On cell kinetics in skin tumours of the Pacific English sole Parophrys vetulus Girard

Abstract. An autoradiographic study of the various types of neoplastic lesions in the skin of Pacific English sole Parophrys vetulus Girard was performed using peritoneally injected tritiated thymidine. The epidermis offish is mitotically active at all cell levels, the most important being the supra-basal layer. In the hyperplastically growing epidermis of the English sole covering connective tissue nodules and in the papillating epidermis prior to formation of enlarged ovoid cells (X-cells), the supra-basal layer also shows the greatest degree of labelling. Parallel to the appearance of these X-cells, which are characteristic of the skin tumours in Pacific flatfish, the distribution of DNA-synthesizing cells is altered. In the tumour areas which are more or less filled with X-cells the 'envelope cells' are labelled throughout with a uniform frequency. On the other hand, the directly adjacent X-cell free areas are labelled with a greater than average frequency.     

Atlantic salmon in the North Pacific

The first catches of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in British Columbia (BC) waters occurred in 1987. The first reported escape of Atlantic salmon (2000 individuals) occurred in 1988. From 1988 to 1995, 97 799 Atlantic salmon were reported escaped from net pens in BC but the true number was higher as not all escapes are reported. Since 1987 a total of 9096 Atlantic salmon was caught in the coastal marine waters of BC, Washington and Alaska, and 188 were caught in fresh water. Most catches occurred in the Johnstone Strait area, where the abundance of salmon farms is highest. The most distant recovery occurred in 1994 when an Atlantic salmon was caught near the western end of the Alaska Peninsula. There have been no reports of successful reproduction of Atlantic salmon in the wild and no feral juveniles have been found. Atlantic salmon caught in the ocean in BC have substantial amounts of adipose tissue and they are heavier at length than fish caught in Alaska. The proportion of fish with prey items in their stomachs is generally low but higher in Alaska (13.1%) than in BC (5.8%). Most fish caught in fresh water are either maturing or mature.     

我国鲆鲽类生殖内分泌研究进展

鱼类的生殖和苗种繁育是鱼类养殖业持续健康发展的必要前提和关键技术基础之一,是海洋生物技术的重要研究领域.近年来,我国北方沿海鱼类繁殖生理主要围绕鲆鲽类“下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴”的组织结构特征、性腺发育规律、性类固醇激素、生殖相关功能基因内分泌调控机制等方面开展了较系统的研究.本文重点介绍主要养殖鲆鲽类“下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴”中表达的重要功能基因的研究进展,并综述了鲆鲽类生殖相关组织的结构及其内分泌系统特征、性腺发育的生理特性及其与环境因子和激素诱导的关系、性类固醇激素的表达变化规律及其与水温及光周期调控关系等.旨在为鲆鲽类生殖活动的精准调控和建立苗种繁育新技术提供参考.     

From Atlantic to Pacific: Price links in the US wild and farmed salmon market

Abstract

In 1990, the US International Trade Commission stated that Atlantic and Pacific salmon species did not share a substitute relationship in any of the product forms. This result is contrary to economic demand studies that show a substitute relationship for Atlantic and Pacific salmon species. Time‐series results reported in this paper are consistent with the earlier demand studies and show evidence of an equilibrium price system that includes Atlantic, chinook and coho salmon species for the US market. For these three salmon species a substitute relationship cannot be rejected. However, we observe only weak price links across the three different species in the different US regional markets.     

太平洋鲱和大西洋鲱间的形态变异研究

为阐明太平洋鲱和大西洋鲱种间形态上的差异,应用单因子方差分析、聚类分析和判别分析方法对两种鱼的23个形态学参数进行了研究。单因子方差分析结果表明：14个形态参数平均值存在极显著差异（P〈0．001）,且种群间差异大于种内差异。聚类分析结果显示所有82个个体明显聚成两支。所有23个形态参数的判别分析结果表明,两种间的形态差异极显著（P〈0．001）;利用挑选后的11项参数判别分析,得出判别等式,两种鱼间的形态差异仍然极显著（P〈0．001）,判别准确率100％。所有23个形态参数的差异系数全部小于Mayr的75％法则临界值,表明两个种间形态学上虽然存在一定分化,但分化程度尚未达到亚种水平。作者推测两个种间形态上低水平的分化可能由于分化的时间较短以及相似的生活环境造成的。     

Nutritional Mechanisms Involved in the Occurrence of Abnormal Pigmentation in Hatchery-reared Flatfish

The mass depigmentation (albinism) in the ocular side of flatfish, which resulted from the deficiency of pigments, has widely occurred in the process of seedling production. Although many researchers have investigated the mechanisms of depigmentation, little is known in this field. The author found that depigmentation resulted from nutritional deficiencies when 10 d old larvae were fed experimental microparticulate diets. This paper suggests that the rhodopsin formation of eye retina was hindered when vitamin A, docosahexaenoic acid and phospholipid were deficient in foods, resulting in the interruption of black pigment (melanin) formation.     

热带大西洋与热带太平洋拟锥齿鲨生物学特征比较

拟锥齿鲨(Pseudocarcharias kamoharai)是金枪鱼延绳钓渔业中较常见的兼捕物种。它处于海洋生态结构的顶端,对海洋生态系统的稳定和多样性起着非常重要的作用。根据我国金枪鱼渔业国家观察员2011~2015年在热带大西洋海域(6.38°S~15.17°N、42.02°W~18.53°W)调查时采集的1 426 ind拟锥齿鲨和2006~2015年在热带太平洋海域(16.88°S~10.85°N、148.71°E~96.80°W)调查时采集的1 037 ind拟锥齿鲨,按不同性别对其生物学特征进行初步研究和比较。结果表明:热带太平洋、热带大西洋两海域拟锥齿鲨雄性和雌性之间在平均叉长、优势叉长方面均存在显著性差异(P0.05),热带太平洋海域的拟锥齿鲨优势叉长和平均叉长值更大;两洋区雄性和雌性拟锥齿鲨叉长与全重关系均存在显著性差异(P0.05);两洋区拟锥齿鲨的雌雄性比分别为1∶0.80和1∶1.71,具显著性差异(P0.05);在拟锥齿鲨的摄食等级、肝重指数和繁殖特征上两洋区无显著性差异(P0.05)。     

西北太平洋秋刀鱼耳石透明带的初步研究

根据2014年我国秋刀鱼捕捞船在西北太平洋采集的秋刀鱼(Cololabis saira)样本,提取1 062个耳石进行拍照处理,并根据耳石透明带特征对其进行划分,运用统计学方法研究耳石类型及与肉体长组的关系,分析各月份耳石类型变化。研究发现,83%小型鱼(Kn L≤240 mm)和71%中型鱼(240 mmKn L≤280 mm)耳石属于类型Ⅰ,大型鱼(280 mmKn L≤314 mm)和特大型鱼(Kn L314 mm)耳石类型Ⅱ、类型Ⅲ占优。肉体长在280 mm以下的类型Ⅰ耳石比例较大,耳石没有形成透明带,随着Kn L的增加,类型Ⅱ和类型Ⅲ在肉体长组的比例增加。耳石透明带最早在202 mm时开始形成,秋刀鱼耳石第1条透明带主要在260~280 mm之间形成,以中型鱼为主;秋刀鱼耳石第2条透明带主要在290~310 mm之间形成,以大型鱼为主。雌性和雄性秋刀鱼耳石在各耳石类型下无显著差别(P=0.0640.05)。耳石类型Ⅰ比例在月份间变化大,在10月和11月份耳石类型Ⅰ比例占优,分别为44.1%和36.4%,多为小型和中型鱼,6月和7月份耳石类型Ⅱ和类型Ⅲ比例大约为40%,多数为大型和特大型鱼,表明大型鱼比小型和中型鱼早到达索饵场进行索饵。     

Energy and resource consumption of land-based Atlantic salmon smolt hatcheries in the Pacific Northwest (USA)

This paper evaluates the resource and energy requirements of six different types of land-based, hatchery production systems located in the U.S. Pacific Northwest: flow-through with a gravity water supply, flow-through with a pumped water supply, flow-through with pure oxygen, partial reuse system, partial reuse with heating, and a reuse system for the production of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts. Key parameters used in the evaluation include direct energy, indirect energy, transportation energy, greenhouse gas emissions, and pollutant discharges.Power (electricity and natural gas) and feed energy accounted for the majority of the required energy for all the rearing option evaluated. The sum of the fixed capital and chemicals components accounted for less than 2–12% of the total energy budget for any rearing option. The energy efficiency (energy output/energy input) of the six options ranges from 0.97% for flow-through with pumped supply to 3.49% for the flow-through with gravity supply. The rearing options with the three highest energy efficiencies were flow-through with gravity supply (3.49%), partial reuse (2.75%), and reuse (2.64%).On a kg of smolt produced basis, the six rearing options showed a wide range in performance. The reuse system had the lowest water (2 m³ kg^− 1) and land (0.13 m² kg^− 1) requirements and the third lowest total energy requirement (288 MJ kg^− 1). The partial reuse system had the second lowest total power requirement (276 MJ kg^− 1), a low land requirement (0.21 m² kg^− 1), and moderate water requirements (33 m³ kg^− 1). The partial reuse with temperature control had the second highest total power requirement (657 MJ kg^− 1) and land and water requirements similar to the partial reuse system without temperature control. The flow-through system with pumped water supply had the highest water (289 m³ kg^− 1), land (2.19 m² kg^− 1), and energy requirements (786 MJ kg^− 1) of any of the rearing options. By comparison, the flow-through system with gravity water supply had the lowest energy requirement (218 MJ kg^− 1), a moderate land requirement (0.78 m² kg^− 1), and a high water requirement (214 m³ kg^− 1). The ranking of the six rearing options based capital and operating costs are likely to be quite different from those based on energy, water, and greenhouse gas emissions.     

基于优势分析法的中东大西洋渔获量国别和地区差异分析

中东大西洋是世界重要的渔业捕捞区域,分析其渔获组成以及不同捕捞国家和地区的渔获量情况,有利于该海域渔业资源的可持续开发和利用。根据1950—2019年联合国粮农组织(FAO)中东大西洋海域渔获量数据,采用优势分析法(dominance analysis),对中东大西洋海域及不同年代沿海和非沿海国家和地区的渔获量和渔获种类组成及贡献度进行了分析。研究显示,中东大西洋渔获量整体呈增长趋势,沙丁鱼(Sardina pilchardus)、筛鲱(Ethmalosa fimbriata)、金色小沙丁鱼(Sardinella aurita)、圆鲭(Scomber colias)等4种鱼类是该海域的优势种,对渔获量贡献度高,各年代平均合计贡献度为52.06%。在中东大西洋沿海国和地区(以下简称“沿海国和地区”)中,摩洛哥、塞内加尔、加纳、喀麦隆、尼日利亚等5个国家和地区对该海域贡献度高,各年代平均合计贡献度为65.07%,其中,摩洛哥和塞内加尔在每个年代的贡献度均大于10%。欧盟、俄罗斯(苏联)、日本是中东大西洋非沿海国和地区(以下简称“非沿海国和地区”)的主要贡献来源,各年代平均合计贡献度为82.71%,其中,欧盟在各年代平均合计贡献度近60%。中国大陆在该海域的累计渔获量仅55.71万t,不到日本的18%。研究认为,中东大西洋渔业资源受到不同程度的过度捕捞或者开发,建议科学制定渔业管理措施,适当降低捕捞强度,合理开发沙丁鱼、头足类等主要渔获物种,加强区域合作,推进中东大西洋渔业资源开发的可持续发展。     

Mechanism of Pseudoalbinism in Flatfish: An Association Between Pigment Cell and Skin Differentiation

Two groups of flounder P. olivaceus larvae were reared under different conditions to provide either normally pigmented or pseudoalbinic metamorphosed juveniles. The process of the differentiation of skin and pigment cells during postembryonic development was analyzed by means of histological, histochemical and immunofluorescent assay methods. In parallel with these assays, the differentiation of pigment cells was examined with the use of organ and cell culture in vitro . The results obtained strongly suggested that pseudoalbinism was evoked as a result of disruption of the mechanisms that controlled the establishment of asymmetric skin structures during metamorphosis.     

Risk factors for skin lesions in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.

Risk factors for skin lesions observed on the slaughter line in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., were examined in a cohort study in Hordaland County, Norway. The salmon were followed from seawater introduction, starting in April 1994, until the last group was slaughtered in February 1996. The findings indicated that the egg and smolt stages were important factors in the prevalence of skin lesions at slaughter. There appeared to be differences in the risk for skin lesions between salmon from different egg suppliers to the smolt farms. An increase of 3 months between vaccination and seawater introduction increased the relative risk (RR) for skin lesions (RR = 1.9). Salmon vaccinated with a vaccine with adjuvants derived from plant oil appeared to be at higher risk for skin lesions (RR = 4.6) than those vaccinated with a vaccine with adjuvants derived from mineral oil (RR = 1.4). The larger the salmon (from 3.1 to 5.7 kg), the lower the risk for skin lesions (RR = 0.4).     

Movements and behaviors of swordfish in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans examined using pop‐up satellite archival tags

Swordfish are highly specialized top‐level predators that have been challenging to study. In this paper, data from 31 pop‐up satellite archival tags attached to swordfish from (i) the eastern Pacific, (ii) central Pacific, and (iii) western North Atlantic‐Caribbean were analyzed. Common across locations was a pronounced diel vertical pattern with daytime hours spent primarily below the thermocline and nighttime hours spent in warmer waters, close to the surface. One exception to this pattern was periodic daytime basking events which were most common in cooler waters off California. Maximum daytime depths were significantly correlated with light penetration as measured by the diffuse attenuation coefficient at 490 nm. Temperature did not appear to influence daytime depths, and swordfish tolerated both extremely low temperatures (4°C) and rapid and dramatic temperature changes (>20°C). Temperature did appear to influence the nighttime depths in the Pacific where fish typically remained in the surface mixed layer. In contrast, in the warm tropical Atlantic this was not the case, and nighttime depths were much deeper. In all areas, nighttime depth increased around the full moon. Given the parallels between the vertical movement patterns of swordfish and those of the deep sound scattering layer we suggest that swordfish vertical distribution patterns, especially during daytime, are influenced largely by resource availability. At night, when swordfish are typically targeted by fisheries, both ambient light and temperature influence movements. Understanding vertical movement patterns of swordfish can help evaluate gear vulnerability, improve population assessments, and potentially reduce fisheries bycatch.     

3种鲆鲽鱼精子和卵子表面形态结构的比较研究

使用扫描电镜对牙鲆、大菱鲆和条斑星鲽的精子和卵子表面形态结构进行比较研究。观察结果表明,3种精子形态结构在核前凹陷位置、精子头部形状、中段线粒体数及鞭毛长度4个方面存在明显差异;3种卵子表面形态结构中,牙鲆和大菱鲆比较相似,而条斑星鲽成熟卵子壳膜具有4点特异性:外表面粗糙、有点状和斑块状突起、网纹较深;壳膜上微小孔孔径差距大;卵膜厚度最厚为(3.87±0.24)μm,约为牙鲆和大菱鲆卵膜厚度的2倍;受精孔的管道螺旋层为4~6层,约为前两者的1/2。条斑星鲽与牙鲆和大菱鲆的精卵表面形态结构差异明显。     

Prospects for the future of pink salmon in three oceans: From the native Pacific to the novel Arctic and Atlantic

While populations of other migratory salmonids suffer in the Anthropocene, pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbusca Salmonidae) are thriving, and their distribution is expanding both within their natural range and in the Atlantic and Arctic following introduction of the species to the White Sea in the 1950s. Pink salmon are now rapidly spreading in Europe and even across the ocean to North America. Large numbers of pink salmon breed in Norwegian rivers and small numbers of individuals have been captured throughout the North Atlantic since 2017. Although little is known about the biology and ecology of the pink salmon in its novel distribution, the impacts of the species' introduction are potentially highly significant for native species and watershed productivity. Contrasts between pink salmon in the native and extended ranges will be key to navigating management strategies for Atlantic nations where the pink salmon is entrenching itself among the fish fauna, posing potential threats to native fish communities. One key conclusion of this paper is that the species' heritable traits are rapidly selected and drive local adaptation and evolution. Within the Atlantic region, this may facilitate further establishment and spread. The invasion of pink salmon in the Atlantic basin is ultimately a massive ecological experiment and one of the first examples of a major faunal change in the North Atlantic Ocean that is already undergoing rapid changes due to other anthropogenic stressors. New research is urgently needed to understand the role and potential future impacts of pink salmon in Atlantic ecosystems.     

Population structure of long tailed hake Macruronus magellanicus in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans: Implications for fisheries management

Pre-spawning adult samples of long tailed hake, Macruronus magellanicus, were obtained from fisheries vessels in one location in the southeast Pacific Ocean and three in the southwest Atlantic Ocean, at different latitudes. Population structure was determined based on six nuclear hypervariable microsatellite loci and on mitochondrial DNA sequence variation at the locus COI. Paired tests of genic differentiation for microsatellite loci indicate the existence of genetic population structure for this species, where significant differences exist between some southern and northern samples. Multivariate analysis (factorial correspondence analysis) of microsatellite variation showed differentiation between the Pacific and the Atlantic populations. Analysis of the mitochondrial variation confirmed the microsatellite analysis of population structure, and revealed some additional differentiation between northern and southern Atlantic samples and exclusive haplotypes in each region. These findings suggest that the species should be managed as north–south separate stocks in the Atlantic Ocean.     

Non‐parametric modeling reveals environmental effects on bluefin tuna recruitment in Atlantic,Pacific, and Southern Oceans

Environment–recruitment relationships can be difficult to delineate with parametric statistical models and can be prone to misidentification. We use non‐parametric time‐series modeling which makes no assumptions about functional relationships between variables, to reveal environmental influences on early life stages of bluefin tuna and demonstrate improvement in prediction of subsequent recruitment. The influence of sea surface temperature, which has been previously associated with larval growth and survival, was consistently detected in recruitment time series of bluefin tuna stocks that spawn in the Mediterranean Sea, the North Pacific, and the Southern Ocean. Short time series for the Gulf of Mexico stock may have precluded a clear determination of environmental influences on recruitment fluctuations. Because the non‐parametric approach does not require specification of equations to represent system dynamics, predictive models can likely be developed that appropriately reflect the complexity of the ecological system under investigation. This flexibility can potentially overcome methodological challenges of specifying structural relationships between environmental conditions and fish recruitment. Consequently, there is potential for non‐parametric time series modeling to supplement traditional stock recruitment models for fisheries management.