大豆低温诱导启动子GmERF9P的克隆及活性鉴定

为获得低温诱导基因GmERF9启动子,并分析该启动子的功能,利用PCR技术从大豆叶片基因组DNA中克隆1885bp的GmERF9启动子序列GmERF9P。序列分析表明,GmERF9P序列中含有多种与逆境相关的顺式作用元件。将GmERF9P构建到植物表达载体pCAMBIA1301上并转化烟草。通过PCR检测共获得6株T_1阳性转基因烟草株系。对野生型烟草和转基因烟草进行低温处理2h,通过GUS组织化学染色和实时荧光定量PCR检测GUS基因的表达量。结果显示GmERF9P在低温处理下能够提高GUS基因的表达量,具有低温诱导启动活性。     

外源脱水应答转录因子CBF4基因转化玉米的获得

用PCR方法克隆了拟南芥脱水应答转录因子CBF4基因,以逆境诱导表达基因rd29A的启动子为驱动,构建了逆境诱导表达载体pBAC146。用基因枪转化法转化玉米优良自交系的幼胚和胚性愈伤组织,轰击后的愈伤组织经过筛选、分化和植株再生过程,共获得36棵转基因植株。经PCR、PCR-Southern和Southern检测表明,外源目的基因已成功整合到部分转基因玉米株系的基因组中。人工干旱处理下,抗旱生理指标测定显示,一个转基因株系的脯氨酸含量和叶绿素含量比野生型对照提高一倍,间接表明转基因株系的抗旱能力在某种程度上有所提高。     

叶绿体型转昆虫抗冻蛋白基因烟草的耐寒性

根据已构建的大豆叶绿体表达载体pJY01,设计特异性引物,将昆虫抗冻蛋白基因MpAFP149插入此载体中构成叶绿体表达载体pJY01-MpAFP149,利用基因枪轰击法转化烟草,经壮观霉素筛选获得4株叶绿体型转抗冻蛋白基因烟草株系。PCR和PCR-Southern结果显示外源基因已整合至烟草叶绿体基因组中但同质化水平不高,RT-PCR结果也表明昆虫抗冻蛋白基因已发生了转录。将野生型烟草、叶绿体型转抗冻蛋白基因烟草及核转化T₁代转抗冻蛋白基因烟草(pCAMBIA1302- MpAFP149)于–1℃低温处理3 d,观察耐寒表型及测定相对电导率。结果表明, 叶绿体型转基因烟草的耐寒表型优于野生型烟草,但与核转化的T₁代转抗冻蛋白基因烟草无显著差异。处理3 d时,叶绿体型转基因烟草和T₁代转抗冻蛋白基因烟草的电导率分别为39.2%和38.2%,而野生型烟草已达73.7%。本实验获得的异质化转叶绿体抗冻蛋白基因烟草与转核基因烟草的耐寒力无差异。     

海岛棉5个CBF/DREB基因的克隆与表达分析

低温、干旱和盐渍是影响作物生长、产量和全球地理分布的重要非生物胁迫。CBF/DREB转录因子是参与植物非生物胁迫应答反应的重要调控蛋白。为了更好地了解棉花CBF家族基因,通过生物信息学的方法,从海岛棉中克隆了5个具有完整开放阅读框的CBF基因,命名为Gb CBF1―Gb CBF5。这5个基因编码的蛋白与其他植物冷胁迫相关的CBF蛋白具有高度的保守性,含有1个AP2功能结构域和2个特征基序。系统进化树分析表明,这5个基因与拟南芥的3个参与冷胁迫的CBF基因一起聚类在DREB亚家族中的A-1亚组。通过RT-PCR的方法分析了海岛棉基因Gb CBF1―5在高盐(200 mmol·L-1 Na Cl)、干旱、4℃低温等非生物胁迫处理下的表达模式。结果表明其中2个基因在冷胁迫下上调表达,5个基因在干旱和盐处理下均下调表达。这些为进一步探索CBF基因在棉花逆境胁迫应激反应中的作用提供了有价值的信息。     

葡萄逆境胁迫诱导启动子的克隆及表达分析

为了研究葡萄抗逆基因(CAN70200.1)的表达特性,采用PCR技术从葡萄中克隆了CAN70200.1基因上游一段长度为1 354 bp的启动子片段,命名为PCAN。采用Plant CARE和PLACE启动子在线预测工具分析表明,PCAN启动子序列具有CAAT-box、TATA-box基本的顺式作用元件和一些参与非生物胁迫、光和植物激素应答相关的顺式作用元件。为验证启动子的表达特性,将PCAN启动子连接到p CAMBIA1391Z载体GUS基因的上游,构建成植物表达载体p1391Z-CAN,并通过农杆菌介导法转化烟草,经PCR鉴定,获得转基因植株。对转基因烟草植株进行逆境胁迫处理发现,在干旱处理120 min后,PCAN启动子活性达到最强;而4℃低温处理30~60 min时,PCAN启动子活性达到最强,表明PCAN启动子具有低温和干旱胁迫诱导表达特性。     

3个陆地棉球蛋白基因启动子的克隆与功能初步分析

为克隆陆地棉来源的种子特异性启动子,根据雷蒙德氏棉测序结果,设计针对GhαGLOA、GhβGLOA和GhβGLOB基因编码区上游约1.5 kb序列的引物,分别以陆地棉总DNA为模板克隆了3条序列。构建了含有编码区上游序列驱动GUS的表达载体,经农杆菌介导转化野生型拟南芥。转基因拟南芥种子的GUS活性荧光检测结果表明,所克隆序列具有启动子功能,其中GhαGLOA启动子的转录活性极显著高于其他2个启动子。在转基因拟南芥成体植株的多个器官中,仅可检出痕量的GUS活性,认为所克隆启动子为种子特异性启动子。     

CBF1转录因子基因的克隆及两种启动子调控下的植物表达载体的构建

CBF1转录激活因子能调控一组抗干旱、抗低温基因的表达,更有效地提高植物抗干旱、抗低温的能力。现在国内外许多研究机构已经利用导入该转录因子来提高植物的抗寒性、抗旱性,并且获得一定的成功,但在园林植物上的应用还有待探讨。因此,本研究以拟南芥叶片为材料,通过PCR方法对其基因组DNA扩增,成功地克隆了逆境诱导型启动子和CBF1转录因子并分别构建了花椰菜花叶病毒CaMV35s启动子和rd29a启动子调控下的CBF1融合基因表达载体,为下一步转化园林植物,利用CBF1基因综合改良园林植物抗逆性及进一步探讨CBF1基因的抗逆分子机理奠定了物质基础。     

棉花转录因子GhSNAC3启动子的克隆与表达分析

为研究棉花NAC转录因子基因GhSNAC3启动子的结构和功能,以鲁棉研32号基因组为模板,用PCR扩增的方法得到棉花基因GhSNAC3的启动子序列,利用分析网站PlantCARE、PLACER和BDGP对启动子上存在的顺式作用元件进行了预测与分析,在此基础上利用该启动子及GhSNAC3基因构建植物表达载体,并通过烟草遗传转化进一步研究启动子的转录活性。结果表明GhSNAC3启动子除含有CAAT-box等基本顺式作用元件外,还含有茉莉酸、赤霉素和脱落酸响应元件以及大量光顺式作用元件和逆境胁迫诱导相关的顺式调控元件。采用不同胁迫处理转基因烟草并进行表达分析,结果显示GhSNAC3在盐胁迫下植株根部有高水平的表达,而在茎和叶中表达量极低,表明GhSNAC3在逆境胁迫应答过程中可能具有重要功能,其启动子是一个盐诱导型启动子,具有组织特异性。研究结果为棉花NAC信号通路研究和耐盐基因工程改良提供了理论依据。     

抗逆调节转录因子CBF1基因提高多年生黑麦草的抗旱能力

通过逆境诱导型启动子rd29B为驱动,分别构建出含有抗逆调节转录因子CBF1基因的表达载体pBAC122,pBAC127,其中pBAC127以CaMV35S启动子驱动的bar基因作为选择标记。用高压氦气基因枪PDS1000/He分别将表达载体导入多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)品种Topgun的幼胚、成熟胚和愈伤组织。经除草剂Bialaphos抗性筛选和植株再生,获得了36棵转基因植株。经PCR,Dot-blotting的分子检测,CBF1基因已整合到多年生黑麦草部分转基因株系的基因组中。用5种不同浓度的除草剂涂抹黑麦草叶片,非转基因植株表现为不抗,而转基因植株最高可以抗到135~200 mg/L。叶片脯氨酸含量测定表明,经干旱处理或使用15%PEG处理,转基因植株叶片脯氨酸含量比未处理时显著提高,部分转基因植株提高幅度明显高于非转基因植株。经过25 d人工温室干旱处理,有3棵植株显示出存活迹象,复水后,有1棵植株(C122-7)恢复正常生长。从而表明,利用逆境诱导型启动子(rd29B)来调控外源CBF1基因的表达,能显著改良黑麦草的抗旱能力。     

越橘低温响应因子VcICE1的克隆和功能鉴定

为挖掘越橘低温胁迫响应基因在低温逆境胁迫应答中的作用,探讨越橘低温逆境胁迫响应机制,以北陆越橘为试材,克隆低温响应基因VcICE1(Inducer of CBF3 expression 1),分析其表达模式及对低温的响应,探讨VcICE1在抵御低温胁迫中的生物学功能。利用农杆菌介导法获得转基因拟南芥,比较转基因和野生型拟南芥对低温胁迫响应的差异。利用瞬时转化烟草叶片试验,分析VcICE1对AtCBF3的转录调控。结果表明,克隆获得越橘低温响应因子VcICE1,该基因ORF为1 566 bp,编码含有522个氨基酸的蛋白质,含有1个保守的bHLH结构域。系统进化分析表明,VcICE1与AtICE1同源性最高。表达分析显示,VcICE1在根、枝条、幼叶、花和果实中均表达,在幼叶中表达量最高,在果实中最低,并响应低温处理。在拟南芥中异位表达VcICE1,其低温抗性较野生型显著升高。瞬时表达试验结果表明,VcICE1可激活AtCBF3的表达。VcICE1能够对低温处理有明显响应,推测其在响应低温胁迫过程中发挥重要的调控作用。     

棉花Gh14-3-3L2基因的分子克隆及其互作蛋白质的初步鉴定

根据本实验室蛋白质组学研究鉴定的EST序列,克隆了一个可能在棉花纤维起始和伸长发育阶段起调控作用的棉花14-3-3蛋白质的全长cDNA,定名为Gh14-3-3L2。Gh14-3-3L2蛋白毒性大,难以通过酵母双杂交途径鉴定其互作蛋白质组。因此,本研究首先经原核表达并纯化出添加六联组氨酸标签的Gh14-3-3L2蛋白,以此蛋白质为诱饵,以开花前3 d至开花后6 d正常野生型、徐州142无纤维突变体和Li-1无长绒纤维突变体胚珠或纤维混合蛋白质为猎物样品,采用Pull-down技术分离、富集Gh14-3-3L2相互作用蛋白质,再经2-DE和MALDI-MS/MS串联质谱分析,鉴定了7个可能与Gh14-3-3L2相互作用的蛋白,其功能有作为分子伴侣、参与微囊的运输、代谢、信号转导等。为进一步解析Gh14-3-3L2的功能以及棉花纤维发育的分子调控网络奠定了基础。     

棉花涝害胁迫研究综述

涝害是棉花生产中面临的重要自然灾害之一,严重制约了棉花种植面积和产量。为了研究涝渍灾害对棉花生长发育状况的影响,本研究从棉花的形态生长、生理特性及植物激素变化等方面概述了涝害胁迫的研究现状及进展,分析了涝害对棉花生理机制造成的影响,以及涝害胁迫下棉花通气组织的形成及酶代谢适应性变化,并就棉花耐涝性鉴定方法、评价指标及其品种选育等提出了需要进一步研究和探讨的建议。     

Response of cotton genotypes to water and heat stress: from field to genes

Cotton is a crop of tropical and subtropical regions but the seed cotton yield is highly influenced by abiotic stresses like drought and heat. Response of cotton genome to abiotic stresses is highly complex and involve many genes. A comprehensive study, involving cotton genotypes developed through conventional and synthetic tetraploid method, was designed to (i) study the introgression of heat and water stress tolerance by using wild relatives (ii) evaluate genetic markers for marker assisted selection against water and heat stress. Two separate experiments for water and heat stress tolerance with a common control were established. Treatments in each experiment include a control and a stress treatment. Heat stress was applied by sowing crop two month earlier than the control treatment, whereas water stress was imposed by withholding alternate irrigation. Analyses of variance depicted highly significant (P ≤ 0.01) effect of genotypes and both stresses on boll retention, boll weight and seed cotton yield. Interaction of genotypes with stress in both experiments was also highly significant (P ≤ 0.01). Genotypes derived from interspecific crosses performed consistently in stress conditions compared to control which prove it a reliable method to introgress stress related genes from wild parents. Four genes reported for water stress tolerance and five genes reported for heat stress tolerance were evaluated by field results for efficient marker assisted selection (MAS). Results verified drought stress genes but heat stress genes could not explain genetic variability caused by heat stress. It is concluded from the results that separate genes may be responsible for heat stress tolerance for vegetative and reproductive stages, therefore, selection criteria should include both the traits.     

Quantitative trait locus mapping of drought and salt tolerance in an introgressed recombinant inbred line population of Upland cotton under the greenhouse and field conditions

Drought and salt tolerances are complex traits and controlled by multiple genes, environmental factors and their interactions. Drought and salt stresses can result in more than 50% yield loss in Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). G. barbadense L. (the source of Pima cotton) carries desirable traits such as tolerance to abiotic and biotic stress along with high fiber quality. However, few studies have been reported on mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL) for abiotic stress tolerance using a permanent bi-parental population in multiple tests. The transfer of drought and salt tolerance from Pima to Upland cotton has been a challenge due to interspecific hybrid breakdown. This issue may be overcome by using introgression lines with genes transferred from Pima to Upland cotton. In this study, four replicated tests were conducted in the greenhouse each for drought and salt tolerance along with another test conducted in a field for drought tolerance using an Upland recombinant inbred line population of TM-1/NM24016 that has a stable introgression from Pima cotton. The objectives of the study were to investigate the genetic basis of drought and salt tolerance and to identify genetic markers associated with the abiotic stress tolerance. A total of 1004 polymorphic DNA marker loci including RGA-AFLP, SSR and GBS-SNP markers were used to construct a genetic map spanning 2221.28 cM. This population together with its two parents was evaluated for morphological, physiological, yield and fiber quality traits. The results showed that drought under greenhouse and field conditions and salt stress in the greenhouse reduced cotton plant growth at the seedling stage, and decreased lint yield and fiber quality traits in the field. A total of 165 QTL for salt and drought tolerance were detected on most of the cotton chromosomes, each explaining 5.98–21.43% of the phenotypic variation. Among these, common QTL for salt and drought tolerance were detected under both the greenhouse and field conditions. This study represents the first study to report consistent abiotic stress tolerance QTL from multiple tests in the greenhouse and the field that will be useful to understand the genetic basis of drought and salt tolerance and to breeding for abiotic stress tolerance using molecular marker-assisted selection in cotton.     

Genome-Wide Identification and Analysis ofGRGene Family in Cotton

[Objective] Glutathione reductase (GR) gene family is involved in biological processes such as plant growth and abiotic stress response, but its characteristics and functions in cotton have not been known yet. This study aims to explore the role of GR genes in cotton genome evolution and abiotic stress response through the whole genome identification and characterization of GR genes, thus providing a theoretical basis for future studies on the roles of the GR genes in enhancing abiotic stress tolerance in cotton. [Method] The GR genes in Gossypium hirsutum, G. barbadense, G. raimondii and G. arboreum were all identified using bioinformatics software. The physicochemical properties, sequence characteristics, chromosomal location, phylogeny and expression patterns were analyzed. [Result] A total of 18 GR genes were identified. The number of GR genes in G. hirsutum, G. barbadense, G. raimondii and G. arboreum was 6, 6, 3 and 3, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that GR genes were divided into two sub-groups. The genes in the same subgroup exhibited similar gene structure in relation to exon-intron ratios. The ratios of the non-synonymous mutations (K_a) and homologous mutations (K_s) were all less than 1, indicating that the GR genes underwent strong purification selection during their evolution process. The analysis of the expression patterns of GR genes in upland cotton indicated that all the GR genes responded actively to the stress environment; but under different abiotic stresses, the gene expression patterns were significantly different. [Conclusion] The study explored the evolution and function of the GR gene family in the four cotton genomes, providing a theoretical basis for future studies of cotton GR genes.     

盐渍和涝渍对棉苗生长和叶片某些生理性状的复合效应

 以陆地棉鲁棉研17和鲁棉研28为材料,以无盐正常供水为对照,研究了在盐渍、涝渍和盐涝复合胁迫14 d后棉苗干物质积累、叶片光合速率、叶绿素荧光参数和叶绿素含量等的变化。结果表明,盐渍、涝渍和盐涝复合胁迫都显著影响两个品种的光合速率和干物质积累。盐渍对棉苗的影响程度小于涝渍,而涝渍又小于盐涝复合胁迫,盐涝双重胁迫对棉苗生长和干物质积累的抑制表现出累加效应。盐渍胁迫下叶绿素含量的下降是光合作用受抑制的重要原因,而涝渍和盐涝胁迫下光合速率下降可能是叶绿体结构和PSⅡ稳定性的下降引起的。     

Genome-Wide Selection of MAPKKK Gene Family in Gossypium raimondii and the Expression of Orthologs in Gossypium hirsutum

[Objective] The MAPKKK gene family plays an important regulating role in response to multiple abiotic stresses and the development of plant. This study aims to identify MAPKKK genes of Gossypium raimondii and analyze their functions. [Method] In this study, based on G. raimondii genome database and bioinformatics method, G. raimondii MAPKKK family genes were identified and analyzed. Using the MEGA5, GSDS and Mapchart program, the phylogenetic tree, gene structure and chromosomes location analyses were accomplished. Based on the existing microarray data in cotton and comparative profiles of these MAPKKK genes, different expression of them in multiple abiotic stresses and the expression at different cotton fiber developmental stages were analyzed. [Result] A sum of 114 MAPKKK genes were identified systematically in G. raimondii and classified into 3 subfamilies (Raf, ZIK and MEKK) according to the gene stucture and phylogenetic tree analyses. They were distributed on all the 13 chromosomes of G. raimondii, and segmental duplication and tandem duplication events may have occurred. Compared with the recently released 78 genes of G. raimondii MAPKKK family genes, 47 sequences are exactly the same ones. [Conclusion] The results are helpful to understand the evolution and function of MAPKKK gene family. Our results provide a foundation for future functional characterizations of MAPKKK genes in cotton and probably other Gossypium plants.