Requirements and Forms of Classroom Tests at High School

As we all know, Testing is a fundamental component in the English language education. And it’s a complex job.Large-scaled criterion tests are carried out by some specialagencies and full-time personnel. The whole test processesare systematic work, which contains laying down test aims, working out test syllabus, designing and developing testpapers, scoring and analyzing test results. The whole scientificand modern processes ensure that testing has higher testreliability and validity and so on. But small-scaled tests, likeclassroom tests, have also their requirements and forms.1.A Classroom TestA Classroom test which is a kind of achievement test issmall-scaled, it has the testing demands and processes. But athigh school, a Classroom test is often operated and organized     

Effect of oiling on internal quality of eggs stored at 28 and 12°G

1. The effects of spraying linseed oil on naturally clean eggs, subsequently stored for 24 d at 28 °C were studied.

2. Oiling slowed the decline in albumen height (Haugh units) to that which occurred in unoiled eggs stored at 12 °C.

3. Oiling slowed the increase in albumen pH equally at 28 and 12 °C.

4. Oiling markedly decreased the weight loss of eggs stored at either temperature.

5. Oiling and temperature of storage were without effect on the whipping volumes of either albumen or unseparated albumen and yolk.     

Responses of gross‐bred layers fed at specific meal times

1. Three meal‐feeding regimens were applied to cross‐bred layers from 20 to 68 weeks of age. Birds were fed either for 4 h in the morning, 4 h in the evening, or 2 h in the morning plus 2 h in the evening, and egg production and anatomical variables compared with those of control birds fed ad libitum.

2. Food intake restriction ranged from 22% in birds fed only in the morning to 13% in birds fed twice daily. However, egg production of birds fed twice daily was only marginally reduced compared with control birds. Giving free access to food from 69 to 84 weeks increased the total 20 to 84‐week egg production of the latter birds to greater than that of controls.

3. Birds fed only in the evening ate more and laid more and heavier eggs than birds fed only in the morning. However, a high proportion of the eggs from these former birds were laid in the evening.

4. The only anatomical adaptation to meal feeding was the larger crops observed in both groups of birds given one meal daily.     

Effect of Supplement of Lysine on the Nutrients Arriving at the Abomasum of Polled Dorset譙mall-tail Han Lambs

将8只40日龄安装永久性皱胃瘘管的无角陶赛特与小尾寒羊杂交F1代母羔(平均体重为8.90 kg±0.38 kg)根据体重分为2组,每组4只,在60~80、81~120和121~240日龄分别饲喂日粮1、2和3,并分别添喂1.2%、0.8%和0.4%的赖氨酸,以研究添喂赖氨酸对到达羔羊皱胃营养物质的影响。结果表明,与对照组相比,在日粮1、2和3中添喂不同水平的赖氨酸,使羔羊到达皱胃的干物质分别增加了7.01%(P＞0.05)、11.59%(P＜0.01)和10.65%(P＜0.05),有机物分别增加了8.48%(P＞0.05)、13.01%(P＜0.05)和12.14%(P＜0.01),粗蛋白质分别增加了11.12%(P＞0.05)、21.73%(P＜0.01)和12.44%(P＜0.05),微生物蛋白分别增加了13.46%(P＜0.05)、26.85%(P＜0.01)和15.08%(P＜0.05),总氨基酸分别增加了39.22%(P＜0.01)、35.52%(P＜0.01)和28.27%(P＜0.05),总必需氨基酸分别增加了49.21%(P＜0.01)、34.40%(P＜0.01)和28.11%(P＜0.05),赖氨酸分别增加43.77%(P＜0.01)、37.25%(P＜0.01)和34.38%(P＜0.05)。在对照组和试验组中,到达皱胃的赖氨酸主要为结合赖氨酸,而游离赖氨酸一般低于总赖氨酸量的1%。添喂赖氨酸使羔羊的干物质自由采食量分别比对照组提高了12.57%(P＞0.05)、19.38%(P＜0.01)和16.29%(P＜0.01),前胃干物质消化量分别增加了20.81%(P＞0.05)、35.64%(P＜0.01)和19.97%(P＜0.01),日增重分别提高了17.34%(P＜0.05)、21.30 %(P＜0.01)和17.76%(P＜0.05)。因此,给60~240日龄羔羊添喂赖氨酸可增加到达皱胃的营养物质的量和前胃有机物的消化量,从而增加羔羊的营养供应。     

Magnetic resonance imaging anatomy of the rabbit brain at 3?T

Background

Rabbits are widely accepted as an animal model in neuroscience research. They also represent very popular pet animals, and, in selected clinical cases with neurological signs, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be indicated for imaging the rabbit brain. Literature on the normal MRI anatomy of the rabbit brain and associated structures as well as related reference values is sparse. Therefore, it was the purpose of this study to generate an MRI atlas of the normal rabbit brain including the pituitary gland, the cranial nerves and major vessels by the use of a 3 T magnet.

Results

Based on transverse, dorsal and sagittal T2-weighted (T2w) and pre- and post-contrast 3D T1-weighted (T1w) sequences, 60 intracranial structures were identified and labeled. Typical features of a lissencephalic brain type were described. In the 5 investigated rabbits, on T1w images a crescent-shaped hyperintense area caudodorsally in the pituitary gland most likely corresponded to a part of the neurohypophysis. The optic, trigeminal, and in part, the facial, vestibulocochlear and trochlear nerves were identified. Mild contrast enhancement of the trigeminal nerve was present in all rabbits. Absolute and relative size of the pituitary gland, midline area of the cranial and caudal cranial fossa and height of the tel- and diencephalon, 3rd and 4th ventricles were also determined.

Conclusions

These data established normal MRI appearance and measurements of the rabbit brain. Results provide reference for research studies in rabbits and, in rare instances, clinical cases in veterinary medicine.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13028-015-0139-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Influence of pre‐incubation treatment on hatching results of broiler breeder eggs produced at 37 and 59 weeks of age

1. The influence of temperature in the nest box, temperature during storage, storage time and pre‐setting temperature on the hatchability of broiler breeder eggs produced by birds of 37 and 59 weeks of age was examined.

2. All treatments that can be characterised as being less optimal for embryo survival than the control treatment affected the hatchability of fertile eggs more in the case of eggs produced by older birds.

3. A higher temperature in the nest box, longer storage periods, higher storage temperature, especially at longer storage periods, and higher pre‐setting temperature significantly reduced the hatchability of fertile eggs from the older birds.

4. For the younger birds, a significant reduction of hatchability was found only for the longest storage period.     

Skull typology of byzantine dogs from the theodosius harbour at yenikapı, istanbul

This study presents the results of craniometric analysis of 500 Byzantine Era dog skulls from the ancient site of the Theodosius Harbour in Istanbul (modern Yenikap? neighbourhood). To determine the typology of the skulls, up to 36 craniometric measurements were taken on each specimen. Fourteen indices and ratios were calculated from the measurements. Results show that the majority (97%) of the Byzantine dogs from the Yenikap? excavations were of mesocephalic type. Only 15 of the analysed skulls (3%) were of the dolichocephalic type. Only one dog skeleton has been recovered in situ during the excavations; analysis indicates that this individual belonged to a mesocephalic type dog. Brachycephalic dog skulls were absent in the samples studied from Byzantine Yenikap?. The results give important insight in continuities and discontinuities in dog‐breeding traditions from the Roman to the Byzantine Eras, and between the West and the East during Medieval times.     

Reflections,applications and future directions of Long-Term Ecological Research at Tierberg§

Tierberg-LTER is a research site established in 1987 in the semi-arid Succulent Karoo near Prince Albert in the Western Cape province, South Africa. The original purpose for its establishment was to study ecosystem dynamics and the drivers of vegetation in the context of historical land use. The large body of work that has materialised from Tierberg-LTER is grounded on extensive baseline data and has greatly influenced the broader Karoo literature. It stands as the only long-term ecological research facility for the semi-arid region of South Africa. The Karoo environment faces several new developments centred largely on the expanding energy sector. Under a changing climate, ecosystems will have to further adapt to the impacts of such developments. The future research programme for Tierberg-LTER will accordingly continue to focus on understanding Karoo ecosystem dynamics and drivers of climate and anthropogenic change at local scales, thereby informing management and mitigation of future development impacts. Among a growing network of Karoo research sites, Tierberg-LTER maintains a unique role for long-term and intensive research that will contribute significantly towards the South African Environmental Observation Network’s vision of furthering ecosystem integrity, societal prosperity and sustainable development.     

Water balance of Colostomised and non‐Colostomised hens at different ambient temperatures

1. The quantities of water gained and lost, and hence the total water balance, were determined in normal and colostomised White Leghorn laying hens at ambient temperatures of 5, 20 and 35 °G.

2. In both groups the water intake and water loss at all temperatures were well balanced.

3. Water to food ratios and water content of excreta of normal hens increased with increasing temperature.

4. The wetter excreta at 35 °C are caused by an increased urine production and not by an increased water passage through the alimentary tract.     

Effect on fertility of storing turkey semen for 24 hours at 10 °C in fluids of different pH

1. A study was undertaken into the storage of turkey semen in vitro for 24 h.

2. Turkey semen storage for 24 h at 10 °C was not noticeably improved by using a buffered diluent compared with an unbuffered (pH 7.3) diluent. This is different from the case of the fowl and probably reflects differences in the metabolism of spermatozoa between the species.

3. Adverse effects on the fertilising ability of turkey spermatozoa were observed with diluents buffered around pH 7.4 and 5.8 when compared with the use of diluent either buffered at pH 7.1 or unbuffered.     

Study on reproductive performance of Holstein–Friesian dairy cows at Alage Dairy Farm,Rift Valley of Ethiopia

A retrospective study was carried out to evaluate the reproductive performance of Holstein–Friesian cattle in Alage Dairy Farm in the Rift Valley of Ethiopia using data recorded from July 1983 to June 2005. Data of cows with complete information were considered, and a total of 1,104 records for calving to conception (Cal-Con), calving interval (CI), and number of services per conception (NSC), and 721 records for age at first service (AFS) and at first calving (AFC) were analyzed. The overall means (±S.E.) of AFS, AFC, Cal-Con and CI, and NSC were 991.4 ± 24.3, 1,265 ± 24.3, 285.8 ± 18.9, 561.3 ± 18.9 days and 1.69 ± 0.1, respectively. Parity significantly influenced NSC, Cal-Con, and CI. Season and year showed a significant effect on all the parameters, indicating the role of the environment and more specifically the influence of nutritional conditions at least for the long AFS and AFC, management practices, and climate on reproductive performance of the study herd. A more focused study to discern the elements of the reproductive constraints have been recommended.     

Correlations between body measurements and tissue composition of oat-fattened White Kołuda geese at 17 weeks of age

1.?The aim of the present study was to evaluate the yield and tissue composition of carcases from White Ko?uda® ganders (males) and geese (females), and to determine the relationships between body measurements and carcase tissue composition.

2.?The experiment was carried out on 200 geese (100 males and 100 females) reared to 14 weeks of age and then fed with oats for the next 3 weeks. Live body weight and body dimensions, slaughter yield, weight and percentage of muscles and skin with fat in carcase were measured and correlation coefficients were calculated between body measurements and slaughter values and carcase tissue composition.

3.?White Ko?uda® geese reared to 17 weeks of age were characterised by high body weight (6705 g) and good muscle yield (29·9%). Males had greater body weight, musculature and fatness than females. Sternum length and breast circumference, width and depth were good indicators of carcase muscle weight in 17-week-old geese.

4.?Negative coefficients of correlation between sternum length and weight of skin with subcutaneous fat indicate that increased selection pressure in pedigree flocks of geese on sternum length should be paralleled by reduced carcase fatness in these birds.     

Changes of Rumen Microbiota Density and Physicochemical Properties at Different pH北大核心CSCD

The aim of this experiment was to investigate the changes of rumen microbiota density and physicochemical properties at different pH. Five Holstein cows in dry milk period were selected as rumen fluid donors. Using in vitro method, five treatments were set according to the criteria of rumen acidosis, and the pH of culture medium was 6.5, 5.8, 5.5, 5.2 and 5.0, respectively, with five replicates in each treatment. After three hours of incubation, the changes of rumen microbiota density and physicochemical properties were measured. The results showed as follows: 1) with the decrease of pH, the rumen microbiota density showed a fluctuation change of first decreasing, then increasing and then decreasing, and the microbiota density in pH 5.8 treatment was significantly lower than that in pH 6.5 treatment (P<0.05). When pH was 5.2, the rumen microbiota density was the highest, which was significantly higher than that in the other treatments (P<0.05). 2) With the decrease of pH, the intracellular H+-ATPase activity in rumen microbiota was firstly increased and then decreased, but there was no significant difference among all treatments (P>0.05). 3) The intracellular ATP content in rumen microbiota was not significantly affected by different pH treatments (P>0.05). 4) With the decrease of pH, the intracellular protein content in rumen microbiota was gradually increased (P<0.05). 5) With the decrease of pH, the intracellular pH (pHi) and cellular transmembrane pH difference (ΔpH) in rumen microbiota were firstly increased and then decreased, and the pHi and ΔpH in pH 5.5 and 5.2 treatments were significantly higher than those in the other three treatments (P<0.05). 6) With the decrease of pH, the cell membrane permeability of rumen microbiota was gradually increased, except for pH 5.8 treatment, the other treatments were significantly higher than pH 6.5 treatment (P<0.05). In conclusion, the rumen microbiota can increase the intracellular H+-ATPase activity and protein content, consume ATP, and change pHi and ΔpH in response to external pH decline. When pH decreases to 5.5, the membrane permeability and pHi of rumen microbiota increase significantly, indicating that they are running to be subjected to more serious acid stress. The density of rumen microbiota fluctuates with the decrease of pH, and when pH decreases to 5.2, the density of rumen microbiota is the highest. © 2023 Authors. All rights reserved.     

Interactions of grazing and rainfall on vegetation at Grootfontein in the eastern Karoo§

Rainfall and grazing are primary drivers of vegetation composition in the Nama-Karoo. Increased rainfall increases grassiness, to where Nama-Karoo transitions to grassland. Severe grazing treatments (e.g. continuous or summer-only) increase abundance of grazing-tolerant dwarf shrubs and annual grasses, and decrease perennial grasses. Grootfontein, which is ecotonal between the Nama-Karoo and Grassland Biomes, houses long-term grazing trials. The area has experienced higher-than-average rainfall in recent decades. Plant basal cover data from the 1960s and 2010s allow several hypotheses to be addressed: (1) historical severe grazing (until 1985) will limit subsequent grassiness (grazing legacy effect); (2) severe grazing will preclude increases in grassiness, independent of rainfall (herbivore trap effect); and (3) historically leniently-grazed sites will transition to grassland with increased rainfall (biome shift effect). Rainfall was lower from 1957–1966 (350 mm) than from 2003–2012 (490 mm). The grazing legacy effect was supported based on the abundance of Aristida diffusa, despite all sites becoming much grassier. The herbivore trap effect was not supported. The biome shift effect was supported in that shifts to grassland sometimes occurred. Results suggest that increasing rainfall has prompted a shift to much increased grassiness and decreased abundance of dwarf shrubs, and that grazing had a smaller secondary effect.     

Sensory evaluation of pheasants hung at 10 °g for up to 15 days

1. Pheasants hung at 10 °G were found to become increasingly “gamey” in flavour and more tender in texture with length of hanging.

2. After 13 d they were strongly gamey and very tender.     

Effects of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Cellulase Additives at Different Temperatures on the Fermentation Quality of Corn and Guineagrass Silages

在两项试验中，用玉米（ＺｅａｍａｙｓＬ．）（试验１）和大黍（ＰａｎｉｃｕｍｍａｘｉｍｕｍＪａｃｑ．）（试验２）加入外加剂乳酸菌（ＬＡＢ）、支顶孢属纤维素酶（ＡＣ）及二者的结合（ＡＣ＋ＬＡＢ）做处理，不加外加剂为对照，分别在１０、２０、３０和４０℃恒温下青贮。结果表明，试验１中所有玉米青贮料，虽然与１０℃低温和４０℃高温时相比在２０和３０℃时的效果略好，但无论在何种外加剂和温度下都保存良好。在试验２中，ＡＣ与ＡＣ＋ＬＡＢ在所有温度处理下均比对照和ＬＡＢ更显著地提高了大黍青贮料的ｐＨ值和乳酸的含量，而且在４０℃时显著地减少了丁酸和挥发性碱性氮（ＶＢＮ）的含量。在各个温度水平中，外加剂乳酸菌对发酵均无甚影响。无论是否加入外加剂，在３０℃的所有大黍青贮料的丁酸含量均最高。与对照和加入ＬＡＢ的相比，单独加入ＡＣ及其与ＬＡＢ结合，均使玉米和大黍青贮料中的结构性醣类有部分的降解，并减低了ＮＤＦ和ＡＤＦ的含量。但温度对ＡＣ的降解能力无显著影响。     

Light at the end of the tunnel? Advances in the understanding and treatment of glaucoma and inherited retinal degeneration

Glaucoma and inherited retinal degeneration/dystrophy are leading causes of blindness in veterinary patients. Currently, there is no treatment for the loss of vision that characterizes both groups of diseases. However, this reality may soon change as recent advances in understanding of the disease processes allow researchers to develop new therapies aimed at preventing blindness and restoring vision to blind patients. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms of retinal ganglion cell death in glaucoma patients has led to the development of neuroprotective drugs which protect retinal cells and their function from the disastrous effects of elevated pressure. Identification of the genetic mutation responsible for inherited degenerations and dystrophies of the outer retina has enabled researchers using gene therapy to restore vision to blind dogs. Other patients may benefit from retinal transplantation, stem cell therapy, neuroprotective drugs, nutritional supplementation and even retinal prostheses. It is possible that soon it will be possible to restore sight to some blind patients.