几种杀白蚁药剂或混配剂对黑翅土白蚁的室内毒力测定

对 1 5种杀白蚁药剂或混配剂对黑翅土白蚁 Odontotermes formosanus(Shiraki)室内直接毒杀速度和传递毒杀效率的测定结果表明 :毒死蜱、锐劲特、安绿宝、溴氰菊酯、辛硫·灭扫利等 5种药剂对黑翅土白蚁的毒杀效果均接近或优于常用的氯丹 ;同时 ,毒死蜱、锐劲特等药剂与植物性杀虫剂混配 ,其毒杀效果与毒死蜱等单独使用效果一致或略高 ;但植物性杀虫剂单独使用 ,其毒杀效果却低于氯丹     

几种杀白蚁药剂或混配剂对黑翅土白蚁的室内毒力测定

对１５种杀白蚁药剂或混配剂对黑翅土白蚁Ｏｄｏｎｔｏｔｅｒｍｅｓ ｆｏｒｍｏｓａｎｕｓ（Ｓｈｉｒａｋｉ）室内直接毒杀速度和传递毒杀效率的测定结果表明：毒死蜱、锐劲特、安绿宝、溴氰菊酯、辛硫．灭扫利等５种药剂对黑翅土白蚁的毒杀效果均接近或优于常用的氯丹;同时,毒死蜱、锐劲特等药剂与植物性杀虫剂混配,其毒杀效果与死蜱等单独使用效果一致或略高;但植物性杀虫剂单独使用,其毒杀效果却低于氯丹。     

林木白蚁的林间防治药效试验

通过对 10种杀白蚁药剂或混配制剂对林木白蚁的林间防治效果试验结果表明 ,5 0 %福美双、5 %锐劲特、2 5 %溴氰菊酯、2 5 %辛硫·灭扫利、90 %杀虫双、48%毒死蜱、5 0 %福美双 +2 0 %叶青双等 7种药剂或混配制剂在林间的防治效果均超过或接近 70 %氯丹 ,可以替代 70 %氯丹用于生产上大面积防治林木白蚁。文中还探讨了白僵菌和绿僵菌用于林间防治林木白蚁的可行性     

速丰桉幼林土栖白蚁田间防治试验

为了筛选出高效、低毒、低残毒,符合环保要求的白蚁防治药剂,从目前国际上开发的新型白蚁防治药剂中,选用5类有代表性的药剂及复配制剂进行速丰桉新造林地白蚁防治田间试验,结果表明:5%阿维菌素可湿性粉剂、50%福美双可湿性粉剂、2.5%溴氰菊酯乳油、40%毒死蜱乳油、22%甲维氟铃脲可湿性粉剂及复配药剂在林间防治效果均达70%以上。其中,生物制剂5%阿维菌素可湿性粉剂和复配药剂防治效果达85%以上,可以代替氯丹、灭蚁灵和毒死蜱在白蚁防治中使用。同时,阿维菌素对环境友好,在林木白蚁防治中有较好的应用前景。     

核桃桑白蚧药剂防治试验

利用40%速扑杀乳油、20%赛嗪杀扑磷乳油、5%高效氯氰菊酯白色乳剂、48%毒死蜱乳油和自制石硫合剂5种药剂在景东县文景镇者孟村核桃采穗园中进行核桃桑白蚧害虫药剂防治试验。结果表明,40%速扑杀乳油1 000倍液和20%赛嗪杀扑磷乳油1 000倍液的防治效果较为理想;5%高效氯氰菊酯白色乳剂2 000倍液和48%毒死蜱乳油2 000倍液的防治效果一般;自制石硫合剂防治效果较差。     

枸杞瘿螨防治农药室内筛选及大田防治技术

用6种药剂对枸杞瘿螨幼虫进行室内毒力测定及大田防治技术研究的结果表明,齐螨素对枸杞瘿螨的毒力最高,LC50为1.8651 μg/ml,其次为敌杀死、阿耳发特、哒螨灵、安民乐,灭扫利最低.1.8%齐螨素乳油在田间的使用剂量为3 000倍液喷雾,施药间隔期为14～23天.     

林间药剂喷雾防治新疆光肩星天牛的药效试验

通过选择48%乐斯本、5%锐劲特、2.5%溴氰菊酯、8%触破式微胶囊剂、2%噻虫啉微胶囊悬浮剂等5种高效低毒农药对光肩星天牛(Anoplophora glabripennis Motschulsky)进行喷雾防治试验,结果表明:防治效果较理想的为8%触破式微胶囊剂、2%噻虫啉微胶囊悬浮剂和5%锐劲特3种药剂,防效分别达到80.7%、78.1%和76.3%。     

洛南县核桃举肢蛾防治试验研究

在洛南县柏峪寺镇选取不同药剂及其不同浓度组合,进行了地面施药、地面施药与树冠施药相结合防治核桃举肢蛾试验研究,结果为70%吡虫啉拌土、10%吡虫啉地面喷雾、45%毒死蜱地面喷雾等3种地面施药方法核桃平均黑果率为35.7%~41.9%,显著低于对照的64.4%(p0.05);地面分别喷施10%吡虫啉1 000倍液、45%毒死蜱1 000倍液且分别与树冠分别喷施5%氯氟氰菊酯、1.8%阿维菌素、20%灭扫利乳油及其不同浓度的药剂组合,核桃黑果率分别为5.2%~30.8%、显著低于对照的63.5%(p0.05)和18.7%~29.4%、显著低于对照的64.1%(p0.05);本研究的3类防治核桃举肢蛾方法效果都显著,生产中应优先采取10%吡虫啉地面喷雾或地面喷施10%吡虫啉1 000倍液+树冠喷施5%氯氟氰菊酯1 500倍液或地面喷施45%毒死蜱1 000倍液+树冠喷施1.8%阿维菌素1 500倍液。     

2种杀虫剂对核桃举肢蛾的田间防效

为筛选出对核桃举肢蛾防治效果较好的药剂,本试验选择48%毒死蜱乳油、18%阿维灭幼脲悬浮剂2种农药作为试验药剂进行试验。试验结果显示,供试的2种农药的不同剂量处理对核桃举肢蛾分别表现出一定的防效。其中,48%毒死蜱乳油以800倍液处理对核桃举肢蛾的防效较好,为81.5%。阿维灭幼脲不同剂量处理对核桃举肢蛾的防效偏低。建议在核桃举肢蛾成虫发生的高峰期,使用48%毒死蜱乳油800倍液进行防治核桃举肢蛾。     

5种药剂对汉刺蛾室内和室外药效试验

汉刺蛾为国内无记录虫种,2008年河北省首次在邢台县发现。主要危害板栗、核桃。选用5种药剂对汉刺蛾的幼虫进行了室内和室外药效试验。室内药效结果表明:4.5%高效氯氰菊酯3000倍、25%灭幼脲Ⅲ号1500倍、1.2%烟碱·苦参碱1000倍、2%甲维盐3000倍、48%毒死蜱1500倍为防治汉刺蛾幼虫的最经济高效的药剂倍数。室外药效试验结果显示:高氯3000倍液、甲维盐3000倍液、毒死蜱150倍液、烟碱1000倍液对汉刺蛾幼虫的防治效果较好,7d的防效都达到了95%以上。毒死蜱毒性较大,不推荐使用。     

Forest type identification by random forest classification combined with SPOT and multitemporal SAR data

We developed a forest type classification technology for the Daxing'an Mountains of northeast China using multisource remote sensing data.A SPOT-5 image and two temporal images of RADARSAT-2 full-polarization SAR were used to identify forest types in the Pangu Forest Farm of the Daxing'an Mountains.Forest types were identified using random forest(RF) classification with the following data combination types: SPOT-5 alone,SPOT-5 and SAR images in August or November,and SPOT-5 and two temporal SAR images.We identified many forest types using a combination of multitemporal SAR and SPOT-5 images,including Betula platyphylla,Larix gmelinii,Pinus sylvestris and Picea koraiensis forests.The accuracy of classification exceeded 88% and improved by 12% when compared to the classification results obtained using SPOT data alone.RF classification using a combination of multisource remote sensing data improved classification accuracy compared to that achieved using single-source remote sensing data.     

Crown defoliation improves tree mortality models

The objective of this study was to evaluate the predictive power of crown defoliation, assessed in 5% classes, in predicting year-to-year tree mortality. A visual analysis of Swiss Forest Health Inventory (SFHI) data suggested an exponential increase in the mortality rate with increasing defoliation. We verified this trend using a logistic regression model with defoliation, social position and their interaction as explanatory variables. We fitted our model to SFHI data for the years 1990–1997 (annual mortality rate=0.32%), and validated the model with data from long-term forest ecosystem monitoring sites for the years 1995–1998 (annual mortality rate=0.48%). Several indicators of prediction accuracy showed that regression models with total defoliation achieved 40–50% higher accuracies than models with unexplained defoliation, i.e. the portion of defoliation that field crews are unable to attribute to known causes. The logistic regression model with total defoliation correctly predicted 33% of the dead trees in the calibration data set, and 57% in the validation data set. This prediction accuracy was calculated with a deterministic method, using a predicted threshold probability above which trees were assumed to die. Our study suggests that including defoliation has the potential of considerably improving the prediction accuracy of models that predict tree mortality based on competition indicators and tree size alone.     

Effects of single and dual inoculation with selected microsymbionts (rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) on field growth and nitrogen fixation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Calliandra calothyrsus</Emphasis> Meissn

Our study aimed to assess the effect of dual inoculation with the selected Rhizobium strain KWN35 and the arbuscular mycorrhizal isolate BEG 176 (Glomus etunicatum) on the growth of Calliandra calothyrsus cultivated under irrigation in the field in Senegal (Dakar) over a period of 24 months. Although plants inoculated with both microsymbionts grew better (height and root collar diameter) than plants from three other inoculation treatments (control, single inoculation with KWN35 or BEG 176), these results were not statistically different except at 1 and 5 months after field transplantation. KWN35 was present in a relatively high percentage of nodules harvested from plants inoculated with this rhizobial strain either alone or with mycorrhiza (approximately 60% and 40% 1 and 2 years after field transplantation respectively). The percentage of mycorrhizal root infections was around 60% in the inoculated plants after 12 months with significantly higher N, P and K foliar contents of trees compared with the non-inoculated controls. However, as for nodulation, by 24 months after transplantation, there were no significant differences between treatments. We conclude that field inoculation of C. calothyrsus with Rhizobium strain KWN35 and arbuscular mycorrhizal isolate BEG 176 did not have a long-lasting effect on the growth of trees, even when a majority of nodules were occupied by the inoculated rhizobia and the roots infected by the mycorrhiza. Several reasons can be postulated for these results, such as a possible effect of soil fertility on the efficiency of the nodules.     

A model to calculate ex ante the threshold value of interaction effects necessary for proposed intercropping projects to be feasible to the landowner and desirable to society

This article describes an approach to evaluate the difference in net present valued economic returns that would be expected from temperate intercropping as compared to annual cropping or tree farming alone. This tool can be used by landowners to provide a threshold level of the value of interaction effects required for a proposed intercropping project to break even, based on current data. The landowner would then need to consider, using information from other sources, whether the threshold is realistic for given site conditions. The threshold value is useful to agricultural policy-makers to consider economic instruments that would induce landowners to adopt intercropping, if it should be considered socially beneficial to do so. The approach measures the financial gap that exists between intercropping and annual cropping alone and compares this gap to the beneficial interaction effects that are associated with intercropping. The approach is demonstrated using experimental results from an on-going intercropping study at the University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada. A base model scenario using black walnut trees with annual crops is set up with a 5% discount rate, 96 trees per hectare, and sawlog prices for black walnut of $1066 per 1000 bdft as a base case. The base model predicts that black walnut and corn intercropping returns $555 per hectare less than the annual crops alone, over the entire rotation of trees. This amounts to about $42 per hectare per year in annual terms, at a 6% rate of discount. This is the threshold that would need to accounted for by the net present value (NPV) of on-farm interaction effects. This estimate depends on the specific assumptions made and the experimental situation, and should not be interpreted as reflecting returns possible in other circumstances. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

吉林省西部新开发水田遥感动态监测研究

为了响应土地整理开发项目的政策,吉林省西部地区开发了大面积的水田。为掌握新开发水田的动态变化,有必要对吉林省地区进行土地利用分类。以吉林省前郭县为例,利用2010年环境卫星数据进行不同土地利用分类方法的比较,进而对另外3景图像进行信息提取,分析4个年份新开发水田的分布及变化情况。结果表明,支持向量机法比最大似然法的耕地分类精度高约5%,其产品和用户精度分别为95%和84%。加入纹理信息没有显著提高分类精度。2009~2012年水田面积分别增加-67.7 km2,111.7 km2和265.01 km2。     

白僵菌防治甘蔗金龟子试验

试验结果表明,白僵菌与3.6%广谱型杀虫双颗粒剂混合施用,能有效控制金龟子幼虫对蔗根的危害,相对防效达75%～85%,显著或极显著优于单独使用白僵菌或农药处理。     

Use of goats as biological agents for the renovation of pastures in the Appalachian region of the United States

Much of hill-land pasture in the Appalachian region of the United States is dominated by herbaceous weeds and brush. Low cost, low input and environmentally acceptable reclamation procedures are needed to maintain the productivity of these pastures. This experiment evaluated the effectiveness of using goats (Capra hircus hircus) alone (30 mature, brush does/ha) or cattle (Bos taurus) with goats (17 mature, brush does/ha + two to three steers/ha -- 225 kg average live weight) to reclaim a pasture from an abandoned, overgrown 5.9 ha orchard left untouched for 15 years. Over four grazing seasons, managed defoliation resulted in a substantial increase in herbaceous vegetative cover in plots grazed by goats alone (65 to 86%) and by goats with cattle (65 to 80%) while vegetative cover decreased from 70 to 22% in the control plot. Similarly, the cover by grass species increased in the grazed plots (goats: 16 to 63%; goats + cattle: 13 to 54%) while averaging 10% in the control plot. Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora Thumb.) bushes were practically eliminated after four grazing seasons as quantified by an average reduction in height from 2.1 m to 0.6 m, and by the number of dead canes (stems) in both the goat (100%) or goat + cattle (92%) treatments. Results indicated that the foraging habits of goats resulted in the elimination of multiflora rose bushes and in a significant increase in desirable forage species. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

大比例尺航空照片测高估测森林蓄积量的研究

本文用我国自行拍摄的1:2 200比例尺的黑白航片,与地面样地配合,研究了室内仪器测高与实测高的相关关系。结果表明相关系数可达0.8以上,可用其在某些调查中代替实测。用室内仪器测高估测全局畜积量,其精度为81.84％,如用航片和野外两期样地对全局蓄积量进行联合估计,估测精度为85.81％。这些为在森林调查中减少地面工作量和利用已往资料,进行了有益的探索。为进行森林经理调查(二类调查)乃至伐区调查又辟出了一条可循之径。     

Inducing infection of oak logs by a pathogenic fungus carried byPlatypus quercivorus (Murayama) (Coleoptera: Platypodidae)

This study examined the frequency of infection by an unidentified pathogenic fungus of oak logs bored into by males alone or by both males and females ofPlatypus quercivorus (Murayama) in the field. The fungus, which is associated with mass mortality of oak trees in Japan, was not isolated from logs bored into by males alone, which bored only short entrance galleries. However, it was isolated from logs bored into by both males and females, which together bored longer galleries and reproduced successfully. This suggests that it is difficult for the fungus to colonize logs bored into by males alone. The fungus was not isolated from a log in which the beetles failed to reproduce, and in which the galleries were significantly shorter than in logs where reproduction succeeded, but it was unclear whether the shortness of the galleries prevented colonization of the log by the fungus. The study also revealed that some gallery-initiating males survived for at least 2 months in the absence of females, and that females elongated entrance galleries that had been bored by the gallery-initiating males.     

挖坑机造林使用效果分析

分析了BFW490型背负式挖坑机在福建省三明市梅列区陈大镇林场挖坑造林的使用效果。结果表明：利用挖坑机造林能够大幅度提高工作效率,当挖坑直径为200mm（以下简称1200）和300ram（以下简称1300）时的工效分别是人工挖坑处理（以下简称CKJL）的5．40倍和4．78倍。每667m^2（亩）植树造林单挖坑环节1200、J300处理比CKR分别节省1．38和1．36工日;投入成本j200、j300仅为CKR的40．4％和44．4％,72004300可以减少投入成本55．75元和52．01元。不同处理造林10年生生长量存在差异,挖坑采用j200、j300处理与CKR处理相比平均胸径分别提高了2．4％和4．8％;平均树高分别提高了3．8％和1．3％;蓄积量都提高了12．9％。在闽西北山地使用挖坑机造林是一条切实可行的造林新途径。