Spatial-temporal Patterns and Evolution History of Rural Settlements from the Perspective of Inheritance——A Case Study of Lianzhou City,Guangdong Province

Formation and evolution of rural settlement patterns in Lianzhou City,Guangdong Province were analyzed from the perspective of space and time,on the basis of its gazetteer and relevant historical data.The results show that Lianzhou was first founded in the sixth year of Yuanding Period of the Western Han Dynasty,and its development could be roughly classified into 6 stages according to the construction of south–north traffic lines and regional development progress,and it witnessed the fastest development in the Ming and Qing Dynasty.In terms of spatial distribution,rural settlements in the local area show spatial continuity,Lianzhou Town is the core of rural settlement growth in the city,and towns with the most concentrated rural settlements in all stages are located in central-west and northeast parts of the city,and those with lower density of rural settlements are mostly located in minority regions in the north and mountainous areas in the east.On the basis of the above facts,the paper studies the influence of natural geological conditions,immigrant,traffic,economic development and ethnic composition on the establishment and development of rural settlements in Lianzhou City.     

Twenty‐first century nomadic city: Ger districts and barriers to the implementation of the Ulaanbaatar City Master Plan

Since the early 1990s, Ulaanbaatar, the capital of Mongolia, has experienced rapid rural to urban migration and population growth resulting in the growth in informal settlements across the city. The informal settlements are known as ‘ger’ districts. In response to these pressures, since the 1990s, the central government has adopted a programme of land reform and metropolitan planning. These new reforms take place in the context of a unique, post‐socialist political, economic and institutional context. The land reform process has attempted to privatise land ownership, which has traditionally resided with the state. The privatisation process was initiated under the new Constitution of Mongolia, which initiated reforms in all sectors of social and economic development, and since 2003, targeted land reform in ger districts. Running parallel, a series of urban land‐use planning schemes have been introduced to frame the development of Ulaanbaatar in the context of an emerging market economy. Although master plans for urban development have been established since the 1950s, urban land‐use planning is a new concept in this emerging market economy. The aim of this paper is to trace the rationales and challenges of implementing master plans and land privatisation processes in Ulaanbaatar. Drawing on interviews with city, national and local government officials conducted in 2009, the paper focuses on the implications of these reforms for both the government and the residents of ger districts.     

农村居民点用地发展变化驱动力研究

本文在分析鹿泉市现状农村居民点存在问题的基础上,从地理学的角度入手,将农村居民点变化的驱动因子归纳为经济、人口、技术、政策、社会五个方面,得到定量度量各驱动因子影响的多元线性模型,并用路径分析方法探讨驱动因子与农村居民点面积变化以及各驱动因子之间的关系。研究结果表明：经济因子、人口因子和政策因子对农村居民点变化均有较大影响,其中,技术因子和社会因子对农村居民点发展变化的影响是通过经济和人口因子来体现的。     

宁夏中部干旱带农村居民点空间分布研究

文章借助GIS空间分析技术和数据统计方法,分析了宁夏中部干旱带农村居民点空间分布特征及其与环境的关系。研究表明,研究区农村居民点的空间分布形态主要表现为团状、串珠状、环状、树枝状、星点状等形式。研究区农村居民点具有“整体分散,相对集中”的空间结构特征。移民点是研究区农村居民点的重要组成部分,其空间分布差异明显：平原灌区及山区库井灌区移民点规模最大,而山区、丘陵及台地移民点规模较小。研究区农村居民点空间分布与区域环境关系密切,地形地貌、交通条件、水资源、经济发展水平等是影响农村居民点空间分布格局的主要因素。研究结果对宁夏中部干旱带农村土地利用规划及生态移民工程的顺利进展提供一定的依据和参考。     

村域农村居民点景观格局及其影响因素分析——以宜兴市8个村为例

本文运用景观生态学和GIS空间分析的理论与方法,以村域为研究单元,对比分析宜兴市8个样本村的农村居民点景观格局及用地扩展特征,进行探讨地形地貌、空间区位、经济发展、政策措施等因素的影响,以期为当地农村居民点规划与调控提供现实依据。     

Beyond large‐city‐centred urbanisation: in situ transformationof rural areas in Fujian Province

This paper explores China’s in situ urbanisation and its implications for the paradigm of extended metropolitan areas. Based on preliminary results of the 2000 census, field surveys and interviews, government statistics and documents, and direct observation in Fujian Province of China, a region without much influence of mega‐cities, the analysis shows that in situ urbanisation resulting from the transformation of rural settlements has played an important role since the 1980s. The paper examines major factors contributing to the process of in situ urbanisation, especially the development of township and village enterprises, government policies and foreign investment. Some underlying conditions, such as local historical and geographical conditions and cultural characteristics, high population density and improvement in transport and communications, are also discussed, and the future prospect of the urbanisation pattern in the context of local economic restructuring and urbanisation strategies in the new century is gauged. The paper also assesses the relevance of the paradigm of extended metropolitan areas to the urbanisation pattern, and suggests the need for a conceptual framework focusing on the urbanisation process resulting from bottom‐up rural developments.     

醴陵市农村居民点的景观生态特征及其时空演变

随着人类活动加剧,探索农村居民点的景观生态特征及其演变的驱动因素对农村经济发展和农业现代化具有非常重要的意义。利用2005年土地利用变更数据库和2009年第2次土地利用调查数据库等资料,运用景观生态理论结合GIS方法制作相应的专题图,定量分析比较醴陵市2005—2009年期间农村居民点的空间分布特征及其差异。结果显示,2005—2009年期间,醴陵市农村居民点总面积规模增大;农村居民点形状变得更加复杂;醴陵市农村居民点受自然环境影响明显,距离城镇、河流、道路较近以及海拔越低与坡度越小区域的农村居民点面积增幅规模更大,形状复杂程度变化更明显。     

Density,Distance, and Division: Rural Poverty in a Developing‐Country Context

The 3Ds, namely, density, distance, and division, are important for regional economic development and are integrated into a “3D” analytical framework in the 2009 World Development Report. Few empirical studies have examined the relevance of the 3D framework for explaining rural poverty in a developing‐country context. The effects of density on poverty are seldom studied, and distances to different layers of city centers on poverty may vary across different contexts. This paper aims to fill these gaps. Examining the case of Guizhou Province in China and adopting methods of the ordinary least square, instrument variable, and spatial econometrics, we find the evidence of the 3D framework for explaining rural poverty at the county level. Population density has a negative effect on rural poverty, while division, as measured by share of the ethnic minority population, has a positive effect. The effects of distance are mixed. Distance to Guiyang, which is the provincial political‐economic center of Guizhou province, has a negative effect on rural poverty, whereas distance to the local city center has no effect. These results can provide important policy implications for local poverty‐alleviation.     

县域农村居民点空心化程度评价及其空间布局重构研究

随着村庄空心化问题的日益凸显,农村居民点空间布局重构对于指导区域农村居民点整理规划、确定经济发展主要方向具有重要价值。本文以黑龙江省绥化市明水县为研究区,通过计算研究区空心化程度、农村居民点整理的重要性指数、迫切性指数、整理时序指数,对研究区农村居民点的整理时序进行划分,提出农村居民点的整理迁移方案。研究结果表明：研究区各乡镇农村居民点空心化现象明显,在空心化趋势预测结果中,规划近期通泉乡空心化增强趋势变化最明显,规划中期树人乡空心化增强趋势变化最明显,规划远期育林乡空心化增强趋势变化最明显;在农村居民点整理时序上,近期农居点整理比重较大的乡镇有通泉乡、永兴镇、崇德镇和通达镇;最后,根据研究区各农村居民点的空间分布情况及农民意愿,提出合理的整理迁移方案,研究成果为指导县域农村居民点经济发展提供参考和科学依据。     

Symbolic and social dimensions in the economic production of seaweed

Abstract: Based on the thesis of ‘deagrarianisation’ of farming economies, work on sustainable rural livelihoods (SRL) has successfully captured the agency of rural producers as they diversify their livelihoods to minimise risk. SRL captures a complex interplay of local and global factors, as well as the synergies emanating from natural (environmental), economic and social capital that underpin diversification. The framework has been found useful for analyses of change in coastal, marine‐based livelihoods. However, agency at the local level implies equal power to accept and reject development interventions. The way groups diversify or use the options open to them depends as much on access to resources (the means), as on how that access is interpreted (the meaning), and the latter dimension is a creative (unpredictable) one. New introduced forms of economic activities, in this case seaweed farming, can be assigned meaning by participants that were unanticipated by change agents. Livelihood diversification through seaweed cultivation on Banggi island off Kudat, northern Sabah (East Malaysia) is not attained by economic factors alone but also by the meaning attached to the activity.     

Re‐encountering resistance: Plantation activism and smallholder production in Thailand and Sarawak,Malaysia

Abstract: The emergence of social and environmental movements against plantation forestry in Southeast Asia positions rural development against local displacement and environmental degradation. Multi‐scaled NGO networks have been active in promoting the notion that rural people in Southeast Asia uniformly oppose plantation development. There are potential pitfalls in this heightened attention to resistance however, as it has often lapsed into essentialist notions of timeless indigenous agricultural practices, and unproblematic local allegiances to common property and conservation. An exclusive emphasis on resistance also offers little understanding of widespread smallholder participation in plantation production across the region. A useful method of approaching the complexity of local responses to plantation development is through the history of legal and informal resource tenure, within an analysis of rural political‐economic restructuring. Drawing on research in Thailand and Sarawak, I suggest that a more nuanced appreciation of both the structural constraints and deployments of agency which characterise the enrolment of rural people into plantation commodity networks, opens up new spaces for analysis and political action, which supports a geographically embedded view of relations of power, rural livelihoods and environmental politics.     

Participatory natural resource management in rural China: Making and unmaking environmental narratives

Environmental and development discourses in China can be categorised into three narrative motifs framing human–nature relationships: peasant, indigenous, and community. Indigenous and community narratives have been widely adopted by environmental NGOs (eNGOs) in China in promoting community‐based natural resource management projects, but there has been very limited critical research on such phenomena. Analysis of socio‐economic change in two ethnic minority communities in Yunnan shows that neither narrative theme is fully internalised by the relevant communities. Instead narratives may be strategically modified or even rejected by local communities. This is due to different agendas being held by local communities and eNGOs, and two factors pertinent to rural China: the incompatibility of concepts of ‘community’ in Chinese and international contexts results in confusion, and a lack of recent territorial and cultural claims by rural communities since the collectivist era makes it difficult to construct the identity of a community. It remains challenging for eNGOs in China to advocate either community or indigenous narratives in contexts of rapid socio‐economic change.     

陇南山区乡村聚落空间格局研究

解决好山区乡村问题对建设小康社会和实现全面发展具有重要意义。文章基于景观格局指数,以陇南市为研究对象,借助ArcGIS、GeoDa空间分析工具,从数量、规模、形态、邻近度出发,探索了山区乡村聚落在不同空间尺度上的分布特征。结果表明：（1）陇南市独院和小型聚落数量庞大,占乡村聚落总数的79.25%,大、中型聚落数量相对较小,但面积占乡村聚落总面积的79.66%;（2）西和县的中西部和徽县的中部是单位土地面积上乡村聚落数量和面积高值出现的热点区;（3）陇南市乡村聚落规模在东西方向上呈现“中部较东西两侧大,东部略大于西部”的特点,在南北方向上呈现“自南向北缓慢增加”的特点;（4）陇南山区最西端有一个狭小的聚落形态规整带,其余地方乡村聚落的形态普遍不规整;（5）陇南山区乡村聚落形状指数存在高值与高值聚集、低值与低值聚集的特点;（6）陇南市乡村聚落的土地利用集约水平较高,聚落显著聚集的村有1937 个,占全市行政村个数的61.16%,并且显著聚集的村在空间上集中分布。     

Rural Development Program for State-Level New Area in Western China: An Empirical Analysis and Policy Suggestions Based on Villagers' Wishes

Rural development that has been raised to an unprecedented strategic position has become an important fulcrum for China to maintain its rapid economic growth in the future when China's economy has entered a period of new normal. As a quintessential example in the state-level new area of western China and mountainous city, rural areas around Chongqing's Liangjiang New Area have typical preferential policies, space structure, and industrial layout. This study is different from the traditional rural research which focuses on the spatial arrangement of settlements and facilities. From the perspective of villagers' participation and field investigation, this study objectively understands the characteristics, advantages and problems of rural development, and explores the development problems in rural areas, so as to provide a reference for rural planning.     

川西北高原农业面源污染分析与防控技术对策——以阿坝藏族羌族自治州为例

川西北高原区是四川省重要的生态功能区,生态系统先天脆弱。为提升川西北高原农业面源污染防控水平,本研究以阿坝藏族羌族自治州为例,结合实地调研情况,分析阿坝州农田种植、畜禽养殖、农村人居环境等农业农村污染情况。结果表明：（1）农田种植污染源中,南部农业县玉米等作物存在偏施氮肥和施用过量等情况,农药主要集中在南部农业县,以杀虫剂和除草剂为主;中南部玉米等作物种植区较为依赖地膜,存在残留污染风险。（2）畜禽养殖污染源中,中南部农业县养殖比较集中,专业养殖户的畜禽粪便污染风险较大。若尔盖和红原等牧区县局部区域内有过度放牧、土壤沙化和草场退化等问题。（3）农村人居环境中,部分区域农村垃圾、污水收集与处理设施、农村厕所配套设施不足。最后本研究针对阿坝州农业面源污染存在的问题,提出了针对性的污染防控技术,以期为川西北高原区农业面源污染防控提供参考。     

Human Settlement Science-oriented Analysis of Rural Tourism Attraction System

Human settlement resources belong to tourist resources in a broad sense. Rural areas with excellent human settlements have become favorable tourist destinations. From the perspective of human settlement science, tourism attraction system model can be established by factors of harmony of rural ecology, harmony of rural life, harmony of rural production and harmony of rural culture. Concrete strategies for improving rural tourism attractiveness based on science of human settlements were proposed from the perspectives of optimization of ecological environment, education of original residents, upgrading of agricultural landscapes and products, and construction of rural tourism culture.     

A Constructive Critique of the Endogenous Development Approach in the European Support of Rural Areas

In recent years, the endogenous development (ED) approach has gained influence within the rhetoric of European rural development policies (RP). This paper provides a fundamental critique of the approach and shows that neither the economic elements of RP in general nor ED in particular are targeted towards the specific economic needs and capabilities of rural areas. The second part of this paper consists of the search for possible alternative concepts for a more targeted and effective RP. Based on a synopsis of existing theories, an integrated approach is proposed that builds upon the different coordination mechanisms for economic activity suggested by different theories. The new, integrated perspective enables an economic characterisation of rural areas and indicates that the successful support of local coordination of economic activity is determined by specific local conditions. It also makes evident that localised approaches usually cannot compensate rural areas for the lack of agglomeration advantages. Therefore, programmes for the economic development of rural areas which support the local coordination of economic activity remain a second‐best policy. As such, they do not free the state from policies of spatial redistribution if the political aim is the creation of comparable living conditions.     

Research Note

In 1985, the people of the once tin­rich and prosperous Kinta Valley faced a desperate situation when the tin market collapsed. The nightmare was a result of cumulative effects — high cost of production, low yield of mines and extensive use of cheaper alternatives. But the negative effects on tin mining settlements were avoided due largely to Malaysia’s successful economic restructuring and the inflow of international capital in the manufacturing sector which has helped the local economy to recover. With tin mining disappearing from the Malaysian landscape, most of those still living in settlements previously highly dependent on tin have been able to find alternative livelihoods.     

Practices of place‐making: Globalisation and locality in the Philippines

Abstract: Global flows of people and information in the Asia–Pacific region are creating new forms of place that stretch across national boundaries and rural–urban distinctions. These new mobile forms of place link long‐inhabited rural areas to cities, national centres, and to rural frontiers within the nation. Here, we describe new forms of place that are being produced by contemporary migration and economic change, using data from the Philippines and applying Appadurai's theorisation of translocality. Our analysis links these flows of overseas migrants to concomitant processes of economic change, migration and new rural livelihoods. We outline changing practices of place within the Philippines, exploring ways that transnational migration can articulate with apparently ‘local’ development and the flow‐on effects from migration on the spatial patterns of rural livelihoods.     

Local geographies of globalisation: rural agglomeration in the Chinese countryside

China’s rural enterprises were responsible for 48 per cent of the $US 151 billion in exports and absorbed nearly 20 per cent of total foreign direct investment in 1996. Clearly, the significant and increasing role of rural enterprises in China’s integration with the world economy demands attention. The penetration of global capital into the rural enterprise sector and the desire of such enterprises to benefit from expansion into international markets have important implications at the local level. The impact of international, domestic and local forces on institutional and structural reforms is reflected in particular spatial outcomes in rapidly developing non‐urban regions. Local authorities have responded to external forces in ways which do not conform to the conventional expectations. Evidence from the lower Yangtze (Yangzi) delta reveals how the supposedly universalising pressures of globalisation have been mediated and adapted at the local level, particularly in terms of enterprise location and the proliferation of special zones. Expanding on the desakota hypothesis, the notion of rural agglomeration is introduced to capture the paradox of spatial economic transformation as it was linked to local circumstances, and localised responses to external pressures of globalisation.