包膜尿素和普通尿素混施对夏玉米产量、氮肥利用率和土壤硝态氮残留的影响

为探索一次性施肥（包膜尿素和普通尿素混施）对夏玉米产量、氮肥利用率、施肥经济效益和土壤硝态氮残留的影响,以夏玉米品种‘富友9’为材料进行了大田试验,试验设不施氮、常规施氮、减氮10%（30%包膜尿素）、减氮10%（50%包膜尿素）、减氮20%（30%包膜尿素）和减氮20%（50%包膜尿素）共6个处理,分析调查了夏玉米产量、氮素吸收和土壤无机氮动态变化。结果表明,包膜尿素在田间的释放曲线为抛物线形,释放期为81 d（氮素累积释放80%）。与常规分次施氮相比,采用包膜尿素和普通尿素混施处理的夏玉米产量增加2.85%~20.87%,氮肥利用率提高19.1~25.3个百分点。包膜尿素和普通尿素混施的情况下,夏玉米每公顷净收益（扣除肥料投入）比常规施氮增加1 000~4 484元。夏玉米收获后,在100~200 cm土体内残留硝态氮较常规施氮降低35.1%~56.6%,减少了硝态氮淋失风险。研究表明,减氮10%~20%的一次性基施混施肥在夏玉米上实现了增产增收,减少了硝态氮在深层土壤的残留量,降低了环境污染风险,综合夏玉米产量、氮肥利用率、施肥经济效益和土壤硝酸氮残留等因素来看,减氮10%（30%包膜尿素）施氮配方的效果最好。研究结果可为为夏玉米轻简化生产和氮肥减施增效提供技术支撑。     

不同氮肥类型对玉米产量和经济效益及氮肥利用率的影响

在大田试验条件下,采用随机区组设计了5个施氮水平,研究了不同类型尿素及用量对玉米干物质量、叶面积指数、籽粒产量、经济效益及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明：包膜复合肥处理的开花前玉米的地上部干重、叶面积指数与常规尿素处理差异较小,开花后显著高于常规尿素处理,收获时其籽粒产量显著高于常规尿素处理。施包膜复合肥能显著提高玉米的籽粒产量、经济效益及氮肥利用率。     

Differences of yield and nitrogen use efficiency under different applications of slow release fertilizer in spring maize

Excessive or insufficient application of fertilizer has raised broader concerns regarding soil and environmental degradation. One-time application of slow release fertilizer (SF) has been widely used to reduce yield gap with potential maize yield and improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). A 2-year field experiment (2018–2019) was conducted to evaluate the effects of SF rates from 0 to 405 kg N ha^–1 (named F0, SF225, SF270, SF315, SF360, and SF405) and 405 kg N ha^–1 of common fertilizer (CF405) on the grain yield, biomass and N accumulation, enzymatic activities related with carbon–nitrogen metabolism, NUE and economic analysis. Results indicated that the highest grain yields, NUEs and economic returns were achieved at SF360 in both varieties. The enzymatic activities related with carbon–nitrogen metabolism, pre- and post-silking accumulation of biomass and N increased with increasing SF rate, and they were the highest at SF360 and SF405. The grain yield at SF360 had no significant difference with that at SF405. However, the N partial factor productivity, N agronomic efficiency and N recovery efficiency at SF360 were 9.8, 6.6 and 8.9% higher than that at SF405. The results also indicated that the average grain yields, NUE and economic benefit at SF405 were 5.2, 12.3 and 18.1% higher than that at CF405. In conclusion, decreasing N rate from 405 kg ha^–1 (CF) to 360 kg ha^–1 (SF) could effectively reduce the yield gap between realized and potential maize yields. The N decreased by 11.1%, but the yield, NUE and economic benefit increased by 3.2, 22.2 and 17.5%, which created a simple, efficient and business-friendly system for spring maize production in Jiangsu Province, China.     

包膜尿素不同配比减施对土壤无机氮含量及玉米氮素吸收的影响

【目的】研究包膜尿素与普通尿素不同配施比例对氮素释放及玉米氮素吸收的影响,旨在筛选有利于东北春玉米高产及氮素高效利用的包膜肥料与普通尿素比例,为控释氮肥在东北地区春玉米生产上的推广应用提供科学依据。【方法】2017年在辽宁省沈阳市和海城市两地以当地主栽品种东单6531和铁研358开展田间试验。供试肥料：树脂包膜尿素和普通尿素。两个试验区均设置了不施氮处理（CK0）、普通尿素常规施氮量（CK）和减氮对照处理（CK1）、树脂包膜尿素较CK减氮处理（T0）;沈阳试验区还设置了3个树脂包膜尿素与普通尿素不同配比及减氮处理（T1、T2、T3）,海城试验区设置了两个处理（T1、T2）。T1、T2、T3处理包膜尿素和普通尿素的配施比例分别为8:2、6:4、4:6;沈阳试验区常规氮肥用量为244 kg·hm ^-2,减氮处理施氮量为220 kg·hm ^-2;海城试验区常规氮肥用量为217 kg·hm ^-2,减氮处理施氮量为195 kg·hm ^-2。玉米生长季内各生育时期分别采集土壤和植株样品,测定土壤无机氮含量和植株不同部位养分含量,每个小区单独采收记录产量。 【结果】包膜尿素与普通尿素配施能显著提高玉米产量（P<0.05）,且随着配施比例的增加,产量呈先增加后降低趋势,其中T2处理的玉米产量最高（10 250 kg·hm ^-2）,CK1产量最低（9 307 kg·hm ^-2）。在等氮素条件下,玉米产量表现为T2>T3>T1>T0>CK1,籽粒产量较CK1处理增产幅度为3.89%—25.76%。在减氮10%条件下,T2处理产量与CK处理相比差异不显著。包膜尿素与普通尿素配施能显著提高玉米生育前期土壤中无机氮含量,树脂包膜尿素可以为玉米中后期生长提供氮源,且在等氮条件下,随着包膜肥料与普通尿素配比增加,氮素表观利用率和氮肥农学效益均呈先升高后降低趋势,其中均以T2处理最高,CK1处理最低,两地结果一致。 【结论】包膜尿素与普通尿素配施处理的春玉米产量、氮肥利用率和氮肥农学效益均优于普通尿素处理,其中以T2处理包膜尿素与普通尿素配比为6:4,效果最好;根据两种肥料不同时期的释放特点,通过拟合曲线,在辽中南地区,当62%包膜尿素搭配38%普通尿素条件下,产量、氮素表观利用率和经济效益最高且最合理,可以充分发挥普通尿素和包膜肥料优势,可有效增加春玉米中后期土壤无机氮供应能力,获得显著的增产效果,提高经济效益。     

Characterization of low-N responses in maize(Zea mays L.) cultivars with contrasting nitrogen use efficiency in the North China Plain

Over-use of N fertilizer in crop production has resulted in a series of environmental problems in the North China Plain(NCP). Thus, improvement of nitrogen use efficiency(NUE) in summer maize has become an effective strategy for promoting sustainable agriculture in this region. Using twenty maize cultivars, plant dry matter production, N absorption and accumulation, yield formation, and NUE in summer maize were investigated under three N levels in two growing seasons. Based on their yield and yield components, these maize cultivars were categorized into four groups including efficient-efficient(EE) cultivars, high-nitrogen efficient(HNE) cultivars, low-nitrogen efficient(LNE) cultivars and nonefficient-nonefficient(NN) cultivars. In both two seasons, the EE cultivars improved grain yield together with increased plant biomass, and enhanced accumulative amounts as well as higher average grain yields than the other cultivar groups under deficient-N conditions. Significant correlations were observed between yield and kernel numbers(KN), dry matter(DM) amount and N accumulation at both post-silking and maturity stages. DM and N accumulation at late growth stage(i.e., from silking to maturity) contributed largely to the enhanced yield capacity and improved NUE under N-deficient conditions. Compared with the NN cultivars, the EE cultivars also showed increased N assimilation amount(NAA) and N remobilization content(NRC), and elevated N remobilization efficiency(NRE), NUE and nitrogen partial factor productivity(PFPN). Our investigation has revealed N-associated physiological processes and may provide guidance for cultivation and breeding of high yield and NUE summer maize under limited N conditions in the NCP.     

不同有机养分替代化肥对小麦产量、氮肥利用率及土壤肥力的影响

为探究有机肥种类和替代比例对小麦产量、氮肥利用率及土壤肥力的影响,通过田间小区试验,设置不施肥（CK）,常规施肥（CN）,优化减量施肥（ON）,优化减量配施15%(ONL-15%)、30%(ONL-30%)和50%(ONL-50%)沼液氮,优化减量配施30%堆肥氮（ONC-30%）,优化减量配施30%商品有机肥氮（ONS-30%）共8个处理。结果表明：与CN处理相比,ON、ONL-15%和ONL-30%处理均显著增加小麦籽粒产量和氮肥利用率,其中ONL-15%处理小麦产量最高,较CN和ON处理分别增产16.18%和14.08%,该处理下氮肥利用率也由CN处理的18.41%增至36.46%,表明优化减量配施15%沼液氮肥为减氮配施沼液最佳比例。在30%替代比例下,不同种类有机肥配施对小麦增产效果存在差异,与ON处理相比,沼液配施增加小麦产量和氮肥利用率,而堆肥和商品有机肥配施显著降低小麦产量。堆肥配施可以促进土壤全氮、水解性氮和有效磷的积累,商品有机肥配施对缓解土壤酸化、增加土壤有机质含量具有较好效果。有机无机配施处理减少32.60%～65.91%硝态氮在耕层土壤的残留,增加土壤有效氮含...     

包膜尿素与普通尿素配施减氮对夏玉米产量及氮肥效率的影响

为探求减氮增效技术、实现夏玉米科学施肥,通过田间试验,研究了包膜尿素与普通尿素配施及氮肥减施对夏玉米产量、养分吸收利用和土壤氮素的影响。结果表明：夏玉米施氮显著增产7.53%~16.28%,氮素积累量增加15.66%~29.16%,氮肥利用率为19.66%~42.28%;包膜尿素与普通尿素配施一次施肥,提高了夏玉米灌浆期叶绿素含量（SPAD值）,可获得较高产量,且包膜尿素比例越大,氮肥农学效率和利用率越高。本试验条件下,施氮145.6 kg/hm2 （75%包膜尿素+25%普通尿素）基本实现了高产、高效、简化施肥,可在豫北地区推广应用。     

Postponed and reduced basal nitrogen application improves nitrogen use efficiency and plant growth of winter wheat

Excessive nitrogen(N) fertilization with a high basal N ratio in wheat can result in lower N use efficiency(NUE) and has led to environmental problems in the Yangtze River Basin, China. However, wheat requires less N fertilizer at seedling growth stage, and its basal N fertilizer utilization efficiency is relatively low; therefore, reducing the N application rate at the seedling stage and postponing the N fertilization period may be effective for reducing N application and increasing wheat yield and NUE. A 4-year field experiment was conducted with two cultivars under four N rates(240 kg N ha–1(N240), 180 kg N ha–1(N180), 150 kg N ha–1(N150), and 0 kg N ha–1(N0)) and three basal N application stages(seeding(L0), fourleaf stage(L4), and six-leaf stage(L6)) to investigate the effects of reducing the basal N application rate and postponing the basal N fertilization period on grain yield, NUE, and N balance in a soil-wheat system. There was no significant difference in grain yield between the N180 L4 and N240 L0(control) treatments, and the maximum N recovery efficiency and N agronomy efficiency were observed in the N180 L4 treatment. Grain yield and NUE were the highest in the L4 treatment. The leaf area index, flag leaf photosynthesis rate, flag leaf nitrate reductase and glutamine synthase activities, dry matter accumulation, and N uptake post-jointing under N180 L4 did not differ significantly from those under N240 L0. Reduced N application decreased the inorganic N content in the 0–60-cm soil layer, and the inorganic N content of the L6 treatment was higher than those of the L0 and L4 treatments at the same N level. Surplus N was low under the reduced N rates and delayed basal N application treatments. Therefore, postponing and reducing basal N fertilization could maintain a high yield and improve NUE by improving the photosynthetic production capacity, promoting N uptake and assimilation, and reducing surplus N in soil-wheat systems.     

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen use efficiency and yield of rice under different soil conditions

Four rice cultivars were used to study the effects of nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen use efficiency, yield and characteristics of nitrogen uptake under two soil conditions (sandy and clay soil) in soil culture pool. The results were as follows. First, yield of rice in sandy and clay soil was increased by nitrogen application, and that in clay soil was higher than that in sandy soil, but the effect of nitrogen on yield increment was greater in sandy soil than in clay soil. Second, nitrogen utilization of rice was different under different soil conditions. Nitrogen harvest index (NHI) and physiological Nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) were higher in sandy soil than in clay soil. Apparent Nitrogen recovery efficiency (ANRE), partial factor productivity for applied Nitrogen (PFP), and soil Nitrogen dependent rate (SNDR) were higher in clay soil than in sandy soil. Agronomic Nitrogen use efficiency (ANUE) was varied in different cultivars under different soil conditions. Third, N harvest index, agronomic N use efficiency, physiological N use efficiency, partial factor productivity for applied N, and soil N dependent rate were decreased significantly with the increment of the amount of nitrogen applied under two soil conditions. In sandy soil, ANRE was increased with the increasing nitrogen application and reached the highest value at high nitrogen level. However, in clay soil, ANRE was increased with the increasing of nitrogen application at first, and reached the highest value at medium nitrogen level, then decreased dramatically at high nitrogen level. Fourth, N uptake rate for rice straw and for rice grain and total N uptake rate for rice were higher in sandy clay soil than in sandy soil, but the difference between them was relatively small. Fifth, under different soil conditions, there were significant genotypic differences in the effects of applying nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen use efficiency, yield, and characteristics of nitrogen uptake. __________ Translated from Acta Agronomoca Sinica, 2005, 31(11): 1422–1428 [译自: 作物学报]     

稳定氮肥用量对夏玉米产量和氮肥利用率的影响

通过大田小区试验,研究了稳定氮肥不同用量对夏玉米产量、养分累积量、氮肥利用效率及经济效益的影响。结果表明,与不施稳定氮肥相比,稳定氮肥施氮量90、150、210 kg·hm^-2和270 kg·hm^-2分别增产36.7%、62.1%、76.6%和81.9%,地上部氮素总累积量分别增加39.0%、60.3%、79.0%和113.4%,经济效益分别增加36.1%、61.2%、72.7%和77.1%;与农民习惯施用氮肥相比,高量稳定氮肥用量210 kg·hm^-2和270 kg·hm^-2分别增产7.3%和10.5%,地上部氮素总累积量分别增加3.2%和23.0%,经济效益分别增加9.7%和11.4%。施用稳定氮肥促进夏玉米对氮素的吸收累积,高量210 kg·hm^-2和270kg·hm^-2处理较习惯施氮提高总吸氮量。施用稳定氮肥各处理氮肥表观利用率和农学效率显著高于农民习惯施氮,偏生产力高于农民习惯施氮,生理效率除270 kg·hm^-2处理外,高于农民习惯施氮。稳定氮肥施氮量在210 kg·hm^-2时,能较好地协调玉米高产与稳定氮肥合理利用的统一。     

控释尿素一次性施用的玉米减氮增效研究

基于田间小区试验,在常规施氮（U100,普通尿素,施氮量250 kg/hm²）基础上,设置普通尿素、控释尿素减量20%（U80和C80）和40%处理（U60和C60）,通过测定玉米产量及产量构成、氮素吸收和利用效率,结合土壤养分动态和植株光合特征与氮同化关键酶活性,评价控释尿素在玉米减氮增效中的作用。结果表明,氮肥减量20%时玉米产量和氮肥利用率都达到常规施氮水平,其中C80比U80增产14.5%;氮肥减量40%后产量有所降低,减产原因主要是百粒质量降低7.0%~9.5%。与U100相比,减氮20%的光合特征,土壤硝铵态氮水平,谷氨酸脱氢酶（NADH-GDH）、谷草转氨酶（GOT）和谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）的活性均未显著下降,其中C80的净光合速率和光合氮利用效率比U100显著提高15.0%和24.8%,且C80较U80在提高氮素吸收总量、氮利用率、收获指数、光合氮利用率、酶活性和维持籽粒百粒质量方面更具优势。减氮40%后,U60的酶活性和光合特征与U100相比平均降低31.5%和27.6%,而C60的光合氮利用效率达到常规施氮水平。可见,氮肥减量20%时可以有效维持玉米产量,其中控释尿素一次性施用效果更佳,值得推广应用。     

Increase in yield and nitrogen use efficiency of double rice with long-term application of controlled-release urea

Controlled-release urea(CRU) has better characteristics than conventional urea for synchronizing nitrogen(N) release with plant uptake. Understanding the effects of CRU on crop yield and N use efficiency(NUE) has long been the key to evaluate the performance of CRU. A long-term experiment over five consecutive years was conducted in Changsha, Hunan Province, China, to investigate the effects of polyethylene-coated urea with a 90-d release period on the yield and NUE of double rice(early and late...     

氮肥施用对直播冬油菜产量及氮肥利用率的影响

为探明安徽省直播冬油菜种植中适宜的氮肥用量、氮肥种类和施氮方式,通过田间小区试验,研究尿素不同用量及等氮量尿素和控释尿素不同施用方式对直播冬油菜产量、氮肥累积量及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明：施氮水平和施氮方式对直播冬油菜产量具有显著影响,成株率与产量之间呈显著正相关,施氮量180 kg N·hm^-2条件下,尿素分次施用处理（N180）和控释尿素一次性施用处理（CRU180）在生育中后期能有效提高直播冬油菜密度。施氮量240 kg N·hm^-2、尿素分次施用处理（N240）角壳和茎秆氮素累积量分配比例增加,籽粒分配比例减少,氮肥表观利用率、氮肥农学效率、氮肥生理效率和氮肥偏生产力显著降低,籽粒产量不增反降,较CRU180和N180分别降低2.87%和9.67%。各施氮处理中,N180处理产量最高,较其他施氮处理显著增产7.53%~82.15%。施氮量180 kg N·hm^-2条件下,相比尿素一次性施用处理（U180）,CRU180和N180显著增产8.53%和16.69%,籽粒氮素累积量显著增加8.80%和16.02%,氮肥表观利用率显著增加11.68%和14.30%,氮素农学效率显著增加12.53%和24.46%,氮素生理效率增加0.74%和9.13%,氮肥偏生产力显著增加8.59%和16.76%。综合本试验直播冬油菜产量、氮素累积量和氮肥利用率结果来看,合理的氮肥用量和氮肥品种可以有效增加直播冬油菜的成株率和氮素累积量,进而增加产量、提高氮肥利用率。安徽省直播冬油菜施氮量180 kg N·hm^-2,尿素分次施用和控释尿素一次性施用,均能达到产量和氮肥利用率的双向提升。考虑到直播冬油菜轻简化发展大趋势,建议采用控释尿素一次性基施。     

控释尿素对春玉米产量、氮效率及氮素平衡的影响

为明确控释尿素在春玉米上的应用效果及土壤氮素平衡状况,在黑龙江省双城、宾县、哈尔滨、肇源地区通过2011-2012年两年四点次田间小区试验,研究普通尿素与控释尿素（控释期90 d的树脂包膜尿素）混合施用对春玉米产量、氮肥效率（NUE）及土壤氮素盈亏的影响。结果表明,春玉米产量、植株吸氮量均随着施氮量的增加而增加。与普通尿素一次性基施相比,控释尿素能够提高玉米产量、植株吸氮量、氮肥表观利用率、氮农学效率（ANUE）及氮肥贡献率（FCR）。在相同氮素施用水平下（100%、75%、50%氮肥用量）,100%基施控释尿素比100%基施普通尿素各处理玉米产量分别平均增加391、427、291 kg·hm^-2;氮肥表观利用率提高5.9%、4.9%和5.1%;氮肥农学效率提高2.0、2.6 kg·kg^-1和2.6 kg·kg^-1;氮肥贡献率增加2.7%、3.1%和2.4%。处理4（普通尿素40%基肥,60%追施）和处理5（40%普通尿素与60%控释尿素混合一次性基施）玉米产量、植株吸氮量、氮肥表观利用率、氮农学效率差异不显著。氮素表观亏缺量随着氮肥用量的增加而降低。与100%普通尿素作基肥一次性施入相比,100%控释尿素一次性基施降低氮素表观损失量15.0 kg·hm^-2;40%普通尿素与60%控释尿素混合一次性基施降低氮素表观损失率23.9 kg·hm^-2。可见,普通尿素与控释尿素分别以40%和60%的比例混合施用在黑龙江省玉米生产上是可以推广和借鉴的氮素管理方式。     

未来气候条件下秸秆还田和氮肥种类对夏玉米产量及土壤氨挥发的影响

【目的】秸秆还田配施氮肥可以提高作物生产力,但在气候变化条件下,不同管理措施对夏玉米农田氮素利用存在很大的不确定性。明确在未来气候条件下秸秆还田与氮肥种类对夏玉米产量和土壤氨挥发的影响,以应对气候变化。【方法】利用DNDC模型预测未来不同情景下,秸秆还田和不同氮肥种类对关中地区夏玉米产量和土壤氨挥发的影响。通过田间土壤温度、水分、产量和土壤氨挥发累积量试验数据的验证,DNDC模型可以很好地模拟未来气候条件下不同处理的作物产量和土壤氨挥发累积量。【结果】模拟和实测结果均表明,在当前气候条件下秸秆还田会提高作物产量并促进土壤氨挥发,稳定性氮肥与普通尿素相比对产量无显著影响但会显著减少土壤氨挥发累积量。敏感性分析表明,作物产量与土壤氨挥发累积量均对施氮量最敏感。在RCP4.5排放情景下,单施稳定性氮肥（NF1）和单施尿素（NF2）分别在2050s—2090s和2070s—2090s产量显著降低,秸秆配施稳定性氮肥（SF1）和秸秆配施尿素（SF2）均在2050s—2090s产量显著升高;在RCP8.5排放情景下,单施稳定性氮肥（NF1）在2070s—2090s产量显著降低,单施尿素（NF2）产...     

氮肥施用对四川紫色土矿质态氮淋失特征及春玉米产量的影响

为探究不同施氮量下春玉米季土壤矿质态氮淋失特征及产量变化,以春玉米为研究对象,设置不同施氮量(0、90、180、270、360 kg·hm-2,分别用N0、N90、N180、N270、N360表示),采用地下淋溶原位监测的方法,测定了玉米生育期间的土壤氮素淋失动态、玉米产量及氮肥利用率.结果 表明:硝态氮(NO-3-N)是春玉米季旱地土壤矿质态氮淋失的主要形态,占总淋失量的90％～91％;施用基肥和苗期追肥后1～3周出现氮素淋失高峰,是防控氮素淋失的关键时期;随施氮量增加,矿质态氮淋失量呈指数上升趋势,表现为N360(70.46 kg·hm-2)>N270(39.65 kg·hm-2)>N180(26.33 kg·hm-2)>N90(18.55 kg·hm-2)>N0(6.54 kg·hm-2),各处理间差异达显著水平(P<0.05).氮肥表观淋失率随施氮量增加呈先降后升趋势,在N180处理下,淋失率最低,为10.99％,较N270、N360处理分别降低1.27、6.76个百分点;玉米籽粒产量先随施氮量增加而显著提高(P<0.05),施氮超过180 kg·hm-2后进入平台期,N180处理下氮肥表观利用率达到最高,较其他处理增加14.50～27.75个百分点.总体来看,该研究区域春玉米的最佳施氮量为180 kg·hm-2,既能稳产也能保肥,同时土壤的氮素淋失率最低.     

一次性施肥稻田田面水氮素变化特征和流失风险评估

为评估单季稻一次性施肥模式中氮素径流损失风险,通过田间试验研究了一次性施肥模式中缓释氮肥类型、施用比例和氮肥施用量对田面水氮素含量的影响。结果表明:与尿素分次施肥处理(225 kg N·hm-2)相比,不同缓释氮肥(180 kg N·hm-2)一次性施肥后田面水铵态氮浓度为稳定性肥料(NIU)常规分次施肥(Urea)树脂包膜尿素(RCU)聚氨酯包膜尿素(PCU);氮肥施用量为180 kg N·hm-2时田面水铵态氮浓度随缓释氮肥施用比例增加而下降,但180 kg N·hm-2和144 kg N·hm-2处理间田面水铵态氮含量没有明显差异。尿素分次施肥和一次性施肥处理的稻田氮素径流损失风险都在施基肥后5 d。研究表明,一次性施肥模式通过缓释氮肥的应用和氮肥减量等措施,虽然基肥用量大于尿素分次施肥处理,但没有增加稻田氮素径流损失风险。     

秸秆还田与水分管理对双季水稻氮素吸收及氮肥?利用率的影响

秸秆还田是促进农田养分循环的重要方式,也对提升农田地力有较好效果。以南方典型双季稻田为研究对象,设置三个秸秆还田水平和两种水分管理方式的两因子田间定位试验,于定位试验开展后的第5年通过测定早稻和晚稻季稻田土壤无机氮、微生物生物量氮动态、植株吸氮量动态以及收获期主要土壤肥力因子、水稻产量和植株各部分氮素累积量,分析秸秆还田与水分管理制度下水稻氮素吸收和氮肥利用率的特征及其影响因素。结果表明:秸秆还田提高了土壤有机碳和全氮含量以及土壤p H,长期淹水较之间歇灌溉降低了土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷含量。在氮肥用量一致条件下,早稻季秸秆还田降低了分蘖期土壤氮素有效性,导致水稻生育期内氮素吸收量显著下降,且显著降低水稻籽粒产量及氮肥利用率;氮肥利用率较对照下降2.0~7.6个百分点,且随秸秆还田量的增加而降低。晚稻季秸秆还田提高了生育期内土壤氮素有效性,显著提高了水稻生育期内氮素吸收量,增加水稻产量且显著提高氮肥利用率;氮肥利用率较对照提高8.6~13个百分点,且随秸秆还田量的增加而增加。研究表明,间歇灌溉和长期淹水灌溉两种水分管理方式对水稻氮素吸收、籽粒产量及氮肥利用率的影响差异不显著。早稻季秸秆还田配合长期淹水灌溉将加剧水稻产量和氮肥利用率下降。双季稻稻田实行间歇灌溉下的早稻季秸秆不还田、晚稻季秸秆全量还田(6 t/hm2)有利于获得较高水稻产量和氮肥利用率。     

普通尿素与控释尿素单施及其配施对直播油菜产量和氮肥利用率的影响

为探明控释氮肥在直播油菜上的应用效果和施用技术,研究成都平原冲积性水稻土上普通尿素与控释尿素单施及其配施对油菜产量和氮肥利用率的影响。2011—2012年,在相同施氮量(N 189 kg/hm~2)条件下,设置普通尿素单施(PU)、控释尿素单施(CU)、普通尿素与控释尿素各50%配合施用(PCU)3个处理。2012—2013年,在相同施氮量(N 180 kg/hm~2)条件下,按普通尿素与控释尿素配施比例33%、50%、67%(PCU33、PCU50、PCU67)和一次性基施氮肥(T1)、基肥+1次苗期追肥分次施氮(T2)设置6个处理(PCU33T1,PCU33T2,PCU50T1,PCU50T2,PCU67T1,PCU67T2)。结果显示:同等施氮量(N 189 kg/hm~2)下,与普通尿素单施处理(PU)相比,普通尿素与控释尿素配施处理(PCU)具有相对较高的籽粒产量(3 166.9 kg/hm~2)、氮肥农学利用率(8.0 kg/kg)、氮肥偏生产力(16.8kg/kg)、氮肥贡献率(47.9%)和氮肥表观利用率(54.5%)。在相同施氮量(N 180 kg/hm~2)和普通尿素、控释尿素配施条件下,PCU33、PCU50处理的籽粒产量(162 9.0、182 0.1 kg/hm~2)和氮肥利用率均显著或明显高于PCU67处理的。结果表明,本试验条件下,普通尿素与控释尿素配施比例为33%~50%,并采用氮肥一次性基施有利于直播油菜高产、高效。     

有机培肥对土壤肥力及玉米氮素利用和产量的影响

为了提高辽北地区土壤肥力水平,提高氮肥利用效率,通过田间试验方法,设置不施氮肥对照(T1)、牛粪+不施氮肥(T2)、秸秆还田+不施氮肥(T3)、常规氮肥(T4)、牛粪+常规氮肥(T5)、牛粪+减氮15％(T6)、秸秆还田+常规氮肥(T7)、秸秆还田+减氮15％(T8)共8个处理,研究不同处理对土壤有机质、全氮、氮肥利用...