玉米新品种内单314选育及栽培技术

内单314是内蒙古农科院玉米研究中心以自选系M5168为母本,自选系M3401为父本组配而成的中晚熟、高产、优质、多抗玉米单交种,需≥10℃活动积温2800℃.d以上。     

高产、优质、抗病玉米新品种龙育3号的选育及配套栽培技术

龙育3号是黑龙江省农业科学院草业研究所2000年以自选系T3125为母本、以自选系T75为父本组配选育的玉米杂交种,2007年3月通过黑龙江省品种审定委员会审定推广。该品种春播生育期128 d(哈尔滨),需≥10℃积温2 680℃,幼苗拱土能力强,长势健壮。具有高产、抗病、抗倒伏、活秆成熟,商品品质好等特点。该品种的配套栽培技术宜精细整地、适时早播、重视播种技术、合理密植、科学施肥、加强田间管理、及时防治病虫草害等措施,使良种良法配套,创造玉米高产。     

高产抗病中熟玉米新杂交种九单48的选育及其推广应用

九单48以自选系97108为母本,外引系81162为父本,于1995年杂交育成.该品种生育期124 d,需≥10℃积温2 550℃·d,属于中熟玉米杂交种,具有高产、稳产、品质优良的特点,适宜我国各主要玉米产区推广应用。     

早熟春玉米新品种苏玉13的选育及高产栽培技术

早熟春玉米新品种苏玉13系江苏沿江地区农科所采用自选系274作母本,自选骨干系414的姐妹系A6作父本杂交育成.2000年春经江苏省农作物品种审定委员会审定定名.该品种春播出苗至成熟约97～98 d,需≥10℃积温2 320℃·d,具有高产、稳产、优质、抗倒性强、抗病性好等特点,适宜江苏及东南玉米产区春播纯作或套作种植.一般露地直播以4月初开播为宜,也可在3月中旬育苗移栽或3月下旬地膜覆盖栽培,种植密度一般纯作以每公顷7.5万株左右为宜。     

晋单33玉米杂交种选育报告

晋单33玉米杂交种是山西省农科院玉米研究所于1992年以自选系VG187-4为母本,旱21-1为父本杂交选育而成.该品种属坚秆大穗杂交种,全生育期需≥10℃积温3 100℃·d左右.1993～1996年在各级产量试验示范中均表现高产、稳产适应性广,抗病性强、居参试品种第一位。     

高营养饲料玉米新品种内油1的选育及栽培技术

内油1是内蒙古农科院玉米研究中心以自选系M5021为母本,外引系GY302为父本组配而成的中熟、高营养玉米单交种,需≥10℃活动积温2650℃·d左右,子粒含粗蛋白12.0%,赖氨酸0.41%,粗脂肪7.76%。     

高产优质杂交晚稻新组合T优277的选育与应用

T优277是湖南省水稻研究所用优质不育系T98A与自选三系恢复系R277配组育成的迟熟三系杂交晚籼新组合。表现高产稳产,在湖南省晚稻区试中平均单产7.67t/hm2,比对照威优46增产5.5%,2a平均生育期117.6d,比对照短3.4d;稻米品质达食用稻品种品质(NY/T593-2002)3级标准。2009年3月通过湖南省品种审定。     

优质玉米杂交种吉单255的选育与推广

吉单255是吉林省农科院玉米研究所以自选系吉002为母本,S8-101为父本杂交育成的中晚熟玉米杂交种。生育期124d,需≥10℃活动积温2600℃·d左右。种子拱土能力强,早发性好,易抓苗。抗逆性、抗病性强,耐涝性突出。在各类试验中表现高产、稳产、优质、抗病和适应性广等特点。适宜在吉林省中晚熟区及晚熟区二洼地、辽宁省东部、黑龙江省第一积温带、内蒙古东南部种植。     

优质高产玉米杂交种军单8号的选育及栽培技术

军单8号玉米杂交种是由吉林大学植物科学学院(原解放军军需大学农副业生产系)1998年以自选系军8903为母本,外引系吉853为父本杂交育成。该品种具有高产、稳产、优质、抗病、耐密的特点,在长春地区生育期129d,需≥10℃活动积温2650℃.d,属中晚熟品种。在2001～2003年吉林省玉米预备试验、区域试验和生产试验中均超过对照品种6.4%～17.8%。适宜在吉林省中晚熟区域种植。     

玉米杂交种丹玉90的选育与应用

丹玉90是丹东农科院以自选系丹599为母本,自选系丹T138为父本组配而成的玉米单交种.试验结果表明,丹玉90比目前生产应用的品种增产5%以上,具有抗各种病害、抗倒伏、抗旱性强、品质好等特点,是一个优良的晚熟玉米杂交种。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.