百菌清WP处理对黄连根腐病的防治效果最好,为52.07%;而连作地以50%多菌灵WP+80%代森锰锌WP(1∶1)混合药剂处理对黄连根腐病的防治效果最好,为33.34%。综上所述,选择沙壤或壤土且间隔8年以上轮作黄连,结合化学防治可有效控制黄连根腐病的发生。     

Capsicum Species: Symptomless Hosts and Reservoirs of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus

ABSTRACT Five Capsicum species were tested for susceptibility to Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and the mild strain of TYLCV (TYLCV-Mld). TYLCV was able to infect 30 of 55 genotypes of C. annuum, one of six genotypes of C. chinense, one of two genotypes of C. baccatum, and the only genotype of C. frutescens tested but was unable to infect the one genotype of C. pubescens tested. This is the first evidence for the susceptibility of C. baccatum, C. chinense, and C. frutescens to TYLCV. Unlike TYLCV isolates, TYLCV-Mld was unable to infect C. chinense. No host differences were observed between the Israeli and Florida isolates of TYLCV. None of the Capsicum species showed symptoms after infection with TYLCV or TYLCV-Mld. TYLCV was detected in fruits of C. annuum, but whiteflies were unable to transmit virus from fruits to plants. White-flies were able to transmit both TYLCV and TYLCV-Mld from infected pepper plants to tomato plants. Pepper plants in research plots were found infected with TYLCV at rates as much as 100%. These data demonstrate the ability of some genotypes of pepper to serve as reservoirs for the acquisition and transmission of TYLCV and TYLCV-Mld.     

苦豆子内生真菌对宿主培养物生长及喹诺里西啶类生物碱合成的影响

利用苦豆子健康植株中分离鉴定的8株内生真菌菌株为真菌诱导子,分别制备灭活菌丝和菌液浓缩物,研究内生真菌诱导子不同种类、浓度和诱导时间对苦豆子无菌苗和愈伤组织的生长以及喹诺里西啶生物碱含量的影响。结果表明:8株苦豆子内生真菌诱导子中,菌液浓缩物的诱导效果要强于灭活菌丝。菌株HMGKDF1菌液浓缩物和灭活菌丝都能明显促进愈伤组织的生长,净生长率是对照的1.82和1.42倍;菌株NDZKDF13菌液浓缩物对愈伤组织生物碱的合成效果明显,生物碱含量为0.5483 mg·g-1,是对照的23.8倍;在一定浓度范围内(0.01~1.0 mg·L-1),苦豆子内生真菌诱导子能够促进宿主植物喹诺里西啶生物碱的合成。内生真菌诱导子处理苦豆子无菌苗12 d时,喹诺里西啶生物碱含量最高,是对照的2.65倍。在苦豆子无菌苗或愈伤组织中添加一定量的苦豆子内生真菌诱导子,对宿主的生长以及提高喹诺里西啶生物碱含量是一种有效的方法。     

麻黄根腐病病原物的分离及鉴定

 2001年从宁夏麻黄基地采集麻黄根腐病病株样品10份,按照柯赫氏法则对其进行了病原物的分离、纯化、致病性测定及菌株鉴定。结果表明,发病部位分离物中主要优势菌群为镰孢属(Fusarium spp.)。分离物经致病性测定和复合接种试验发现,微胶镰孢Fusarium subglutinans致病性最强,接种后发病株率达60%以上,尖孢镰孢F. oxysporum、半裸镰孢F. semitectum、茄镰孢蓝色变种F. solani var. coeruleum和茄镰孢F. solani致病性弱,接种发病率为10%~20%,它们和微胶镰孢混合接种后的发病率均高于单独接种的发病率,其中微胶镰孢与含尖孢镰孢或半裸镰孢的组合接种发病率高于不含这2种镰孢的组合。病株上获得的其它分离物均无致病性。证实麻黄根腐病是以微胶镰孢为主要病原,并由尖孢镰孢、半裸镰孢和其它几种镰孢复合侵染导致的一种病害。     

哈萨克斯坦阿尔泰山树木径向生长及其对气候要素的响应

针对哈萨克斯坦阿尔泰山南坡西伯利亚云杉（Picea obovata）和西伯利亚落叶松（Larix sibirica）开展树轮研究,建立树轮年表,计算年平均树轮宽度值和年平均断面积生长量（BAI）,并分析在1988年发生升温突变前后,这2个树种树轮宽度指数变化趋势,及其树木径向生长对气候因子的响应。结果表明：在升温突变前后,2个树种树轮宽度指数变化趋势一致。但是,在升温突变后,其变化趋势均由不显著增加转为显著下降。即树木径向生长减缓;升温突变后,2个树种树木径向生长对降水的响应有所减弱,而对气温的响应有所增强,并且发生了树轮指数和气候因子间相关性“正负转换”的情况。     

肾形肾状线虫（Rotylenchulus reniformis）浙江杭州 群体形态学和分子特性及寄主范围

 肾形肾状线虫（Rotylenchulus reniformis）是一种重要的蔬菜线虫,寄主范围和分布很广。本文根据形态学特征和形态测量将来自浙江省杭州市蔬菜上的肾状线虫群体鉴定为肾形肾状线虫,为浙江省首次报道。该群体的形态学特征及形态测量值与模式标本基本吻合,个别形态测量值(比值)有变异。通过对该肾形肾状线虫群体的rDNA中ITS区和编码28S RNA基因中的D2D3区的PCR扩增和序列测定,明确二序列长度分别为808 bp和786 bp;序列分析发现该群体ITS序列与肾形肾状线虫种内一些两性生殖群体的亲缘关系较近,同源性高达99.5%～100%,而与一孤雌生殖群体同源性为92.4%;编码28S RNA基因中的D2D3区与已报道群体的同源性达到99.4%,相似度较高;本研究还发现杭州肾形肾状线虫群体的寄主涉及11个科16个属的果蔬。     

Study of variegated and white flower petals of Capparis spinosa expanded at dusk in arid landscapes

In this study,we provide the first evidence of two pairs of petals of the rapidly expanded and short-lived nocturnal flowers of Capparis spinosa L.(caper)during the prolonged drought period in Eastern Mediterranean region.The corolla of the winter-deciduous,perennial C.spinosa consists of two pairs of petals:a pair of white distinct petals and a pair of connate variegated petals with green basal parts.The results indicated the presence of substantially different amounts of chlorophyll in the two pairs of petals,while their carbohydrates’content is comparable with that of the green sepals.High resolution imaging of petal surfaces of short-lived flowers of C.spinosa, obtained by using scanning electron microscopy,revealed stomata on the adaxial epidermis on both the white and the green parts of the variegated petals;while dense hairs were found on the surface of the abaxial green parts of the variegated petals.Adaxial,epidermal cells of the variegated petals,viewed using atomic force microscopy,possess a submicron,cuticular microfolding that differs between the white and the green parts of the petals.It appears that microridges on the adaxial,white parts of petals of C.spinosa compensate for an increase in cell surface area of the short lived petals,while the roughness of the green parts of petals was found to be higher than that of the white parts.Thus,the micromorphology of surfaces of epidermal cells is expected to affect optical properties and wettability of the floral tissues.These findings may be particularly important for understanding the performance of the short-lived petals of C.spinosa,which are exposed to dryland environments.     

旱作条件下施肥对老芒麦和冰草种子产量及构成的影响I-氮、磷、钾对牧草种子产量及构成的影响

对老芒麦和诺丹冰草种子生产田的施肥试验表明 ,N肥、P肥单施及 N、P和 N、P、K混施可使老芒麦实际种子产量及各产量构成因子指标有显著提高 ,但 N、P、K及 N、P混施效果优于 N肥、P肥单施。 N肥、P肥、K肥单施对诺丹冰草种子增产效应不明显 ,但 N、P、K混施对提高诺丹冰草种子产量及各产量构成因子指标有显著效应。在老芒麦种子生产中每公顷施用 1 2 0 kg的 N和 90 kg的 P可获得较高的产量 ;而在诺丹冰草种子生产中每公顷施用1 2 0 kg的 N和 60 kg的 P可获得较高的产量。施肥试验的结果亦提示 ,在旱作条件下 ,干旱年份施肥可能并不是一种较经济的提高产量的措施     

果园杂草对枯草芽胞杆菌控制石榴枯萎病的增效作用

测定枯草芽胞杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)在石榴园6种优势杂草胜红蓟(Ageratum conyzoides)、三叶鬼针草(Bidens pilosa)、大籽蒿(Artemisia sieversiana)、鸭跖草(Commelina communi)、牛筋草(Eleusine indica)、牛膝菊(Galinsoga parviflora)根部及根际土壤中的定殖动态,及杂草与枯草芽胞杆菌协同控制石榴枯萎病(Ceratocystis imbriata)的效果,为生防细菌的应用提供新的方法.结果显示,枯草芽胞杆菌在胜红蓟、三叶鬼针草、大籽蒿和鸭跖草的根部定殖能力都相对较强.在大籽蒿的根部定殖能力最强.而枯草芽胞杆菌只有在大籽蒿根际土中的可检测浓度持续到接种后的30 d.各种杂草结合枯草芽胞杆菌防治石榴枯萎病的结果表明,大籽蒿和胜红蓟表现卓越的增效作用.表明石榴园部分优势杂草可能通过促进枯草芽胞杆菌在其根系及根际中的定殖从而增强控制石榴枯萎病的作用.     

内蒙古土地资源与合理利用

内蒙古土地资源的特征:①土地面积辽阔;②土地地势高而平坦;③土地质量随地带性分布规律递变;④牧业用地比重大;⑤土地利用地区差异显著;⑥土地生产力低而不稳;⑦土地退化普遍。土地资源的合理利用;①因地制宜,合理布局;②改善农田生态系统;③合理利用草原;④增加森林覆盖率;⑤充分利用水域;⑥加强土地管理。     

Bark beetle (Coleoptera, Scolytidae) outbreak and system of IPM measures in an area affected by intensive forest decline connected with honey fungus (Armillaria sp.)

The character of a bark beetle outbreak, planning system, and implementation of IPM measures in a forest affected by intensive decline connected with honey fungus (Armillaria sp.) is described. It is possible to distinguish two levels of outbreak in the study area. The first level is characterized by spruce mortality connected with yellowing of spruce and presence of plant pathogens, mostly Armillaria sp. Forest stands have disperse infestations of bark beetles. Identification of infested trees and salvage cutting in time are problematic. In case of late processing of infested trees, the second level of outbreak could become manifest. The populations of bark beetle increase. Beetles could attack relatively healthy trees. The classical outbreak with forest edges and spot infestations starts. The identification of infested trees is easier. The application of pheromone trap barriers is effective. Thus, the second level of outbreak could be easily managed. The planning of IPM measures is concerned with localization of various pheromone trap systems in particular forest stands. It is based on field survey, data acquisition, estimation of swarming bark beetle population, and information of pheromone system effectiveness.