大蒜汁防霉效果研究

本试验将大蒜汁设为7个添加水平,每个水平两个重复,研究了大蒜汁在高温（30±20℃）,高温（相对湿度90±2％）条件下对饲料的防霉效果。结果表明：大蒜汁对饲料具有防霉保鲜作用。在本试验条件下,其最适添加量：0．95－1．32％。     

介绍几种猪的饲料调味剂

在猪的饲喂过程中,适量地加入某种饲料调味剂,不仅可以改善饲料的适口性和提高其转化率,还可以显著提高猪的日增重。1　甜味剂　主要包括糖和糖精。糖大多在仔猪料中应用,用量不宜过多,一般2%～3%,否则易引起仔猪腹泻。育肥猪饲料中添加的甜味剂主要是糖精。据试验,每吨饲料中添加糖剂50ｇ,猪日增重提高6%以上。饲料消耗降低4%。2　香味剂　猪对饲料中的香味比较敏感,饲料中添加动植物油脂可改善饲料适口性,增加饲料中热量,提高饲料报酬。仔猪饲料中添加2%～3%油脂,日增重提高8%,并可降低死亡率;育肥猪饲料中添加4%油脂,日增重提高5%～8%,饲…     

大蒜汁治疗猪喘气病

根据笔者近来一系列用大蒜汁治疗猪喘气病的记录调查,我们认为大蒜汁治疗猪喘气病是具有一定效果的。我们得到的经验:①大蒜汁以生大蒜汁为佳,②大蒜汁浓度以20—40%为好,③大蒜汁剂量以每公斤体重0.5—1毫升为宜,④大蒜汁给药方式以皮下和肌肉交替注射为好。因为在用生大蒜汁作连续注射时(每天一次,每个疗程5—7天)往往会因注射部位的肿胀而迫使停止给药,应用皮下     

可促猪快长的特殊饲料添加剂

不少国家在生猪养殖中,为了充分发挥饲料效益,促进猪快长,他们除在饲料中添加常用的饲料添加剂外,还开发使用了一些特殊的饲料添加剂。柠檬酸　美国的畜牧研究人员,在饲喂断奶仔猪的饲料中,添加2%的柠檬酸。断奶仔猪食用后,日增重比不添喂柠檬酸的断奶仔猪,提高了20%左右。黄曲菌素　德国的许多养猪户,在猪饲料中添加一定量的黄曲菌素,具体数量为仔猪饲料每千克添加5毫克,肉猪饲料每千克添加20毫克,结果猪吃了以后,饲料转化率提高了5%以上,日增重提高了7%～10%。铜元素　日本人在育肥猪的饲料中,除添加适量的抗生素外,还添加微量的铜元素。…     

酪酸菌制剂对大猪生产性能及饲喂成本的影响

为了进一步观察酪酸菌制剂对大猪生产性能和饲料成本的影响,试验将体重83～84 kg的三元杂交大猪48头分为2组,对照组按常规的饲料配方进行饲喂,试验组在日粮中添加0.02%酪酸菌制剂,进行为期23 d的试验。结果表明:与对照组相比,添加0.02%酪酸菌制剂的试验组猪日增重提高了12.40%(P<0.05),料重比降低了17.30%,饲料成本降低了22.40%。说明试验所用酪酸菌制剂可以提高猪的生产性能,降低饲喂成本。     

“粮化酶”在生长育肥猪生产中应用效果初报

为了探讨复合生物菌酶产品粮化酶及其秸秆生化饲料应用于生长育肥猪生产中的效果,试验共设6个试验组和1个对照组,分别设置0.5‰、1.0‰、1.5‰粮化酶和5%、10%、15%生化饲料加入配合饲料中饲喂,设置常规饲料组为对照组。试验结果表明,在常规生长育肥猪配合饲料中添加1‰左右粮化酶,生长育肥猪增重增效明显;在配合饲料中添加5%~10%生化饲料可降低饲料成本,生长育肥猪增效显著,过多添加则增重慢。     

中草药提取物作为饲料添加剂对生长猪生产性能的影响

饲料中添加0.5%中草药提取物作为饲料添加剂的处理组有明显优势,生长猪的末期重量、日增重量最大,料重比最低。中草药提取物作为饲料添加剂能够显著影响到生长猪的生产性能,在日粮中添加一定比例的中草药提取物作为饲料添加剂能够促进生长猪日增重增加,降低饲料用量,提高饲料利用率,其中向日粮中添加0.5%的量比较合适。     

饲料中添加无花果蛋白酶的试验分析

在育肥猪饲料中添加不同比例的无花果蛋白酶,结果表明,按4%的比例添加在饲料中饲料报酬、日增重最好,3%、5%次之。无花果蛋白酶对饲料中蛋白质有效利用明显提高,并能获得较快的生长速度,同时对预防猪的消化道疾病也有明显效果。     

养猪增重六法

1）喂艾叶法。艾叶营养丰富,对猪有抗病作用。在猪日粮中添加2%艾叶粉,日增重可提高5%-10%,饲料消耗可下降7%-12%。2）喂沸石粉法。在饲料中添加5%沸石粉喂肉猪,每增加1 kg沸石粉,可使肉猪增重4 kg,节约饲料近1/4,并能减少猪支气管炎、胃肠炎、佝偻病等病症。用来喂母猪,还可加快仔猪的生长发育速度。3）喂稀土法。在每千克肉猪饲料中添加2.5 g稀土,可使猪增重20-45 kg,提高饲料利用率3%-12%。     

科苑采撷

猪日粮中添加香味饲料好在猪的日粮中添加香味饲料并不是只添加香味剂,而主要是添加脂肪、油脂等带香味的饲料。在育肥猪日粮中添加2.6%、5.2%和8%的脂肪,其日增重分别为732克、750克和768克,料重比分别为3.1:1、3.12:1和2.98:1,而不添加脂肪的对照组日增重为709克,料重比3.58:     

Effects of pre- and postnatal exposure to garlic and aniseed flavour on pre- and postweaning feed intake in pigs

The low nutrient intake shortly after weaning is a major cause of post-weaning problems. Feed intake after weaning is strongly related to feed intake during lactation. Feed intake during lactation, however, varies considerably between litters. We hypothesised that prenatal and postnatal exposure to certain flavours would increase the intake of feed containing the same flavours pre- and postweaning. Multiparous sows did (n = 17) or did not (n = 14) receive 50 g garlic granulate/powder and 25 g aniseed as daily additive to their diet during the last month of gestation and during lactation. From day 14 of lactation, litters were submitted to intermittent suckling: 12 h separation form the sow each day. During lactation, all litters had 40 g garlic and 20 g aniseed per kg added to their creep feed. After weaning, half of the litters had no additive in their diet. Piglets were weaned at 4 weeks (13 litters) or at 6 weeks (18 litters). At 6 weeks of lactation, litters of which the dam received the flavour in her diet, had a higher feed intake (309 ± 43 vs 233 ± 35 g/p/d) than litters of dams without the flavour, although the difference was not significant. Sow diet had no effect on postweaning feed intake, but postweaning piglet diet did. Late (week 6) weaned litters receiving the flavoured feed had a higher feed intake from 3 to 10 days after weaning (833 ± 38 vs 687 ± 58 g/p/d). Weight gain during the first 10 days after weaning was not affected by sow or pig diets. Feed intake and weight gain shortly after weaning were strongly related to feed intake during lactation (overall R = 0.64, P < 0.05 and R = 0.77, P < 0.05). We conclude that early experience with flavours increases later acceptance and improves adaptation to post weaning conditions.     

Effects of dietary changes on the antibacterial activity of pancreatic juice in weaned piglets

At weaning, low feed intake level is a major factor responsible for gut disorders. However, less is known on adaptation of the antibacterial activity of pancreatic juice in response to variations in feed intake level. Moreover bovine colostrum has been demonstrated to decrease coliform counts in duodenal digesta and to improve health status of weaned piglets. Aims of the present study were to evaluate effects of feed intake level and of a bovine colostrum-supplemented diet on the pancreatic secretion of antibacterial activity in piglets at weaning. At 33 days of age, twenty-eight piglets fitted with two permanent catheters (for pancreatic juice collection and reintroduction) were weaned and allocated to one of the following three dietary treatments for 5 days: low feed allocation with a starter diet (L), gradually increased feed allocation with a starter diet (Ctrl), or gradually increased feed allocation with a starter diet supplemented with bovine colostrum (Col). In Ctrl piglets, the post-weaning secretion of antibacterial activity did not significantly differed from pre-weaning values. The pancreatic secretion of antibacterial activity in L piglets was higher than that in Ctrl piglets at day 5 (+ 300%; P < 0.05). Moreover in Col piglets the secretion of the antibacterial activity tended to increase by 55% (P = 0.08) compared to Ctrl piglets. Variations in the pancreatic secretion of antibacterial activity could constitute an adaptive phenomenon to maintain bacterial homeostasis in the upper small intestine during the early post-weaning period.     

Garlic and papaya lack control over gastrointestinal nematodes in goats and lambs

Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) continue to hinder small ruminant production because of anthelmintic resistance and lack of effective products for GIN control in organic production. The objective of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a commercially available certified organic garlic product, fresh garlic juice, or garlic bulbs as an anthelmintic to control GIN in goats and papaya seeds for GIN control in lambs. In the first experiment, weaned meat goat kids were administered water or a commercial garlic juice product (n = 7/treatment). In the second experiment, kids were administered water, fresh garlic juice, or fed garlic bulbs (n = 9 or 10/treatment). In a third experiment, lambs were administered nothing or papaya seed in water (n = 12/treatment). Naturally infected goats were supplemented with bermudagrass hay and corn/soybean supplement in the first experiment or maintained on bermudagrass pasture in the second experiment or lambs grazed mixed grasses in the third. Blood and fecal samples were collected on Days 0, 7, and 14 after administration of treatment to examine changes in blood packed cell volume (PCV) and fecal egg counts (FEC). PCV and FEC were similar by Day 14 between kids treated with a commercial garlic juice and water in the first experiment. Similarly, PCV was not different among treatment groups in the second experiment. FEC of the garlic juice group was lower than the other two groups on Day 0, but was similar among groups by Day 14. Deworming was required in one goat within each treatment group by Day 7 and in three kids in the garlic juice group and two in the garlic bulb group by Day 14. No changes in PCV or FEC were apparent in response to papaya seed compared with untreated lambs. Based on the alternative plant products used in this study, garlic or papaya seed is not recommended as an aid to control GIN in goats or lambs.     

One or Two Feeders for Groups of 16 Growing–Finishing Pigs: Effects on Health and Production

Over a 3-year period, seven batches of growing-finishing pigs in groups of 16 pigs (total 672 pigs) were fed using one or two singlespace feeders. The pigs with access to two feeders had a significantly lower number of skin lesions (P<0.0001) and higher daily weight gain than did the pigs with access to one feeder (863 vs. 837 g day- 1 , P<0.05). The within-pen variation in daily weight gain was higher in the pens with one feeder than in the pens with two feeders (SD 139 vs. 106g day- 1 , P<0.0001). The pigs with access to two feeders consumed more feed during the period when they were allowed to eat ad libitum , in comparison to the pigs with access to one feeder (2.07 vs. 1.97 kg day- 1 , P<0.05). The feed conversion ratio of the pigs did not differ between the two treatments. No differences in carcass meat percentage, health or number of remarks at slaughter were detected. A comparison was made between using computerized IVOG® feeders, with individual recording of feed intake, and conventional feeders. The feed conversion ratio was poorer for the pigs fed with the IVOG-feeders than for those fed with conventional feeders. The automatic recordings from the IVOG-system showed that there had been a higher daily feed intake during the ad libitum period. During the restricted period the pigs had a lower daily weight gain than with the conventional feeders.     

COMPARATIVE EFFICACY OF DIFFERENT ANTIDOTES AGAINST EXPERIMENTAL NITRATE INTOXICATION IN RABBITS

The antidotal efficacy of aqueous garlic extract, methylene blue, and velenium (Vitamin E + sodium selenite) was compared against experimental nitrate intoxication in rabbits. Forty-two, albino rabbits of identical age, gender, and body weight were randomly divided into 7 groups (A to G) and subjected to experimental treatments for a period of 40 days. Rabbits of group A were offered only normal feed and served as negative control, while, rabbits of group B constituted the positive control group and received feed supplemented with sodium nitrate at 400 mg/kg body weight. Sodium nitrate-containing feed and intraperitoneal injection of 1% methylene blue solution at 2 mg/kg body weight were administered to group C. Rabbits of group D were given sodium nitrate-supplemented feed and aqueous garlic extract at 500 mg/kg body weight through oral route. Group E was treated with sodium nitrate-added feed, intraperitoneal injection of 1% methylene blue solution at 2 mg/kg body weight, and oral administration of garlic extract at 500 mg/kg. Velenium (25 mg of Vitamin E + 2.2 mg of sodium selenite per ml) was intraperitoneally injected at 1 ml/kg body weight to rabbits of group F along with the provision of sodium nitrate-supplemented feed. In addition to being fed with sodium nitrate-containing feed, group G obtained intraperitoneal injection of velenium at 1 ml/kg body weight and oral administration of garlic extract at 500 mg/kg body weight. The efficacy of antidotes was assessed on the basis of changes in blood nitrite level, biochemical profile, and gross pathological lesions manifested by the treated rabbits. The combination of methylene blue and garlic extract was highly effective in treating nitrate toxicity followed by methylene blue, garlic extract, and velenium, respectively. Whereas, the concurrent administration of garlic extract and velenium was least efficacious in terms of antidotal efficacy. In conclusion, aqueous garlic extract can be effectively used either alone or in combination with methylene blue when treating rabbits diagnosed with nitrate toxicity.     

Development of feeding systems and strategies of supplementation to enhance rumen fermentation and ruminant production in the tropics

The availability of local feed resources in various seasons can contribute as essential sources of carbohydrate and protein which significantly impact rumen fermentation and the subsequent productivity of the ruminant. Recent developments, based on enriching protein in cassava chips, have yielded yeast fermented cassava chip protein (YEFECAP) providing up to 47.5% crude protein (CP), which can be used to replace soybean meal. The use of fodder trees has been developed through the process of pelleting; Leucaena leucocephala leaf pellets (LLP), mulberry leaf pellets (MUP) and mangosteen peel and/or garlic pellets, can be used as good sources of protein to supplement ruminant feeding. Apart from producing volatile fatty acids and microbial proteins, greenhouse gases such as methane are also produced in the rumen. Several methods have been used to reduce rumen methane. However, among many approaches, nutritional manipulation using feed formulation and feeding management, especially the use of plant extracts or plants containing secondary compounds (condensed tannins and saponins) and plant oils, has been reported. This approach could help todecrease rumen protozoa and methanogens and thus mitigate the production of methane. At present, more research concerning this burning issue - the role of livestock in global warming - warrants undertaking further research with regard to economic viability and practical feasibility.     

日粮中添加调味剂对围产期奶牛采食量、产后体重和体况评分的影响

选用32头干奶后期荷斯坦牛,按照年龄、体重、胎次和上个周期产奶量相同或相近的原则,随机分成4个处理组,研究在日粮中添加草香味调味剂、焦糖味调味剂和果香味调味剂（添加比例100g/t TMR日粮）,对奶牛采食量、产后体重恢复和体况评分的影响。结果表明,在日粮中添加调味剂对围产期奶牛产前和产后的干物质采食量有提高的趋势,其中产前日粮添加调味剂A（草香味）和调味剂B（焦糖味）可以显著提高奶牛的干物质采食量（P〈0.05）;在日粮中添加调味剂对围产期奶牛产后体重的恢复有促进作用,其中添加调味剂B（焦糖味）组奶牛在产后28天和42天的测定值显示,可以显著影响围产期奶牛产后的体重恢复（P〈0.05）;在日粮中添加调味剂对围产期奶牛产后体况的恢复有促进作用,其中在奶牛产后14天的测定值显示,添加调味剂B（焦糖味）可以显著改善奶牛的体况（P〈0.05）;在产后28天,添加调味剂B（焦糖味）和调味剂C（果香味）可以显著改善奶牛的体况（P〈0.05）;在产后42天,添加调味剂A（草香味）、调味剂B（焦糖味）和调味剂C（果香味）都可以显著改善奶牛的体况（P〈0.05）。即在围产期奶牛日粮中添加不同风味的调味剂,都可以提高奶牛的干物质采食量,促进奶牛产后体重和体况的恢复,其中焦糖味调味剂的效果最为明显。     

大蒜秸秆保健添加剂对肉仔鸡生产性能的影响

试验分析大蒜秸秆营养价值及其有效成分含量,并作为添加剂应用于肉仔鸡日粮。试验结果表明,与对照组相比采食量、死淘率都表现出显著差异;表现了较好的保健效果;明显增加了肉仔鸡的养殖效益。     

民和县河谷川水地区高产饲料作物复种栽培试验

对六种饲料作物在民和县河谷川水地区进行了复种栽培试验,结果表明:覆膜对饲料作物的植株高度、产量都有显著的作用。覆膜比不覆膜平均鲜草产量高28 206.0~56 202.0kg/hm2,增产51.4%~127.6%,经济效益明显,甘露2号高丹草和科青1号饲用玉米综合性状表现最优,是适宜该地区二茬复种的优良饲料品种。     

紫甘薯乳酸发酵醪体外抗氧化性研究

测定5种乳酸发酵醪和紫甘薯醋的总抗氧化能力和对二苯代苦昧酰基（DPPH）自由基清除率,结果表明紫：甘薯乳酸发酵后抗氧化能力轻微增强,总抗氧化能力达200．18mg／mL,添加量为100μL时对DPPH自由基清除率达96．99％,与紫甘薯醋抗氧化能力相当。5种乳酸发酵醪中,紫甘薯乳酸发酵醪抗氧化能力最强。