动物原虫病药物防治要略

<正>1梨形虫病治疗药物梨形虫病旧称焦虫病、血孢子虫病,是一类经硬蜱传播,由巴贝斯科或泰勒科原虫引起的血液原虫病的总称,该病原引起的疾病主要包括牛、马、羊、鹿等反刍动物以及猪、犬和人的巴贝斯虫病和牛、羊的泰勒虫病。针对反刍动物巴贝斯虫病的治疗药物目前主要有咪唑苯脲、三氮脒、锥黄素和喹啉脲等。咪唑苯脲对各种巴贝斯虫均有较好的治疗效果,其剂量为1～3毫克/千克体重,配     

二丙酸咪唑苯脲对猪附红细胞体病的疗效试验

目的验证新药二丙酸咪唑苯脲对猪附红细胞体病的治疗效果。方法以PCR检测阳性的断奶仔猪为对象,注射免疫抑制剂诱导发病后进行治疗,设二丙酸咪唑苯脲高中低剂量组,血虫净治疗组,阳性对照组和阴性对照组。结果二丙酸咪唑苯脲在2．0mg/kg剂量时,对附红细胞体有一定的抑制和杀灭作用,效果最好,优于血虫净。结论本实验的结果为临床应用二丙酸咪唑苯脲治疗猪附红细胞体病提供了重要依据。     

新安县两乡镇小尾寒羊梨形虫病的诊治

新安县两乡镇 12个自然村存栏小尾寒羊 180 0只 ,2 2 6只突发高热、贫血、出现血红蛋白尿 ,经诊断为梨形虫病 ,采用贝尼尔和咪唑苯脲等对症治疗 3天后 ,康复 ,治愈率 95 %。     

牛羊梨形虫病及媒介蜱综合防治药物筛选

天祝县莫客片一带牛梨形虫病发病率达24.6%,病死率28.6%;羊发病率34.2%,病死率27.5%,与往年相比变化不大,笔者从蜱控制、梨形虫病预防加治疗相结合综合防控入手,作控制、预防药物试验对比,筛选药效长、低毒、安全、广谱药物,结果显示用敌杀死环境灭蜱,同时注施可诺注射液控制蜱感染,用蒿甲醚注射液或盐酸咪唑苯脲,预防和治疗梨形虫病,能有效降低当地牛羊梨形虫病的发病率和病死率。     

抗梨形虫新药咪唑苯脲合成与结构确证的研究

以苯甲腈为起始原料,经硝化、环化、还原、缩合等四步反应(总收率约50％),在国内首次合成了抗梨形虫新药咪唑苯脲二盐酸盐和咪唑苯脲二丙酸盐,并以红外光谱、紫外光谱、核磁共振~(13)C谱、~1H谱、质谱和元素分析等对其化学结构进行了确证。     

驱虫药咪唑苯脲的临床应用研究进展

咪唑苯脲是一种世界公认较安全可靠的动物专用抗原虫药,被广泛应用于治疗和预防梨形虫病、边虫病、锥虫病和附红细胞体病等。该药具有代谢吸收快、分布广泛、消除缓慢、血药半衰期长的特点,常用于牛、羊、猪等规模养殖动物的原虫病治疗,近年也常被用于宠物原虫病的治疗,获得了良好效果。大多数情况下此药副作用微小,但应禁止与胆碱酯酶抑制剂联合使用。目前在牛羊组织和奶中均能够检测到该药的残留,是否对人体有危害尚不清楚。由于长期被广泛使用,近年研究发现一些原虫对咪唑苯脲产生了耐药性。未来应对咪唑苯脲的杀虫效果做深入探索,确定更准确的杀虫谱和给药方案;同时进一步研究其对人体是否存在危害,进而确定停药时间和最大残留量。本文主要对咪唑苯脲的临床应用效果、药物残留、副作用和耐药性方面进行了综述,旨在为临床上合理使用该药提供参考。     

咪唑苯脲治疗水牛巴贝西虫病的试验

咪唑苯脲是一种高效、低毒的抗梨形虫新药,国外已被广泛应用于治疗家畜的各种巴贝西虫病。兽医大学于1986年在东北地区进行了该药对驽巴贝西虫病的疗效试验。为了进一步验证该药对水牛巴贝西虫病的疗效、剂量及副反应等,特进行了以下试验。     

附红细胞体病用药指南

一、附红细胞体的治疗药物 1．咪唑苯脲目前市场上主要有盐酸咪唑苯脲注射粉剂和二丙酸咪唑苯脲油乳剂等药剂。     

羊泰勒虫病的诊治

羊泰勒梨形虫病有两种病原体 :一是山羊泰勒梨形虫 ,其引起的疾病一般呈恶性经过 ,死亡率高 ;另一种是绵羊泰勒梨形虫 ,其引起的疾病呈良性经过 ,死亡率低。两种病原体均能感染绵羊和山羊 ,且两者的病原体形态、大小相似。笔者曾遇见过两起羊泰勒梨形虫病 ,报告如下。1　发病情况　我市东旧寨温某饲养 6 5只绵羊 ,2 0 0 0年 4月 1 0日开始发病 ,畜主曾用青霉素治疗无效 ,到 5月 6日发病 2 3只 ,死亡 7只 ,发病率为3 4 % ,死亡率为 2 .3 %。后经我化验室确诊为羊泰勒梨形虫病 ,即用贝尼尔、速灭沙星及樟脑溶液等药物治疗 ,控制了病情2　临床…     

国产咪唑苯脲临床疗效试验——对牛双芽巴贝西虫病的试验

为验证国产咪唑苯脲(Imidocarb)的临床疗效,特进行本试验。一、材料和方法1.双芽巴贝西虫病来源于黔南州独山县,属自然感染,红细胞染虫率变动在0.01—1.0%之间,偶有在此限外,间     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein