热应激对荷斯坦奶牛血清酶活力及其行为的影响

本次试验对处于热应激期的夏季和非应激期的秋季各15头荷斯坦奶牛的血清酶活力及其行为进行了检测和观察。结果表明:夏季热应激期血清谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活力(卡门氏单位/mL)13.5±1.42,乳酸脱氨酶(LDH)的活力(U/L)10 903.8±476.05,尿素氮的含量(g/L),显著高于秋季的4.3±0.35,10 358.6±611.43,117.4±18.00;夏季碱性磷酸酶(AKP)(金氏单位/100 mL)5.7±0.59,总蛋白的含量(g/L)43.2±4.05,显著低于秋季的7.7±0.75,62.8±4.03;夏季奶牛的卧息时间(min)253.7±29.08,每口饲料咀嚼时间(s)14.9±1.16和每口饲料咀嚼次数(16.9±1.51)次,显著高于秋季的(120.6±11.90)min、(9.9±0.56)s和(11.9±0.59)次。而秋季奶牛的站立时间(min)249.3±21.89,显著高于夏季的站立时间(min)136.2±24.12。     

秦岭山地围网养麝试验初探

为恢复野生麝种群数量,使人工养殖种群逐渐由圈养向半放养过渡,最终实现野外放归,2008—2009年在陕西秦岭某麝场进行了围网麝半放养试验研究,结果表明:圈养林麝对半放养环境具有较强的适应性,其采食频率、活动强度和野化程度均高于圈养麝;围网麝取香量显著高于圈养麝(P0.05)。     

猪孤雌激活胚胎的体外培养

试验研究了不同培养体系对猪体外成熟卵母细胞电激活后的体外发育的影响。试验1比较了猪孤雌发育胚胎在NCSU 23、G 2.2添加氨基酸(G 2.2-aa)和G 2.2培养体系中的体外发育效率,结果表明,3个组卵裂率差异不显著(P>0.05),NCSU 23体系的囊胚率显著高于其他2组(14.37±3.77 vs.2.67±2.68和3.13±0.45,P<0.01),但3组间囊胚细胞数差异不显著(21.29±5.27 vs.19.33±2.54和20.27±4.72,P>0.05)。试验2探讨了胚胎培养72h后更换培养液对孤雌发育胚胎的影响,结果显示,培养液更换对卵裂率和囊胚细胞数的影响差异不显著(P>0.05),但更换组囊胚率显著下降(12.50±1.49 vs.5.56±1.89、6.25±1.13、4.64±1.56,P<0.05)。试验3研究了在G 2.2-aa添加胰岛素、亚牛磺酸和半胱氨酸对孤雌激活胚胎发育的影响,结果显示,以上添加剂对卵裂率和囊胚细胞数无显著影响(P>0.05);在G 2.2-aa添加胰岛素、亚牛磺酸和半胱氨酸能明显提高囊胚发育率(6.38±1.00、6.20±2.08、8.73±1.03 vs.2.99±2.21,P<0.05),但以上各组的囊胚率明显低于NCSU 23体系(P<0.05)。结论:NCSU 23是猪孤雌激活发育胚胎较为理想的培养液。     

雷州山羊春季牧食行为的观测

对雷州山羊春季牧食行为进行24 h的连续观测表明,雷州山羊昼夜采食时间为415.37±26.81 min,放牧平均采食速度35.34±3.52 口/min,游走时间15.65±7.32 min;每日饮水3次,每次饮水量0.83±0.31 kg;昼夜反刍时间375.7±21.73 min,反刍与采食时间之比为0.911,昼夜反刍周期数9.01±0.38,反刍周期持续时间42.19±6.74 min,每个食团咀嚼时间50.29±8.42s,反刍咀嚼速度1.35±0.15次/s,夜间反刍时间占昼夜总反刍时间的75.66%;昼夜排粪排尿次数分别为8.67±1.37和6.88±1.04,且白昼显著多于夜间(P＜0.05).     

梅花鹿“晃腰病”的血清微量元素分析

以原子吸收光谱法与极谱法对78只“晃腰病”病鹿血清微量元素进行了检测.结果,其血清Cu含量,雄5.88±1.23μmol/L,雌5.56±1.32μmol/L,与健康鹿相比,显著降低(P<0.01);在整个病程中,血清Cu含量随着病程的延长而逐渐下降;血清Fe含量,雄31.64±5.74μmol/L,雌27.12±6.99μmol/L,明显高于健康鹿(P<0.01),且随着病程的推移而逐渐升高;血清Zn(雄14.54±3.25μmol/L,雌11.62±3.97μmol/L)、Mn(雄0.25±0.05μmol/L,雌0.24±0.06μmol/L)含量显著高于健康鹿(P<0.01);Mo、Co、Cd、As、Ag含量没有显著变化.     

雷州山羊春季牧食行为的观测

对雷州山羊春季牧食行为进行 2 4 h的连续观测表明 ,雷州山羊昼夜采食时间为 41 5 .37± 2 6.81 min,放牧平均采食速度 35 .34± 3.5 2口 /min,游走时间 1 5 .65± 7.32 min;每日饮水 3次 ,每次饮水量 0 .83± 0 .31 kg;昼夜反刍时间 375 .7± 2 1 .73min,反刍与采食时间之比为 0 .91∶ 1 ,昼夜反刍周期数 9.0 1± 0 .38,反刍周期持续时间 42 .1 9± 6.74min,每个食团咀嚼时间 5 0 .2 9± 8.42 s,反刍咀嚼速度 1 .35± 0 .1 5次 /s,夜间反刍时间占昼夜总反刍时间的 75 .66% ;昼夜排粪排尿次数分别为 8.67± 1 .37和 6.88± 1 .0 4 ,且白昼显著多于夜间 ( P<0 .0 5 )。     

围网养麝与圈养麝的比较研究

为提高林麝的科学饲养水平和养麝的经济效益 ,对上海崇明岛东平林场圈养和围网养林麝的行为、驯化程度及死亡率 3项指标进行比较研究。结果表明 ,圈养和围网养麝的行为受人为因素的影响较大 ;圈养林麝的驯化程度高于围网养 (P <0 0 5 ) ;圈养林麝的死亡率高于围网养 (P <0 0 5 )。     

马属动物麻醉对动脉血气及酸碱诸值的影响——驴侧卧保定对动脉血气及酸碱诸值的影响

本文用10头健康成年驴作了下列实验研究;将清醒状态受试驴右侧卧保定在手术台上,测其体温、脉搏、呼吸、动脉血气及酸碱诸值,并与清醒状态站立时作对比。结果右侧卧保定使PaO_2显著降低( P<0.01), PaCO_2变化不显著, pH、 [HCO_3~-]、 [TCO_2]、 [B.E]升高不显著。呼吸和脉搏显著升高( P<0.01),体温升高不显著。站立时 PaO_2:98±2mmHg,PaCO_2: 36±1mmHg,pH:7.427±0.01。     

家蚕雄蛾活性肽增强小鼠抗疲劳能力的试验

利用制种交配后的家蚕雄蛾制备蛋白活性肽,通过小鼠负重游泳存活时间及血乳酸、血尿素氮、肝糖元等指标的测定,研究家蚕雄蛾活性肽增强小鼠抗疲劳能力的功效。结果表明,家蚕雄蛾活性肽对小鼠体重和基本表现状态无显著影响(P>0.05),但对小鼠具有明显的增强运动耐力和抗疲劳能力,中、高剂量组小鼠负重游泳存活时间分别为(744.0±233.9)s、(816.6±270.4)s,比对照组(482.3±136.6)s显著延长(P<0.01);中、高剂量组小鼠的生化指标中,血尿素氮浓度分别为(8.54±0.42)mmol/L、(9.04±0.81)mmol/L,比游泳对照组的(10.34±0.64)mmol/L显著降低(P<0.05、P<0.01),肝糖元质量比分别为(7.91±0.65)mg/g、(7.82±0.73)mg/g,比游泳对照组的(5.85±0.60)mg/g显著增加(P<0.01)。     

山羊同期发情处理后发情时间、LH峰及排卵时间间隔的研究

试验比较了16-次甲基甲地孕酮(MGA)和氟孕酮(FGA)对安徽白山羊进行同期发情处理后发情、LH峰值及排卵的时间间隔,结果表明:MGA处理组开始发情的时间(80.6±3.5)h较FGA处理组(41.3±1.3)h长,而且差异极显著(P<0.01);同情发情处理结束到LH峰出现、到排卵以及LH峰出现到排卵的时间间隔,MGA组为(93.5±2.2)h、(117.9±2.9)h和(24.4±1.1)h,FGA组为(55.5±2.3)h、(76.4±1.5)h和(20.8±0.7)h,两组间差异均达显著水平(P<0.05);同期发情处理结束后开始发情到LH峰出现的时间间隔、开始发情到排卵的时间间隔以及血清LH峰持续时间MGA组、FGA组分别为:(13.9±1.4)h和(14.3±0.8)h,(37.3±2.1)h和(35.0±0.5)h,(12.0±0.6)h和(12.6±0.3)h,两组间差异均不显著。     

Biometrics,Testosterone, Cortisol and Antler Growth Cycle in Iberian Red Deer Stags (Cervus elaphus hispanicus)

In this article, we aimed to describe the changes related to mating season in red deer, especially those related to antler growth, body condition score, testosterone and cortisol. Antler growth was studied in 17 Iberian red deer males, including body weight, antler length, biometric measures and testosterone and cortisol determination during 15 months. Body weight, body condition score, thoracic perimeter (TP), neck perimeter (NL) and testicular diameter (TD) showed the highest values immediately before mating season (autumn), decreased during it and remained constant at winter. Antler growth lasted 158 days and produced antlers with a final length of 80.8 ± 2.0 cm. Testosterone and cortisol showed seasonal changes with maximum values at September and May, respectively. Final antler size was related positively to cranial longitude, TP, NL, TD and body weight at casting time. No relationship between weight loss during precedent mating season and current antler size was found, but spring recovery weight was positively related to final antler size. Final length was related to the descent in testosterone values during previous mating season and to body weight before it. Spring recovery weight was related to relative weight loss during previous mating season. These results suggest that there is no relationship between the reproductive effort performed during one season and the next year size of the antler. In contrast, antler size was positively related to spring recovery weight, in the sense that those deer that recover a higher percentage of body weight at the early stages of antler growth develop higher antlers.     

家养林麝饲喂颗粒饲料的试验研究

为了保障麝在春、夏、秋季节采食不酸败,冬季不冻结的精饲料问题,需开发麝适口性强而质优的颗粒饲料。选择在同等养殖条件下体况正常的雄性林麝28头(3-10岁),随机分为试验组(投喂颗粒饲料)与对照组(投食原有饲料)两组,通过对比试验结果表明:林麝对颗粒饲料一般在13 d内就能适应,且随颗粒饲料品种的适口性好坏而有所变化。试验期内,试验组与对照组的林麝体重、产香麝平均产香量和麝产香发生率的差异不显著(P>0.05);试验组麝发病、死亡率显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。     

Changes in the Immunolocalization of Steroidogenic Enzymes and the Androgen Receptor in Raccoon (Procyon lotor) Testes in Association with the Seasons and Spermatogenesis

The raccoon is a seasonal breeder with a mating season in the winter. In a previous study, adult male raccoons exhibited active spermatogenesis with high plasma testosterone concentrations, in the winter mating season. Maintenance of spermatogenesis generally requires high testosterone, which is produced by steroidogenic enzymes. However, even in the summer non-mating season, some males produce spermatozoa actively despite low plasma testosterone concentrations. To identify the factors that regulate testosterone production and contribute to differences in spermatogenetic activity in the summer non-mating season, morphological, histological and endocrinological changes in the testes of wild male raccoons should be known. In this study, to assess changes in the biosynthesis, metabolism and reactivity of testosterone, the localization and immunohistochemical staining intensity of four steroidogenic enzymes (P450scc, P450c17, 3βHSD, P450arom) and the androgen receptor (AR) were investigated using immunohistochemical methods. P450scc and P450c17 were detected in testicular tissue throughout the year. Seasonal changes in testosterone concentration were correlated with 3βHSD expression, suggesting that 3βHSD may be important in regulating the seasonality of testosterone production in raccoon testes. Immunostaining of P450arom and AR was detected in testicular tissues that exhibited active spermatogenesis in the summer, while staining was scarce in aspermatogenic testes. This suggests that spermatogenesis in the raccoon testis might be maintained by some mechanism that regulates P450arom expression in synthesizing estradiol and AR expression in controlling reactivity to testosterone.     

Relationship between estrus cycles and behavioral durations of captive female alpine musk deer

Owing to poor breeding success in captive alpine musk deer, an understanding of the behavioral patterns of musk deer in captivity is important. This study was conducted from June 2004 to January 2005 at the Xinglongshan Musk Deer Farm, which is located within Xinglongshan National Nature Reserve, Gansu Province, China. Focal sampling and continuous recording were used to observe the behaviors of 51 female alpine musk deer (Moschus sifanicus), 42 of which had completed a single estrus cycle and nine of which had completed two or more estrus cycles. All animals were adults that had been born and raised in captivity. The durations of 12 behaviors, including environmental sniffing, moving and feeding, were recorded during the non‐breeding seasons and behavioral patterns were compared. The behavioral patterns of females that had completed a single estrus cycle and females that had completed multiple estrus cycles were compared to assess potential behavioral differences. The results showed that females who had only one complete estrus cycle demonstrated more resting behavior, but less feeding and locomotor behavior than females who had completed multiple estrus cycles. Furthermore, single estrus cycle females demonstrated tail‐rubbing during the breeding season. The results may yield useful information that can be used in developing better musk deer farming practices.     

麝香可持续利用的探讨

笔者根据文献资料结合自己的研究,从麝香的重要作用,麝香来源,天然麝香与人工麝香的比较,野生麝资源状况和发展麝资源等几个方面对麝香资源与应用进行了概述,针对麝香长期供不应求,直接影响医疗用药的问题,根据我国50多年的人工养麝经验,指出人工养麝是保护野生麝资源和实现天然麝香可持续利用的有效途径,并就我国人工养麝概况,人工养麝发展存在的问题,突破人工养麝的瓶颈问题,实现产业化养麝保障麝香可持续利用方面进行了系统总结与探讨。     

Immunohistochemical localization of steroidogenic enzymes in corpus luteum of wild sika deer during early mating season

We analyzed the localization of steroidogenic enzymes (P450 scc, 3 beta HSD, P450 arom and P450 c17) in the corpora lutea of two Hokkaido sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis) during the early mating season. Two corpora lutea were found in each female and the timing of formation of the corpora lutea seemed different. P450 scc, and 3 beta HSD, positive luteal cells were found in both corpora lutea. The existence of two functional corpora lutea from the early mating season through pregnancy suggests that progesterone secreted by two or more corpora lutea is necessary for maintenance of pregnancy in sika deer.     

Seasonal variations in sexual behavior, testosterone, testicular size and semen characteristics, as affected by social dominance, of tropical hair rams (Ovis aries)

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of day length on seminal characteristics, testicular size, sexual behavior and testosterone concentration (T4) in dominant and subordinate Pelibuey rams. Six groups of three animals were evaluated every 2 weeks over a 12 month period. Dominant (D), medium (M) and subordinate (S) animals in each group were identified through a food competition test every 15 days. All rams ejaculated and produced semen throughout the year. A linear hierarchy was clearly established and maintained during the year. S rams had lower levels (P < 0.05) of semen volume, sperm concentration and testicular volume than D rams, regardless of season. Scrotal circumference was not influenced (P > 0.05) by their social position. D rams were more affected by the photoperiod, decreasing (P < 0.05) reaction times, increasing (P < 0.05) T₄ and producing more (P < 0.05) sperm per ejaculation than S rams during short days (14.65 ± 1.22 vs 26.92 ± 1.65 s; 8.68 ± 0.44 vs 7.37 ± 0.40 ng/mL and 3.37 ± 0.17 vs 2.04 ± 0.16 sperm/10⁹, respectively). Semen volume and sperm concentration were significantly (P < 0.05) greater during short days in all rams, regardless of their social status, with the exception of sperm concentration in D rams where no variation was found. M rams displayed variable values in the range between the D and S rams. It was concluded that the magnitude of the seasonal effects was not sufficient to prevent the rams being used for breeding throughout the year and that seasonal variation within the variables affected the social ranks differently.     

Use of naloxone challenge to predict sexual performance of young rams

The possibility of developing a hormone-based test to predict libido was evaluated using the response of LH and testosterone to naloxone. This test has been used to identify sexually active and inactive mature rams during the breeding season. The objective of this study was to determine whether the blood test could be used to detect differences in sexual activity of early postpubertal (29 +/- 0.1 wk) rams during the breeding season in November and again at 70 +/- 0.1 wk of age in August before the next breeding season. Rams were classed as sexually active or inactive using serving capacity tests (8 30-min observation periods to record sexual behaviors [mounts and ejaculations] of each ram individually exposed to three ewes in estrus) after the naloxone challenges. Naloxone (0.75 mg/kg of BW) was injected i.v. into 38 white-faced crossbred, 16 Polypay, and 49 Targhee rams. Blood samples were collected at 15-min intervals for 1 h before and 2 h after naloxone to measure LH and testosterone. Separate mixed-model analyses for repeated measures were used to analyze data for the same rams at 29 and 70 wk of age. Logistic regression procedures were used to model probabilities that rams were correctly predicted to be sexually active. A breed-type x sexual activity x time interaction for LH was observed (P < 0.05) after naloxone injection in 29-wk-old rams. At 70 wk of age, a breed-type x time interaction was detected (P < 0.001) for LH response to naloxone, but LH did not differ by sexual activity. At 29 wk of age, a breed-type x time interaction for testosterone response after naloxone was detected (P < 0.001), and at 70 wk of age, a sexual activity x time interaction was detected (P < 0.05) for testosterone after naloxone. Sexually active and inactive rams were not predicted accurately at 29 wk of age and were predicted 69 and 29% of the time for sexually active and inactive rams, respectively, at 70 wk of age. In conclusion, breed type at 29 and 70 wk of age can influence the naloxone challenge test, but the test cannot be used to discriminate between sexually active and inactive rams at 29 wk of age during the breeding season or at 70 wk of age immediately before the breeding season.     

濒危野生马麝（Moschus sifanicus）的迁地保育及分群驯养

麝类动物（Moschus spp.）雄性个体可分泌麝香,是濒危珍稀资源动物,驯养是濒危麝类动物的迁地保护（ex situ protection）和麝香生产的重要方式。我国从1958年开始麝类驯养,初期的主要驯养麝种为林麝（M.berezovskii）,从1990年开始马麝（M.sifanicus）驯养。论文总结了濒危马麝的分群驯养,归纳了麝场选址、麝场修建、圈舍设计、分圈分群及日常驯养管理等方法体系,对我国麝类驯养、资源保育及麝香生产等提供重要参考。     

宏基因组测序分析野生林麝瘤胃、小肠和大肠微生物组成和抗生素抗性基因

本试验旨在研究野生林麝(Moschus berezovskii)瘤胃、小肠和大肠微生物组成和抗生素抗性基因.采集野生林麝消化道3个区段(瘤胃、小肠和大肠)的内容物进行宏基因组测序,并进行常规物种注释和抗生素抗性基因功能注释.结果表明:3个区段共有优势菌门为厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和变形菌门(Proteobact...