Concentrations and Distribution of Some Mineral Elements in Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.) Plants in Relation to Nitrogen Supply

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to study the effect of N nutrition (30, 100 or 170 ppm N) on the concentrations and distribution of P, K, Ca, and Mg in oilseed rape ( Brassica napus L.). Leaf K concentration increased with increasing N supply up to 100 ppm N, as did leaf Mg after the bloom stage. Leaf Ca decreased with increasing N nutrition but P concentration was unaffected. Lower leaves had higher P concentrations than did the upper leaves. P, Ca and Mg concentrations in the roots at 34 days before bloom (DBB) declined when N supply was increased but K concentration was unaffected. At 10 and 44 days after bloom (DAB) P concentrations in the roots, stem and branches increased with N supply; whereas K, Ca and Mg concentrations did not respond. Concentrations of P in the pods increased with N nutrition up to 100 ppm N but those of K, Ca and Mg in the pods, hull and seeds were unaffected by N nutrition. P concentrations in the hull and in the seeds also increased with N supply. Most of the K and Ca were in the leaves while the least were in the seeds. Most of the P accumulated in the seeds and roots; whereas the hull contained the least. Of the four nutrients analyzed for, P concentrations were generally the lowest in the various plant parts and K concentrations the highest. Ca/Mg ratios for the hull and branches were increased by 100 ppm N and the ratios for the leaves, pods and seeds were unaffected by N nutrition.     

Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Magnesium and Calcium Removal by Brown Midrib Sorghum Sudangrass in the Northeastern USA

For the long‐term sustainability of the dairy industry in the Northeastern USA, manure nutrient application rates should not exceed crop nutrient removal once above‐optimum soil fertility levels are reached. Dairy producers have shown a growing interest in brown midrib (BMR) forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) × sudangrass (Sorghum sudanense Piper) hybrids (S × S) as a more environmentally sound alternative to maize (Zea mays L.) but data on S × S nutrient removal rates are scant. Our objectives were to determine N, P, K, Ca and Mg removal with harvest as impacted by N application rate, using six N rate studies in New York. One of the six sites had a recent manure history. Although site‐to‐site differences existed, N application tended to decrease P and K and increase N, Ca and Mg concentrations in BMR S × S forage. Nutrient removal and yield were highly correlated for all sites except one location that showed a K deficiency. The crop removed large amounts of P and K in the manured site, suggesting that BMR S × S is an excellent scavenger of these nutrients. If manure is applied mid‐season, forage K levels are likely too high for feeding to non‐lactating cows.     

Dynamic change of mineral nutrient content in different plant organs during the grain filling stage in maize grown under contrasting nitrogen supply

The introduction of new hybrids and integrated crop-soil management has been causing maize grain yield to increase. However, less attention has been paid on the nutrient concentration of the grain; this aspect is of great importance to supplying calories and nutrients in the diets of both humans and animals worldwide. Increasing the retranslocation of nutrients from vegetative organs to grain can effectively increase the nutrient concentration of grain and general nutrient use efficiency. The present study involved monitoring the dynamic change of macro- and micronutrients in different organs of maize during the grain filling stage. In addition, the mobility of different elements and their contribution to grain nutrient content were evaluated in a 2-year experiment under low (LN, no N supplied) and high N (HN, 180 kg N ha⁻¹) supply. Under HN supply, the net remobilization efficiency (RE) of the vegetative organs as a whole (calculated as nutrient remobilization amount divided by nutrient content at silking) of N, P, K, Mn, and Zn were 44%, 60%, 13%, 15%, and 25%, respectively. The other nutrients (Mg, Ca, Fe, Cu, and B) showed a net accumulation in the vegetative organs as a whole during the grain filling stage. Among the different organs, N, P, and Zn were remobilized more from the leaves (RE of 44%, 51% and 43%, respectively) and the stalks (including leaf sheaths and tassels) (RE of 48%, 71% and 43%, respectively). K was mainly remobilized from the leaves with RE of 51%. Mg, Ca, Fe, Mn, and Cu were mostly remobilized from the stalks with the RE of 23%, 9%, 10%, 42%, and 28%, respectively. However, most of the remobilized Mg, Ca, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn were translocated to the husk and cob, which seemingly served as the buffer sink for these nutrients. The REs of all the nutrients except for P, K, and Zn were vulnerable to variations in conditions annually and were reduced when the grain yield and harvest index were lower in 2014 compared with 2013. Under LN stress, the RE was reduced in P and Zn in 2013, increased in Cu and unchanged in other nutrients. The concentration of these nutrients in the grain was either unchanged (P, K, Ca, Zn, and B) or decreased (N, Mg, Fe, Mn, and Cu). It is concluded that grain N, P, K, Mn, and Zn, but not Mg, Ca, Fe, Cu, and B concentration, can be improved by increasing their remobilization from vegetative organs. However, enhancing the senescence of maize plant via LN stress seems unable to increase grain mineral nutrient concentration. Genetic improvement aiming to increase nutrient remobilization should take into account the organ-specific remobilization pattern of the target nutrient.     

芥菜型油菜与甘蓝型油菜嫁接嵌合体的性状表现

以芥菜型油菜(B. juncea)作砧木,以甘蓝型油菜(B. napus)作接穗,形成嫁接嵌合体（以下简称“甘+芥”嫁接嵌合体）,对其植物学性状、农艺性状和32P标记的难溶性磷矿粉的吸收能力进行了研究。结果表明,“甘+芥”嫁接嵌合体除叶片出现紫色性状外,其他性状与甘蓝型油菜没有差异,但其农艺性状明显优于甘蓝型油菜和芥菜型油菜。其根系对肥料中难溶性磷吸收能力强,而且多数转移到地上部分,在体内分布较合理。     

超甜玉米营养元素规律研究

为探明超甜玉米各器官中氮、磷、钾、钙、镁、硫等营养元素元素变化规律和累积量情况,采集不同生育期的玉米样品进行分析。研究结果表明,1、甜玉米吸收各种养分的大小顺序为N>K>P>Ca>S>Mg。2、不同器官养分含量有差异,果实含氮、磷、镁、硫为各部位最高值;叶片钙含量最高;茎部钾含量最高。3、叶片磷、钾、镁含量与全株变化较为一致;茎中氮和钙含量与全株较为一致。4、甜玉米氮、钾、钙的比例随生长的不同而变化,成熟时N:P:K:Ca:Mg:S=1:0.11:0.90:0.09:0.05:0.06。     

长沙植烟区土壤养分丰缺状况评价

为掌握长沙植烟土壤养分的时空变异与丰缺状况,以第一（2000年）、二次（2014年）植烟土壤普查为基础,2020年开展了第三次植烟土壤普查,在主产烟区布置401个采样点,测定其耕作层(0~20 cm)土壤主要养分含量,利用经典统计方法和地统计学方法对植烟土壤养分含量的丰缺状况和空间变异特征进行分析。结果表明,与2000年相比,2020年长沙烟区土壤pH上升,土壤全量磷钾、有效磷、速效钾与中微量元素交换性钙、交换性镁、有效铁、有效锰、有效锌、有效硼、有效钼的平均含量有所增长,其中土壤速效钾和有效铁平均含量呈大幅增长趋势;土壤有机质、全氮和碱解氮、有效硫、有效铜、水溶性氯的平均含量有所下降。长沙植烟土壤pH、有机质、全氮、全钾、碱解氮、交换性钙、有效钼的平均含量适宜,土壤全磷、交换性镁、水溶性氯偏低,土壤有效磷、速效钾、有效硫、有效铁、有效锰、有效铜、有效锌、有效硼偏高。土壤有效磷、有效锰、水溶性氯具有强变异性,有效硫、有效铜、有效锌、有效硼、有效钼为中强变异性,土壤速效钾、有效铁、交换性钙、交换性镁为中弱变异性,土壤pH、有机质、全量氮磷钾、碱解氮的变异性相对较弱。长沙不同区域植烟土壤养分的丰缺状况呈现不同程度的空间异质性,长沙烟区应根据植烟土壤养分的丰缺状况进行精细化分区管理与施肥方案的优化。     

番木瓜典型缺硼症的相关营养元素分析

针对玉溪市元江县番木瓜生产上发生的严重的番木瓜典型缺硼症,以根际土壤及植株各部位器官等为探索对象,采用对比分析法探讨了番木瓜典型缺硼症的相关营养元素含量状况。结果表明,番木瓜发生缺硼症后,不但外部表现典型症状,而且内部相关营养元素也发生了明显的变化。除根部含B量、果实和中上部茎的含K量、果实和下部无叶茎的Ca、Mg含量,缺硼株与正常株的差异不明显外;顶端心叶、中上部的叶和叶柄、中上部茎、下部无叶茎及果实等部位的含B量,番木瓜缺硼株均明显低于正常株;顶端心叶、中上部的叶和叶柄、下部无叶茎及根等部位的含K量,番木瓜缺硼株也明显低于正常株。而顶端心叶、中上部的叶和叶柄、中上部茎及根等部位的Ca、Mg含量,则番木瓜缺硼株明显高于正常株。从Ca、Mg与B的协调性来分析,番木瓜各个部位的Ca/B及Mg/B的比值,缺硼株均明显的高于正常株。说明番木瓜缺硼症的发生,除与土壤有效B缺乏有关外,Ca/B及Mg/B比值过高也是导致该症发生的一个重要原因。     

Einfluß von P-Mangel im split-root-System auf lipoide Eigenschaften der Rapswurzel (Brassica napus L.)

Effect of P-deficiency in the split-root-system on lipoid root characteristics of rape-seed ( Brassica napus L.)
The effect of partial P-deficiency on characteristics of parts of the root system from rape-seed ( Brassica napus L.) was investigated by means of the split-root-technique. At 1 cm length of the seventh leaf treatments started lasting 21 days. Pots were designed with two separated chambers filled up with nutrient solutions. Both halfs of the root system lacked of P (-/-) or were fully fed (+/+). Additionally, one part of the root system was fully supplied while the other part was kept without P (+/-). The root system grown at partial P-supply revealed compensatory reactions which became evident by increased uptake of K and Ca and by higher contents and amounts of lipid-P as compared to the P-deficient root portion. The fatty acid composition of the major phospholipids from root tissue, phosphatidyl choline (PC) and phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE), varied in dependence of P-nutrition. At P-deficiency the linoleic acid content (% 18:2) declined while the linolenic acid content (% 18:3) increased. Consequently, no change in saturation occurred. However, in PE the degree of saturation was affected distinctly. P-deficiency caused an increase of saturation whereas full supply led to higher desaturation. The results point to relations between the intensity of nutrient uptake modulated by P-nutrition and the amounts and characteristics of membrane lipids in root tissue.     

古田县园地土壤养分状况探析

为了调查古田县园地作物土壤养分状况,探讨土壤养分供应与土壤主要性质之间的关系。在古田县5种园地作物土壤上,采集耕层土壤样品7023个,调查园地作物状况,探讨土壤养分供应与土壤主要性质之间的关系。结果表明,供试园地土壤均值有机质含量为25.38 g/kg、pH 5.07、全氮含量1.2 2 g/kg、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量分别为143.5、29.95、59.3 mg/kg,交换性钙、镁含量分别是226.1、422.1 mg/kg,有效硼、锌含量分别为0.15、1.22 mg/kg,各养分含量均与土壤有机质含量和pH之间呈极显著正相关。供试园地土壤全氮含量中等,碱解氮、有效磷含量较高,土壤速效钾78.51%处缺乏水平、交换性钙含量缺乏比例占89.21%,交换性镁过量、有效硼缺乏样品达96.21%,有效锌处于中等水平。提高有机质含量和改良土壤酸度应该成为供试园地土壤改善养分供应状况的根本措施。     

甘蓝型油菜对华北坝上冷凉环境的适应性

针对华北坝上冷凉区短季类经济作物缺乏,芥菜型油菜品质差、产量低等问题,于2017-2018年在农业农村部张北农业资源与生态环境重点野外观测试验站,引种了甘蓝型双低油菜品种华油杂62,以当地传统芥菜型油菜品种大黄为对照,监测了两品种的叶面积指数、角果净光合速率日变化、地上部干物质积累量、养分积累量和油菜农艺性状、产量等。结果表明,华油杂62较大黄生育期长约10d,平均叶面积指数高23.36%~36.73%;角果净光合速率不及大黄,N、P、K积累量高于大黄;干物质快速增长期延长21d,干物质积累潜值高46.86%;菜子产量较大黄高22.8%~54.0%。甘蓝型油菜华油杂62对华北坝上冷凉区的地理气候环境有较好的生态适应性,具有替代区域传统芥菜型油菜的优势。     

Relationship Between Leaf Nitrogen and Photosynthetic Characteristics in Brassica juncea and B. campestris

The relationship between leaf nitrogen content (N) versus photosynthetic rate (PN) and other associated parameters was examined in Brassica juncea , cv. Pusa Bold and B campestris , cv. Pusa Kalyani. Leaf N, specific leaf weight (SLW), leaf area and PN were significantly higher in B. juncea , while the chlorophyll content was significantly lower compared to Brassica campestris. A significant positive correlation was obtained between leaf N content and photosynthetic rate in both species. Similarly, SLW was also positively related with leaf N content, Brassica juncea showed higher photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) than B campestris. Leaf N and PNUE were negatively associated. This was attributed to a low investment of N in photosynthesis related reactions and/or partitioning of N towards compounds functionally unrelated to photosynthesis. This attribution is further supported by the negative relationship obtained between SLW and PNUE.     

芸芥(Eruca sativa Mill.)与芸薹属(Brassica L.) 3个油用种的远缘杂交

采用芸芥(Eruca sativa Mill.)与芸薹属3个油用种（Brassica napus, Brassica juncea, Brassica rapa）进行杂交，共授粉15 990朵花，获得1 257个角果，711粒杂交种子，结角率为7.86%，亲和指数0.045。经形态学鉴定，无论芸芥作母本还是芸薹属的三个油用种作母本，F1植株均为偏母植株。杂交所获得角果的角粒数很低，许多角果     

砂培条件下橡胶树砧穗间矿质养分的积累与分布

在砂培条件下对橡胶树砧穗间几种矿物质养分的积累和分布情况进行研究。研究结果如下：（1）砂培后植株中N、P、K、Ca、Mg含量均有不同程度的增加,但在无外源养分供应条件下,随着接穗的生长,N、P、K、Mg含量增加幅度减小并影响植株正常生长。（2）外源矿质养分利用水平因不同生长阶段而异,N和Ca在第二蓬叶时才开始利用,K和Mg在第一蓬叶时大量利用,而此时P素的利用很少。（3）矿质养分在砧木不同部位和位置的含量水平和分布有明显的差异。韧皮部中累积较多的养分,而Mg主要分布在木质部上部,P主要分布在韧皮部下布。     

不同形态氮素对番茄幼苗体内营养元素含量的影响

应用溶液培养法,采用全根和分根两种培养方式,研究了不同NO3-、NH4+配比处理下,番茄幼苗不同部位中12种营养元素含量的差异。结果表明,在全根和分根培养下,番茄体内总N浓度：花 > 叶、根 > 茎。在全根培养下,叶片和茎中总N浓度随营养液中NH4+比例增加而增加,适量增铵（NO3-:NH4+=75:25）显著提高了根系中P和K含量;在分根培养下,局部根系供单一NH4+营养显著降低了花和茎中总N浓度,提高了自身根系中总N浓度,但降低了两侧根系中P和K浓度。全部和局部根系供单一NH4+和NO3-、NH4+混合营养均降低了番茄幼苗各部位中Ca和Mg含量,但增加了叶片中S含量。在全根培养下,增加营养液中NH4+比例,增加了叶片中B和Mn含量,同时增加了叶片和根系中Zn和Mo含量。在分根培养下,局部根系供单一NH4+营养显著增加了根系中Fe、B、Zn、Cu和Mo含量。另外,全部和局部根系供混合N素营养（NO3-:NH4+=75:25）提高了N、P和K在体内总积累量。     

甘蓝型油菜与近缘种、属杂交时花粉-雌蕊相互作用的研究

甘蓝型油菜作母本与白菜、甘蓝、黑芥、芥菜型油菜和埃塞俄比亚芥杂交时,花粉粘合程度减弱。花粉管常常不能穿入柱头,与花粉管接触的柱头乳突细胞内普遍产生胼胝质。少数异源花粉管能穿过柱头进入花柱,但时有异常胼胝质沉积在花粉管中。海甘蓝的花粉很难粘合在甘蓝型油菜柱头上。异种花粉与甘蓝型油菜雌蕊的亲和性按大小依次     

‘富士’苹果果实主要矿质元素与苦痘病发生的关系

以‘富士’苹果为试材,研究采收期苦痘病果实和正常果实果肉、果皮和果肉质外体的Ca、K、Mg和P等矿质元素含量及其比值变化,探讨苦痘病的发生机理。结果表明,与正常苹果果实相比,苦痘病果实的单果重和可溶性固形物含量显著高于正常果实,两者间的果实硬度、苹果酸含量和果形指数无显著差异。正常果实、苦痘病果实发病部位和正常部位的质外体Ca含量无显著差异,质外体K、Mg和P含量表现出苦痘病发病部位高于发病果实正常部位和正常果实,且发病部位与正常果实之间均差异显著。从矿质元素间的比值可以看出,苦痘病果实发病部位的K/Ca、Mg/Ca、P/Ca和[K+Mg]/Ca比值均显著高于正常果实相对应元素的比值,分别为正常果实的1.64、1.50、2.05和1.63倍。研究结果还表明,苦痘病果实果皮和果肉的Ca含量均显著低于正常果实,与正常果实相比,发病果实具有较高的K、Mg、P和N含量。苦痘病果实发病部位的K/Ca、Mg/Ca、P/Ca、[K+Mg]/Ca和N/Ca比值均显著高于正常果实相对应元素的比值。由此推断,苹果果实苦痘病的发生不仅与果实的单一Ca含量有关,果实的K、Mg、P和N含量,尤其K/Ca、Mg/Ca、P/Ca、[K+Mg]/Ca和N/Ca的比值与苦痘病的发生密切相关,在生产中均衡营养与科学施肥是解决苹果苦痘病的关键。     

Foliar Nutrient Analyses in Bananas Grown in the Highlands of East Africa

Data gathered from 45 farms in the Kagera Region of Tanzania were used to estimate critical nutrient levels (CNL) of foliar tissue and norms of the Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) for bananas ( Musa spp.) grown in the highlands of East Africa.
CNL values are proposed as 3.1 % N, 1.13 % Ca, 0.48 % Mg, 18.4 ppm Zn and 10.0 ppm B. Optimum ranges for cation ratios were estimated as 0.54—0.67 for K/(K + Ca + Mg), 0.22—0.32 for Ca/(K + Ca + Mg) and 0.09—0.15 for Mg/(K + Ca + Mg). Productivity of bananas and foliar levels of P, K, S, Fe, Mn and Cu were too weakly related to estimate CNLs for these nutrients. A set of DRIS norms for East African Highland bananas is presented.     

昭通植烟土壤养分丰缺状况及施肥对策

对昭通市8个产烟县（区）采集605个植烟耕层土壤进行分析。结果表明：全市植烟土壤平均PH=6.64,有机质2.629%,全氮0.131%,速效氮107.28mg.kg-1,全磷0.081%,速效磷15.235mg.kg-1,全钾1.636%,速效钾140.98mg.kg-1,交换性钙0.381%,交换性镁319.32mg.kg-1,速效硼0.259mg.kg-1,速效锌2.479mg.kg-1,速效锰24.444mg.kg-1,速效钼0.289mg.kg-1,速效铁35.453mg.kg-1,速效铜2.544mg.kg-1,水溶性氯离子11.783mg.kg-1。对烤烟生产来说,昭通烟区土壤的磷偏低,钾不足,硼、氯普遍缺乏,初步提出了稳氮、增磷钾,普遍补充硼、氯,局部补充镁、钼、锌的施肥建议。     

意大利黑麦草和高羊茅不同品种的矿物质含量差异

用能量分散型荧光X射线元素分析仪测定了意大利黑麦草和高羊茅两草种各4个品种不同年度、不同器官、不同刈割时期的矿物质元素含量。结果表明,每个草种的高镁品种都具有较高的Mg含量和低的K/(Ca Mg)当量比,而且与其他品种之间差异显著;不同刈割时期,5月份Mg含量低而K/(Ca Mg)当量比高,而且与其他刈割时期差异显著;2003年与2004年相比,K含量、K/(Ca Mg)当量比高而且差异显著;两草种茎叶干物质中矿物质元素含量高低顺序为:常量元素K>Si>Ca>Mg>Na;叶中微量元素Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu,茎中微量元素Mn>Fe>Zn>Cu。不同器官之间,意大利黑麦草除Zn的含量茎显著高于叶而外,其他11种元素都是叶的含量高于茎;高羊茅P,Cl,Zn的含量茎显著高于叶,其他9种元素都是叶的含量高于茎。     

缺素对高州油茶幼苗生长的影响

试验设置全素(control)、缺氮(-N)、缺磷(-P)、缺钾(-K)、缺钙(-Ca)、缺镁(-Mg)、缺硫(-S)7个处理,对高州油茶幼苗进行缺素施肥试验,通过测定苗高、地径、叶面积、叶片周长、叶片长宽比等指标,探究不同缺素处理对高州油茶苗期生长的影响。结果表明：（1）除缺Mg处理各项指标与对照相当外,各缺素处理下高州油茶幼苗的地径和苗高均低于对照,缺素抑制了高州油茶幼苗径高的生长,其中主要影响元素为N、K、Ca。（2）对高州油茶幼苗叶片生长影响较大的元素为Ca和K,但各项指标差异不显著(P＞0.05),缺N、缺P、缺Mg、缺S处理下的高州油茶幼苗各项指标与对照无明显差异。缺素对高州油茶幼苗叶面积、叶片周长、叶片长宽比和叶片干重的影响不显著,其原因有待进一步探讨。