低温条件下苏云金芽孢杆菌增效剂的研究

通过向Bt制剂中添加蔗糖、糖精、维生素C和几丁质酶等物质后发现,以上这些物质在一定的浓度范围内,均有不同程度的刺激昆虫取食及提高Bt制剂杀虫效果的作用。其中糖精0 2g·L-1试验所设置的15、20、25℃条件下,刺激昆虫取食及提高Bt制剂杀虫效果的作用明显好于其它物质,与单用Bt相比,杀虫效果分别提高了39 9%、42 8%和29 4%。此外,增效剂的加入有利于加快Bt制剂的杀虫速度,提高害虫的早期死亡率。     

温度和增效剂对苏云金杆菌杀虫活性的影响

采用人工饲料法，将苏云金杆菌分别与糖精、碳酸钠、硫酸镁、氯化镁、硫酸锌等增效物质混合后，添加到人工饲料中，在3个温度梯度下分别测试了各增效剂不同稀释度对＆的杀虫效果的影响。结果表明，多数增效剂随温度和浓度的降低对＆的杀虫效果影响差异显著，在15℃条件下，增效剂糖精（0．02g／L）、碳酸钠（0．20g／L）、硫酸镁（0．10g／L）对Bt的杀虫活性比单用Bt显著提高，并且提高了速效性。     

几种低毒杀虫剂对蔗扁蛾的毒力及控制作用研究

对低毒化学农药吡虫啉、仿生农药阿维菌素及生物农药BT进行毒力测定,结果表明,这3种杀虫剂均对蔗扁蛾的幼虫有一定的毒杀作用,但吡虫啉、阿维菌素在早期和中期的效果明显,而BT在后期的杀虫效果较明显.经过分析,吡虫啉最适的杀虫浓度为1∶700,阿维菌素及BT的最适浓度均为1∶1 500.防治效果最好的为阿维菌素,1 000倍时平均死亡率为96.95%,其次是吡虫啉,700倍时平均死亡率为65.25%,BT效果不理想,1 000倍时死亡率仅18.1%.     

防治油茶尺蛾药剂筛选试验

油茶尺蛾(Biston marginata Shiraki )是近年来广东省中山市阔叶混交林内出现的重要害虫.19种农药室内药效试验显示:15%茚虫威悬浮剂4 000倍液、10%除尽悬浮剂2 000倍液、16 000 UI/mg Bt可湿性粉剂1 000倍液、3.2%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐5 000倍液、40%辛硫磷乳油2 000倍液、2.8%阿维菌素乳油10 000倍液和90%敌百虫晶体1 000倍液致幼虫死亡均达100%.在林间,15%茚虫威悬浮剂4 000倍液、10%除尽悬浮剂2 000倍液、16 000 UI/mg Bt可湿性粉剂1 000倍液、3.2%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐5 000倍液、40%辛硫磷乳油2 000倍液和90%敌百虫晶体1 000倍液的杀虫效果均达100%,而2.8%阿维菌素乳油10 000倍液的杀虫效果为84.48%.     

8种杀虫剂对榕透翅毒蛾的室内防效

为明确不同杀虫剂对榕透翅毒蛾不同龄期的敏感度,研究采用胃毒法测定了8种杀虫剂稀释500倍、1 000倍和1 500倍3种浓度分别对榕透翅毒蛾初孵幼虫和3龄幼虫的毒杀活性。结果表明：8种杀虫剂均具有一定的防治效果,其中5%阿维菌素、12%甲维·虫螨腈、15%甲维·茚虫威对榕透翅毒蛾初孵幼虫防治效果较好,3种浓度在24 h后校正死亡率均达100%;15%甲维·茚虫威、12%甲维·虫螨腈和4.5%高效氯氰菊酯的500倍和1 000倍浓度对榕透翅毒蛾3龄幼虫具有较好的防治效果,在24 h后校正死亡率均达100%;3龄幼虫较初孵幼虫而言,耐药性更强,同一药剂同一浓度处理下3龄幼虫的校正死亡率更低或达到100%校正死亡率时间更长。因此,可选用5%阿维菌素、12%甲维·虫螨腈、15%甲维·茚虫威和4.5%高效氯氰菊酯作为当前防治榕透翅毒蛾的主要防治药剂。     

阿维菌素防治黄褐天幕毛虫试验

试验选出了阿维菌素防治黄褐天幕毛虫的最佳浓度：1～2龄为13000倍液，4～6龄为9000倍液，最佳浓度下前5天杀虫效果为97．7％，并从杀虫效果、成本等方面与Bt粉剂做了对比。     

CPV-Bt对湖南马尾松毛虫的药效试验

以湖南马尾松毛虫发生地采集的马尾松毛虫为试验材料，选用CPV、Bt 2种微生物复配后对其进行室内药效试验，结果表明：Bt对越冬代松毛虫前12d死亡率的影响显著，死亡率与Bt浓度呈正比，Bt浓度为6×10^7个芽孢／mL时，死亡率可达70．36％；Bt使用浓度为5×10^6芽孢／mL时，第一代松毛虫（群体饲养）处理6d平均死亡率可达70．41％，Bt使用浓度为1×10^7芽孢／mL时，平均死亡率可达75．09％；CPV对越冬代松毛虫处理12d后残留种群带毒率影响显著，带毒率与CPV浓度呈正比，当CPV浓度为2×10^5个多角体／mL时，其带毒率可达53．68％；复配药荆按其对第一代松毛虫（单虫饲养）的药效（前6d死亡率）可分为5类，其平均药效（死亡率）最高达100％，最低的仅为43．12％；CPV-Bt复配药刺防治马尾松毛虫的越冬代和第一代，若只需达到70％杀虫率和50％残留种群带毒率水平，越冬代宜选用2×10^5个多角体／mL＋6×10^7个芽孢／mL，第一代宜选用5×10^4个多角体／mL＋1×10^7个芽孢／mL。     

转Bt基因南林895杨对美国白蛾抗虫性研究

【目的】通过对转Bt基因南林895杨进行虫试测定,分析转基因植物对不同世代美国白蛾Hyphantria cunea的杀虫活性、转基因杨树抗虫效果的时空动态、转基因杨树对不同龄期美国白蛾的杀虫效果,以及对美国白蛾幼虫生长发育的影响,为转基因杨树的应用推广和美国白蛾防治提供相关依据。【方法】以实验室获得的转Bt(Cry1Ah1）基因南林895杨16个株系为材料,对美国白蛾幼虫进行室内喂养和田间套笼饲虫实验,实验分别采用不同世代、不同虫龄的美国白蛾幼虫为实验对象,测量其死亡率、化蛹率及取食量等指标,分析转Bt基因杨树对于美国白蛾生长的实际影响,并选取不同部位叶片分析杀虫效果的空间变化。【结果】16个转Bt基因南林895杨株系中,A-4-6、A-5-0、A-5-23和X-2-7株系具有良好的杀虫效果,幼虫取食叶片12 d后的校正死亡率为37.5%～68.9%。A-4-6株系的毒蛋白表达量最高达到11 500.01 ng/g,占总蛋白表达量的0.047 8%。其余5个杀虫活性较好株系的毒蛋白表达量均大于4 669.38 ng/g,除Z-1-3株系,各株系毒蛋白量占总蛋白量均超过0.02%。抗虫效果明显的株系上部叶片的抗虫效果优于中部叶片,下部叶片的抗虫效果差。不同虫龄比对结果表明低龄幼虫的校正死亡率显著高于高龄幼虫（P 0.05）,而化蛹率随着龄期的升高而升高,幼虫对杀虫性的敏感度随着龄期的升高逐渐下降。【结论】转基因南林895杨中Bt基因的表达能够有效的抑制美国白蛾的生长,并具有时空特异性,其中A-4-6、A-5-0及A-5-23三个株系具有良好的杀虫效果,适用于作为抗虫杨树树种进行推广。     

应用苏特灵Bt防治黄褐天幕毛虫的试验

该文应用苏特灵Bt生物杀虫剂防治黄褐天幕毛虫Malacosoma neustria，筛选适宜的用药浓度，防治最佳虫龄和时间，为大面积防治提供可靠依据。试验结果表明：600－800倍液，1－2龄幼虫群集网幕中施药，杀虫率95.5%以上。     

几种生物制剂对黄褐天幕毛虫的生物测定

为了有效、持续地控制黄褐天幕毛虫对林木的危害,同时还要尽量避免在对害虫进行化学防治时破坏生态环境,选用了苦参碱、蛇麻子、白屈菜、走马芹等植物的提取液,Bt生物杀虫剂以及黄褐天幕毛虫病毒对黄褐天幕毛虫幼虫进行杀虫试验。结果表明,上述药剂的不同浓度溶液对黄褐天幕毛虫幼虫均有不同程度的杀虫效果,其中蛇麻子500倍效果最好,第1d就达到100%的死亡率;蛇麻子1000倍、1500倍、2000倍、2500倍,25%灭幼脲500倍、1000倍在第2d也达到了100%的杀虫率,而其他杀虫剂中苦烟乳油,阿维菌素.灭幼脲,0.3%印楝素乳油,白屈菜,走马芹效果也较好,到第4d累计死亡率达到了98%以上。黄褐天幕毛虫病毒在7d后达到了60%以上。     

马尾松毛虫质型多角体病毒的研究——Ⅰ.病毒的毒力测定

本文对马尾松毛虫质型多角体病毒(D.CPV)防治技术进行研究。室内个体、群体毒力测定表明:病毒包含体为2×10~5—2×10~8CPB/ml,校正死亡率均达82%以上,其浓度间致毒死亡率差异不显著。林间防治试验表明:林间致毒浓度为2×10~6CPB/ml时,校正死亡率70.7%,低于病毒加20%速灭杀丁(1∶2.5万倍液)死亡率88.5%的17.8%。温度平均低于18.4℃,幼虫总死亡率(73.5%—77.2%),温度平均在19—29℃之间的死亡率(82.7%—89.9%),病毒致死率相差不大。     

应用昆虫病原线虫防治雷公藤丽长角巢蛾试验

在福建省泰宁县雷公藤种植基地开展了4个品系的昆虫病原线虫在室内外和林间对雷公藤丽长角巢蛾的控制试验。结果表明,在24~30℃时线虫的侵染力最强。斯氏线虫Steinemema.sp.CB2B品系效果最佳,室内试验线虫剂量为100、250、500、1 000、2 000条.mL-1时,第6 d的幼虫校正死亡率分别为92.86%、100%、100%、100%、100%;试验剂量为1 000条.mL-1时,第1 d就出现害虫幼虫死亡,第5 d幼虫死亡率达到100%;对丽长角巢蛾的幼虫和蛹均有侵染力;林间防治试验效果达88.15%。     

苏氏克虫菌1号、2号防治文山松毛虫的药效对比试验

用研制出的苏氏克虫菌1号和2号生物农药, 对文山松毛虫幼虫进行了林间药效对比试验。其用药后1天、5天的效果: 苏氏克虫菌1号的虫口减退率分别为13 6 %和54 4 %; 苏氏克虫菌2号分别为7 2 %和43 2 %,差异达极显著。用药后10天和15天的效果: 苏氏克虫菌1号的虫口减退率分别为79 2 %、87 6 %, 2号分别为76 0 %和84 0 %, 二者的效果差异由极显著降为显著水平。纵观其防治文山松毛虫幼虫效果, 苏氏克虫菌1号比2号的药效来得快, 且最终效果也强于2号。     

Parasitoids of Saperda populnea (L.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) on aspen (Populus tremula L.) in Bulgaria

The parasitoids of Saperda populnea (L.) (Col.: Cerambycidae) were studied in Bulgaria during the period 1997?–?2001. Galls with pest larvae were collected from young aspen trees at eight locations (Sofia, Kokaliane, Plana, Churek, Gorni Lom, Gintzi, Dolno Kamartzi and Klisura) and examined under laboratory conditions. Four species were reared from 1118 galls containing overwintering pest larvae: Iphiaulax impostor (Scop.) (Hym.: Braconidae), Dolichomitus populneus (Ratz.), Schreineria populnea (Gir.) (Hym.: Ichneumonidae) and Billaea irrorata (Meig.) (Dipt.: Tachinidae). All of the parasitoids were solitary. Schreineria populnea was found as a new parasitoid of the host in Bulgaria. B. irrorata emerged mainly from late-stage S. populnea larvae; the remaining species from both early- and mid-stage larvae. In the parasitoid complex of S. populnea, the most numerous were B. irrorata (59.8?%) and D. populneus (29.4?%). The percentage of host larval parasitism varied from 2.4 to 33.3, with an average of 9.7?%. B. irrorata was the most important in reducing the pest number. The average mortality of S. populnea caused by the tachinid was 5.8?%, and the highest mortality observed in individual study was 20.2?%.     

绿僵菌MaFZ-13对油桐鹰尺蠖致病力的时间-剂量-死亡率模型分析

运用时间-剂量-死亡率模型分析绿僵菌MaFZ-13对油桐鹰尺蠖Biston suppressaria幼虫的时间效应和剂量效应,评价该菌株的致病力。结果表明:油桐鹰尺蠖幼虫累计死亡率随着绿僵菌孢子悬浮液浓度的增大和接种时间的延长而增加,接种10 d后,1.0×10^9,1.0×10^8,1.0×10^7,1.0×10^6,1.0×10^5孢子/mL浓度累计死亡率分别为100%,98.3%,91.7%,70%,48.3%。生物测定数据采用时间-剂量-死亡率(TDM)模型进行分析,所建模型可以通过Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合异质性检验,模型拟合良好;由模型估算出绿僵菌MaFZ-13对油桐鹰尺蠖幼虫的致死剂量和致死时间,随着接种时间延长,相应的LC50和LC90值逐渐降低,剂量效应增强,接种第4,5,6,7天致死中浓度值(LC50)的对数值分别为7.79,6.97,6.33,5.64。随孢子悬浮液浓度增大,致死时间(LT50和LT90)减小,当浓度为1.0×10^7,1.0×10^8,1.0×10^9孢子/mL时,LT50值分别为4.96,3.79,2.89 d,时间效应增强。绿僵菌MaFZ-13对油桐鹰尺蠖幼虫致病力较强,具有较好应用开发潜力。     

Untersuchungen zur Wirkung von Methylbromid besonders bei niedrigen Temperaturen gegen Khaprakäfer-Larven (Trogoderma granarium Everts (Dermestidae,Coleoptera)

Tests on the efficiency of methyl bromide especially at lower temperatures in controlling Khapra Beetle Larvae (Trogoderma granarium Everts), Dermestidae, Coleoptera In the laboratory, experiments were carried out to investigate the efficiency of methyl bromide in controlling the Khapra Beetle (Trogoderma granarium Everts) in a specially developed fumigation apparatus at 30, 25, 20, 15, 10, 5, 0, –6, and –10 °C as well as 40 – 70% relative humidity. The lethal dosis as c. t. products in mg.h/l were estimated at different temperatures from the dosis-mortality regression lines. The treated larvae were divided after the fumigation into two series (1 and 2). The larvae of serie 1 were held immediately after the fumigation time at 28°C, while the larvae of serie 2 were kept for another 10 days at the same fumigation temperature, then removed to 28°C until final control. Experimental results of both series showed that, for a given mortality the c. t. product required at low temperatures considerably increased and accordingly the tolerance of the larvae decreased with a rise in temperature (in range 0–30°C). A maximum in the tolerance of the larvae to methyl bromide was found at 0°C. At lower trial temperatures –6 and –10°C the required c. t. product subsequently decreased. This result was caused through the combined harmful effect of the low temperatures and the methyl bromide. It is evident from the estimated values that the c. t. products of methyl bromide required for a given mortality in serie 2 especially at lower temperatures (from +10 to –10°C) are lower than that in serie 1. For example in serie 2 the c. t. product required to kill the larvae decreased at 5°C to less than 50%. This effect of the post-treatment temperature was also examined to obtain the shortest holding time for maximum mortality, which was observed after 3–4, 7–8, 7–8 and 8–9 days at 10, 5, 0, and –6°C respectively. From a practical aspect this result is of great importance, because it proves the influence of the factors prevailing after a quarantine fumigation.     

气候因素对杨小舟蛾生长发育的影响

对杨小舟蛾在青岛地区的生活史和发生规律进行了研究。结果表明:杨小舟蛾在青岛1年4代,世代重叠。日平均气温的变化对越冬代杨小舟蛾成虫的日羽化量及杨小舟蛾卵、幼虫和蛹的生长发育产生直接影响,日平均气温15℃时杨小舟蛾成虫开始出现,23.6～28.9℃时成虫羽化数量明显增加;成虫羽化的适宜湿度为60%～82%,以78%为最适。潮湿多雨的气候不利于杨小舟蛾幼虫的生长发育,干旱高温天气极易导致其爆发成灾。赤眼蜂、寄生蝇、杨扇舟蛾颗粒体病毒是其重要的寄生性天敌,对其发生危害具有一定的控制作用。     

Bioecological characteristics of Bracon intercessor Nees (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) as a parasitoid of the poplar clearwing moth, Paranthrene tabaniformis (Rott.) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) in Bulgaria

The major bioecological characteristics of Bracon intercessor Nees (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasitoid of the poplar clearwing moth, Paranthrene tabaniformis (Rott.) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae), were studied from 1987 to 2003. Poplar shoots infested with P. tabaniformis larvae were collected in 11 localities in Bulgaria and examined in the laboratory, and infestations were also studied in the field. B. intercessor was recorded in seven localities and was found to be a gregarious external larval parasitoid of P. tabaniformis. Two generations of the parasitoid developed on the host. The first (summer) generation was associated with early and mid-stage (up to third instar) host larvae, and the second (overwintering) generation with third- to fifth-instar larvae. The average number of parasitoid individuals feeding on a host was 4.5 and 12.4 in summer and overwintering generations, respectively. The maximum number recorded was 25 individuals per host in the overwintering generation. B. intercessor overwintered as a mature larva on the host and completed its development in early spring. The adults from the overwintering generation appeared in April, about 1 month prior to emergence of P. tabaniformis. The life cycle of B. intercessor was not in close synchrony with the development of P. tabaniformis in the spring, but the parasitoid adults which fed on honey-sugar solution lived for up to 31 days (males) and 86 days (females), respectively. This suggests that, in the field, B. intercessor females eclosing in the spring could survive until the host larvae appear if nectar is available. Adults of the summer generation emerge from July to September when sufficient suitable host larvae are available. B. intercessor was responsible for 1.5% of the average mortality of the P. tabaniformis overwintering larvae. The host mortality caused by the summer generation of the parasitoid ranged from 3.2% to 5.8%.     

粉拟青霉防治油（赤）松毛虫流行病研究

越冬油(赤)松毛虫自然死亡的主要原因是真菌疾病,应用粉拟青霉防治越冬的油(赤)松毛虫比白僵菌更有效,多年的林地防治取得了70％以上的稳定杀虫效果,侵染以晚秋和早春为主,严冬季节很少。幼虫春季上树后仍有一部分死亡,这是疾病潜伏期造成的死亡滞后于侵染的现象,计算总死亡率应加上这一部分。影响该菌防治越冬幼虫效果的主要因子不是湿度,而是温度,表现在阳坡效果好于阴坡。     

Combinations of several insecticides used for integrated control of Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Say., Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

The Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say.) (CPB) is the main potato pest in Croatia. The main problems in CPB control are related to a number of treatments and resistance development. In order to investigate the efficacy of combinations a reduced dose of spinosad (33% of the full doses) with the reduced doses (33% of full doses) of B.t.t., neem and pyrethrin against CPB larvae, 3-year field trials and one laboratory trial were conducted. Joint actions of the insecticides in combinations were analyzed. The CPB attack on experimental fields in all 3 years of investigation was high to moderate. In 2001 the maximum number of larvae on untreated plots was 11.7 larvae per plant, while in 2002 and 2003 it was lower, 5.5 and 6.1 larvae/plant, respectively. The efficacy obtained with a full dose of B.t.t. reached 75% in the field, and 78% in the laboratory trial. The residual efficacy of a full dose of B.t.t. lasted 7–10 days. The application of both, full and reduced doses of B.t.t., did not result in a significant yield increase. The results indicate that only one treatment with B.t.t. insecticide alone is not enough for efficient protection of potato against the attack of CPB larvae. The application of neem resulted in an efficacy of between 54 and 87.9%. The residual activity of neem was too short to ensure significant yield increase in 2 out of 3 years of the investigation. The application of a full dose of pyrethrin ensured an efficacy of between 86 and 89% with residual activity of 7–10 days. Only in the trial in 2003 significant yield increase (40% higher than untreated control) after the application of a full dose of pyrethin was recorded. The application of both, full and reduced doses of spinosad resulted in very high efficacy (over 90%), with residual activity between 10 and 20 days. The application of spinosad resulted in a significant yield increase in 2003, both in full and reduced doses, and in 2001 in the full dose (the reduced dose was not tested alone in 2001). High efficacy of the reduced dose of spinosad indicated its high biological activity and possibility for the reduction of the recommended dose. However, applications of combinations of insecticides in reduced doses (spinosad with B.t.t., neem and pyrethrin) resulted in efficacies of over 97% with residual activity of up to 21 days. Significant yield increase was noted after the application of the combinations of spinosad with B.t.t. and pyrethrin. The results of the laboratory trial confirmed the results of field trials. The joint action of insecticides was mainly described as independent synergism. It can be concluded that applied combinations are suitable in IPM in potato.