添加玉米秸秆对两种三叶草青贮品质的影响

本试验以白三叶和红三叶草等做为主要原料,玉米秸秆为添加料进行混合青贮,经密闭发酵贮藏60d后,分析混合处理对三叶草青贮发酵品质和营养成分的影响.结果表明:三叶草能单独青贮,但不能调制出发酵品质良好的青贮饲料.与玉米秸秆混合青贮可显著降低三叶草青贮饲料的pH值和氨态氮/总氮(NH<,3>-N/TN)比值(P<0.05);与玉米秸秆混合处理后青贮饲料的可溶性碳水化合物留存量明显高于对照组.通过与玉米秸秆混合青贮可以明显改善三叶草青贮饲料的发酵品质.     

苜蓿与全株玉米的混合青贮

将苜蓿和全株玉米经不同比例(苜蓿和全株玉米鲜质量比分别为10:0、8:2、6:4、4:6、0:10)青贮,旨在寻求能够提高苜蓿和全株玉米发酵品质和营养成分的最优混贮比例。试验采用单因素试验设计,每个处理重复3次。随着全株玉米的加入,各指标均发生了一定的变化。结果表明:pH值、粗蛋白(CP)、可溶性蛋白(SOLP)、非蛋白氮(NPN)随全株玉米比例的增加而降低,中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)随全株玉米比例的增加而增加;苜蓿与全株玉米混和青贮处理后,通过弗氏评分,除对照组外,发酵品质均为良好,达到了优良青贮饲料的目的;其中,苜蓿:玉米4:6比例组合的青贮饲料NDF与ADF含量显著高于8:2处理组,而与6:4处理组之间无显著差异。综合发酵品质、营养成分的分析,处理组苜蓿:玉米(6:4)的青贮饲料品质最好。     

四种玉米青贮饲料效果分析

对杨凌示范区4种玉米青贮料(不带棒酶贮、不带棒酸贮、普通带棒青贮、普通不带棒青贮)进行饲料常规成分分析和二次发酵试验.试验结果表明,①加酸和加酶2种处理方法能明显降低青贮玉米秸秆粗纤维的含量,降低幅度分别为4.25%、5.30%,差异极显著(P<0.01);并能明显提高粗蛋白的含量,提高幅度分别为5.82%、7.73%,差异极显著(P<0.01).②2种添加剂能明显延长青贮饲料二次发酵时间,普通不带棒青贮饲料产生二次发酵的时间为4d.酸贮样和酶贮样分别为5,8 d;能延长二次发酵的时间分别为1,4d.酶贮剂效果优于酸贮剂.③当青贮饲料pH值在4.37～4.88之间时,青贮料开始出现霉点;当pH值在4.92～5.51之间时,霉点大量增多,青贮料质量恶化严重;当pH值>5.76时,青贮料彻底腐败.     

乳酸菌对赖草青贮饲料品质的影响

为了研究添加乳酸菌对赖草青贮饲料品质的影响,试验分别设置对照组、LAB1(2.5 g/t)处理组、LAB2(5.0 g/t)处理组,每个处理组重复3次,分析赖草青贮饲料的发酵品质和营养成分。结果表明:赖草直接青贮发酵品质较差;经乳酸菌处理后可显著降低pH值和提高乳酸含量(P0.05)。说明添加乳酸菌可有效地提高赖草青贮饲料的品质。     

青贮玉米技术概述(二)

正一、青贮饲料特点全株玉米青贮饲料的发酵主要依靠乳酸菌作用,迅速将原料中的可溶性碳水化合物转化为有机酸(主要是乳酸),使青贮饲料pH值迅速下降,抑制其他好氧微生物对青贮玉米营养成分的降解作用,从而使饲料营养成分得以保存(图1)。全株玉米青贮饲料的特点分述如下。     

生物添加剂和填装密度对菊芋青贮饲料品质的影响

为了比较菊芋青贮饲料和全株玉米青贮饲料的饲喂价值,研究乳酸菌和纤维素酶对菊芋青贮饲料品质的影响及筛选菊芋窖贮的最佳填装密度,该研究设置了3个试验,试验1:分别在初花期刈割菊芋、1/3乳线期刈割全株玉米调制青贮饲料,每种青贮饲料重复3次;试验2:向菊芋原料中分别添加2.0 g/t乳酸菌(LAB)、2.0 g/t纤维素酶(CE)和2.0 g/t乳酸菌+2.0 g/t纤维素酶(LAB+CE),未添加为对照组(CK),混合均匀后调制青贮饲料,每个处理重复3次;试验3:设定5个填装密度,分别为550、600、650、700和750 kg/m~3,调制青贮饲料,每个密度处理重复3次。结果表明,菊芋青贮饲料发酵品质与全株玉米青贮饲料发酵品质没有差异,中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量显著低于全株玉米青贮饲料(P0.05),干物质体外消化率显著高于全株玉米青贮饲料(P0.05),菊芋青贮饲料的饲喂价值优于全株玉米青贮饲料。添加乳酸菌可显著降低菊芋青贮饲料的pH值、氨态氮占总氮量(P0.05),显著提高乳酸菌含量(P0.05),乳酸菌可改善菊芋青贮饲料的发酵品质;添加纤维素酶对菊芋青贮饲料发酵品质指标没有显著改善作用。随着填装密度的增加,菊芋青贮饲料的pH值和氨态氮占总氮量显著降低(P0.05),乳酸含量显著提高(P0.05);当填装密度高于650 kg/m~3时,青贮饲料未检测出丁酸,氨态氮占总氮量低于10%,表明填装密度高于650 kg/m~3可调制出优质菊芋青贮饲料。     

复合乳酸菌对全株玉米青贮及有氧暴露后微生物及饲料品质的影响

为探讨不同复合乳酸菌对全株玉米青贮及有氧暴露后青贮饲料中微生物数量及其发酵品质的影响,进一步筛选出可提高青贮饲料品质和有氧稳定性的复合乳酸菌接种剂,共设置3个不同组合乳酸菌分别添加全株玉米进行青贮,并设空白对照,测定青贮3、7、15和30 d,开袋有氧暴露1、3、7、15和30 d时微生物数量、发酵品质和营养成分的变化情况。结果表明,分别添加异型乳酸菌组合(Hetero)、同型乳酸菌组合(Homo)和同型+异型乳酸菌组合(Homo+Hetero)的各处理组均能有效地增加青贮过程和有氧暴露后饲料中乳酸菌的数量、乳酸(LA)和乙酸(AA)的含量,减少好氧细菌、酵母菌和霉菌数量,降低pH和氨态氮(NH₃-N)含量,减少粗蛋白(CP)损失,显著改善青贮饲料发酵品质,抑制青贮饲料有氧暴露后的二次发酵,其中Homo+Hetero效果最好,Homo处理组好于Hetero处理组。     

不同添加剂对全株玉米青贮品质的影响

为探讨不同添加剂对不同青贮玉米的品质影响,以5个品种的全株玉米为青贮原料,分别设对照与添加绿汁发酵液(0.2%)、乙酸(0.2%)、丙酸(0.2%)处理,袋装密封青贮,贮藏60 d后取样分析。结果表明,添加乙酸可显著降低玉米青贮饲料的pH值(P<0.05),添加丙酸显著降低粗蛋白(CP)含量(P<0.05),中性洗涤纤维(NDF)含量因添加乙酸和丙酸显著下降(P<0.05);不同品种玉米青贮的pH值和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量存在显著差异(P<0.05)。综合青贮饲料感官评定和实验室分析结果,说明添加乙酸、丙酸可以显著改善玉米青贮饲料发酵品质,中原单32、农大86和农大95青贮饲料品质优于农大108和农大高油115。     

添加剂对沙打旺青贮质量的影响

通过添加蔗糖(2.0%)和甲酸(0.4%),调制沙打旺青贮饲料,研究了添加剂对沙打旺青贮发酵品质,营养价值和有氧稳定性的影响。结果表明:沙打旺直接青贮品质差;2.0%蔗糖处理能有效促进乳酸菌发酵,显著增加青贮饲料的乳酸含量,快速降低青贮饲料的pH值,较好地抑制了不良微生物的活动,使沙打旺保持良好的青贮发酵品质。0.4%甲酸处理对沙打旺青贮饲料的品质有一定的改善作用,显著提高了沙打旺青贮饲料的干物质和可溶性碳水化合物的含量。沙打旺青贮饲料的有氧稳定性较好,添加蔗糖和甲酸后可抑制二次发酵的发生。     

植物乳杆菌和布氏乳杆菌对全株玉米青贮发酵品质影响

本研究旨在分析植物乳杆菌和布氏乳杆菌混合添加后对青贮饲料发酵品质的影响,设计为2个发酵处理,T同型发酵菌处理(植物乳杆菌),TY同型和异型发酵处理(植物乳杆菌和布氏乳杆菌)的全株玉米青贮发酵实验.在第100天时感官评定青贮饲料的优劣等级;用酸度离子计测定青贮饲料的pH值;用高效液相色谱仪分析乳酸、乙酸、丁酸的含量;平板...     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.