分子鉴定拟南芥 myb26／mail sterile35突变体中表达下调基因 At2 g47500

利用不可产生花粉的突变体作为研究花药和花粉发育的途径,以证实涉及花粉发育的基因及其在基因网络中的作用。研究结果表明,拟南芥中MYB26/MALE STERILE35（ MS35）雄性不育基因会调控药室内壁次生加厚发育,影响其后的花药开裂,并可上调木质素生物合成途径。而At2g47500基因是在芯片分析ms35/myb26突变体中涉及花粉发育表达下调的一个未被鉴定的基因。通过生物信息学分析发现,At2g47500基因是一个与微管发育有关的基因,在整个植株都表达,包括花发育阶段。利用拟南芥基因库筛选该基因中的T-DNA插入突变体,并通过PCR鉴定,得到插入位点在启动子和外显子的纯合突变体。通过表型分析和表达筛选发现,At2g47500突变并未对表现型产生影响,表明T-DNA插入位点在外显子的突变体基因并未在花药中表达;但转录表达分析认为,该基因在花粉里表达,并通过启动子：GUS表达结构得到进一步证实。35S启动子超量表达At2g47500,并未导致其在野生型植物中异位的过量表达;将其转入突变体中,基因表达量恢复,也未有表现差异。说明其对花粉发育的影响不明显。定量PCR分析微管发育其他相关基因,以及花发育中次生壁发育有关基因在突变体中的表达,At2g47500对花粉发育影响不明显。在突变体中,大部分基因也未因其缺失、表达受到明显影响。综上所述,该基因在花药发育中不受ms35/myb26的调控,发挥次要作用,受到主效基因的调控。     

一个新的水稻细条纹叶色突变体特性分析和基因克隆

叶色突变体作为一种易于观察的性状突变,是开展光合系统的结构和功能、叶绿素生物合成及其调控机制研究的理想材料。本研究以水稻T-DNA插入细条纹叶色突变体为研究材料,通过叶片的形态鉴定、石蜡切片、叶绿素和光合速率测定,分析突变体的表型和光合特性;采用TAIL-PCR技术,定位和克隆该突变基因。结果表明:突变体苗期幼叶上呈现间断的白色细条纹,而叶鞘、叶脉表现正常,三叶期后至分蘖期叶片逐渐转绿;突变体叶色对温度变化敏感;是国内外尚未报道的一种新型水稻细条纹叶色突变体。根据T-DNA插入标签,确定突变候选基因位于第7染色体上,并对候选基因进行了克隆已获得部分cDNA序列,暂命名为fs3(t)。     

利用CRISPR-Cas9基因编辑技术获得AtLCR67基因敲除突变体

拟南芥AtLCR67基因属于低分子量富含半胱氨酸(low-molecular-weight cysteine-rich,LCR)基因家族。在正常生长条件下,该基因在发育的种子中特异表达。为了研究该基因在发育或代谢过程中的可能作用,在没有合适T-DNA插入突变缺乏的情况下,我们利用CRISPR-Cas9定向敲除技术来创制该基因沉默的拟南芥突变体材料。通过构建AtLCR67基因的CRISPR-Cas9敲除质粒,借助农杆菌介导的浸花法转化野生型拟南芥Col-0,最终获得12株T0代转基因植株。对T0转基因植株的AtLCR67基因进行测序分析发现,在设计的靶位点处存在短片段缺失12个碱基和增加一个T碱基两种突变类型,进一步做RT-PCR检测分析发现突变体中AtLCR67基因完全不表达,说明成功获得拟南芥lcr67突变体。突变体材料的获得为进一步研究AtLCR67基因在发育或代谢方面的的功能奠定了良好基础。     

3种基因突变方法在微生物中的应用研究进展

为了解某个基因的功能,最常用的方法就是构建该基因缺失的突变体,通过测定突变体的某些性状来分析该基因的功能,因此,获得由基因型决定的表型突变体在生物学研究中极为重要。本研究主要介绍了3种构建基因突变体的方法：转座子插入突变、同源重组和定点突变技术,转座子插入方法多用于构建突变体库,同源重组多用于基因功能的研究,定点突变多用于蛋白质功能的研究。3种方法各自侧重点不同,将同源重组和定点突变技术结合起来是将来研究基因突变的一个方向。最后,论述了基因突变技术存在的缺陷和不足,提出该技术还亟待完善。     

研究找到调控水稻根系发生关键基因

<正>中科院遗传与发育所植物基因组学国家重点实验室储成才课题组,通过大规模筛选水稻T-DNA插入突变体库,获得了一个水稻根数目显著增加的突变体,从而找到调控水稻根系发生的关键基因。据了解,此突变体的表型由编码另一个细胞质型细胞分裂素氧化酶/脱氢酶基因OsCKX4被特异性激活而形成。OsCKX4受植物激素细胞分裂素和生长素     

拟南芥失绿突变体生理特性及其基因定位

通过筛选T-DNA插入突变体库得到一种叶色失绿拟南芥突变体yg (yellow green),为了研究该失绿突变体的性状变化及发生原因,对其表型、光合色素含量、叶绿体超微结构进行观察或测量,并通过染色体步移法定位了突变基因和T-DNA插入位点。研究发现,突变体yg整个生长期均呈浅黄绿色或黄色,植株瘦弱,生长迟缓,干鲜比、植株高度、基部抽薹数均低于野生型;其叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素含量相对野生型分别减少了90.6%、89.6%、79.7%;透射电镜观察表明,该突变体叶绿体发育异常,类囊体排列松散,基粒片层断裂,淀粉粒较少,嗜锇颗粒数量显著增加;基因定位发现yg的CHLI1基因发生突变,T-DNA插入点位于5’UTR第24 bp后,导致该基因表达量显著降低。本研究明确了该突变体的失绿机制,进一步证实了CHLI1基因在叶绿素合成过程中的重要功能。     

T-DNA插入产生的水稻多分蘖突变的遗传分析

在筛选和鉴定水稻T-DNA(含Basta抗性基因Bar)插入纯合体的过程中，观察到一个多分蘖的突变体。其分离群体中多分蘖和正常分蘖两种植株类型的分离比率为3∶1，符合1对基因的显性遗传。Basta 抗性检测、PCR分子检测及Southern杂交证实，该突变体是由单一T-DNA插入引起的，多分蘖性状与T-DNA共分离。该突变材料可用于插入座位的     

大丽轮枝菌致病缺陷型T-DNA插入突变体的筛选与鉴定

【目的】从大丽轮枝菌T-DNA突变体库中筛选鉴定致病缺陷型突变体并分析致病相关基因。【方法】将落叶型大丽轮枝菌菌株Vd991的294个T-DNA插入突变体在寄主棉花上进行致病力测定。利用Southern杂交和hiTAIL-PCR(High-efficiency thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR)技术分别对筛选获得的9个致病力显著降低的突变体进行拷贝数和侧翼序列分析。【结果】与接种野生型Vd991的棉花相比,接种突变体的棉花的病情指数极显著降低。Southern杂交表明其中1个突变体中T-DNA为双拷贝插入,其余8个突变体均为单拷贝插入。生物学特性分析发现T-DNA的插入导致这些突变体在生长速率和产孢量等方面与野生型Vd991相比均有不同程度的降低。Blast比对分析明确了这些突变体中T-DNA的插入位置和在基因组上的分布,并从野生型菌株Vd991中成功克隆得到了这些可能影响大丽轮枝菌致病力的相关基因。【结论】筛选和鉴定T-DNA插入突变是在全基因组范围内快速获得致病相关基因信息的1种有效方法,极大的促进了大丽轮枝菌的致病分子机制等研究,为进一步培育抗病棉花品种奠定了基础。     

水稻光叶突变新基因的克隆和亚细胞定位

水稻叶片表皮毛突变体是研究单子叶植物细胞分化和水稻品种改良的重要材料。本研究对T-DNA标签技术获得的水稻光叶突变体(单隐性核基因控制,稳定遗传)进行田间观测和扫描电镜观察,以分析突变体叶片毛状体类型和分布特征;并采用DNA-Walking和RT-PCR方法定位并克隆该突变体基因,通过对该基因进行初步的生物信息学分析,构建绿色荧光蛋白融合载体,进行亚细胞定位。研究结果显示:突变体叶缘无毛,叶面毛状体缺失,缺失的毛状体类型主要为宏毛(即钩毛),但种子颖壳表面毛状体正常生长,是国内外尚未报道的一种新型的光叶突变体;对T-DNA标签插入序列进行相似性比对,确定插入位点,表明突变体候选基因在水稻第6号染色体上,通过基因克隆获得了c DNA序列,暂命名为GLL;生物信息学分析表明,GLL基因含有8个外显子,7个内含子,该基因的开放阅读框(ORF)有702 bp,编码233个氨基酸;对GLL蛋白结构域进行分析,发现该蛋白有一个PEX11保守结构域;系统进化关系表明,GLL与预测的水稻中PEX11-5同源性最高;亚细胞定位表明该基因在细胞核、细胞质和细胞膜中表达。本研究为解析水稻及单子叶植物中毛状体发育分子机制和进行水稻品种改良奠定了基础。     

植物突变体库的作用及构建研究进展

发生突变的个体叫作突变体。突变体往往具有与野生型不同的表型,这样就为缺失组分的功能研究提供了有益的信息。主要介绍了植物突变体库的作用及构建方法,重点论述了自发突变体库、理化诱变突变体库及T-DNA插入突变体库的构建原理与特征,并对植物突变体库的研究前景进行了展望。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Evolution under domestication involving disturbance of genic balance

Summary An hypothesis is developed that the rapid change from wild plants into domesticated crops principally involves the selection of alleles with non-functional gene products which leads to reduced control of the highly integrated metabolism and morphogenesis previously accumulated by lengthy natural selection. Such disturbance of the genome produces altered physiological and morphological development which, although deleterious in nature, serves mankind better and has been selected.     

Genetic variation for disease and nematode resistances and forage quality in perennial diploid and tetraploid lucerne populations (Medicago sativa L.)

Summary Twenty-five lucerne populations of the Medicago sativa complex, which were either diploid or tetraploid and wild or cultivated, were analysed for their resistance to four different fungal diseases and to stem nematode. Forage quality, including stem digestibility and saponin content, was also tested.Populations varied in susceptibility to the diseases caused by Colletotrichum trifolii, Verticillium albo-atrum, Sclerotinia trifoliorum and Pseudopezizza medicaginis, and to the nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci. Except for Sclerotinia rot, sativa and falcata subspecies differed in susceptibility, but this grouping of populations did not account for the full range of variation among them. However, the resistance to P. medicaginis was much lower in the sativa than in the falcata populations.Populations also varied significantly in stem fiber content and digestibility. Stem digestibility was negatively correlated to forage yield. Wild sativa and falcata populations had lower fiber content and higher digestibility than cultivated sativa populations. The medicagenic acid was the sapogenin responsible for the anti-nutritional effect of the lucerne measured by the yellow mealworm larvae Tenebrio molitor. The medicagenic acid content was lowest for the pure sativa populations, highest for the pure falcata populations, and intermediate for the French sativa varieties that have some traits originating from falcata germplasm. Some populations could be used in breeding programs to improve disease and nematode resistance, and forage quality.     

Review of Effects of Active Components of Gastrodiae Rhizoma on Central Nervous System

In order to explore the pharmacological effects of active components of Gastrodiae Rhizoma on the central nervous system,through consulting related literatures,...     

Effects of Pb on Rhizosphere Soil Enzyme Activity and Chemical Constituents of Achyranthes bidentata Blume

[Objectives]The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Pb on rhizosphere soil enzyme activity and chemical constituents of Achyranthes bidentat...     

不同P-Zn配比对小麦幼苗微量元素营养的影响

采用了螯合-缓冲营养液培养方法对小麦进行了苗期培养试验,在3个P水平(0,0.6,3.0 mmol/L)和3个Zn水平(0,3,30 μmol/L)的完全组合下对小麦苗期生长及Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn营养进行了研究,旨在为小麦微肥施用提供理论依据.结果表明,P、Zn的正常供应促进了小麦生长,二者的缺乏与过量均会抑制小麦发育,且这种影响在冠部表现得更为明显.在小麦苗期,Zn与Cu的吸收存在明显的拮抗作用,但供Zn则促进了Zn和Cu的转运,而Mn转运则受到了抑制;过量供Zn时,大量Zn被转运到冠部,同时明显抑制了(Fe+Cu+Mn)的吸收总量;P的供应显著地抑制了Fe的吸收,但P的供应提高了Zn、Cu、Mn的转运率;P、Zn在对Zn与Fe、Cu、Mn间吸收竞争的影响中,Zn本身的影响要比P的影响更为明显,供Zn明显促进了小麦幼苗对Zn的吸收;在小麦幼苗冠部,Zn与Fe的竞争中,供P利于Zn的吸收,缺P则利于Fe的吸收;而Zn与Cu以及Zn与Mn间的竞争中,缺磷时利于Zn的吸收,供磷后则利于Cu和Mn的吸收.总之,小麦幼苗Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn营养中,P、Zn的不同配比会不同程度地改变Zn与Fe、Cu、Mn的协同或拮抗效应.     

Isozyme variation between diploid and tetraploid cytotypes of Glycine tabacina (Labill.) Benth.

Summary Glycine tabacina (Labill.) Benth. is a wild perennial species related to the cultivated soybean, G. max (L.) Merr. It is composed of diploid (2n=40) and tetraploid (2n=80) cytotypes. Currently, to differentiate the cytotypes, plants are grown out in the greenhouse and chromosome counts made on pollen mother cells. It is a laborious and time consuming process. The objective of this study was to determine whether electrophoretic techniques could be utilized to separate the cytotypes. Electrophoretic examination of seven isozyme systems from seed of 67 G. tabacina accessions revealed banding patterns that could be used to differentiate between diploid and tetraploid cytotypes in the species. Among the tetraploid accessions, the number of bands observed were always greater than the diploids. Some tetraploid banding patterns consisted of bands similar to the diploid tabacina and/or additional bands previously identified in other Glycine species. The patterns of isozyme multiplicity and variation in the tetraploid tabacinas suggests more than one mode of origin for the tetraploids.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.