沙棘黄酮抗衰老作用及对大鼠非特异性免疫功能的影响研究

目的:研究沙棘黄酮对D-半乳糖致衰老大鼠抗氧化及免疫功能的影响。方法:试验选取体质量(180±20)g的Wistar大鼠50只,雌雄各半,随机分为5组,分别为正常对照组、模型对照组、沙棘黄酮低剂量组、沙棘黄酮中剂量组和沙棘黄酮高剂量组。除正常对照组外,其余各组以125 mg/(kg·d)的剂量皮下注射D-半乳糖建立衰老模型,正常对照组注射等剂量的生理盐水。在注射D-半乳糖同时,沙棘黄酮低、中、高各剂量组大鼠分别以50 mg/kg、100 mg/kg、200 mg/kg的剂量灌服沙棘黄酮溶液,正常对照组及模型对照组灌服等剂量的蒸馏水,1次/d,连续给药42 d。试验结束后,检测各组大鼠组织和血液中的SOD、MDA、GSH-Px、CAT、MAO、NO水平以及免疫器官脏器指数、白细胞数、腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬功能、血清溶血素含量及淋巴细胞阳性率。结果:沙棘黄酮各剂量组大鼠的血清、心脏、肝脏、脑组织中的SOD、CAT、GSH-Px活力均高于模型组,以中、高剂量组最为显著。沙棘黄酮中剂量组大鼠血清的NO含量极显著低于模型组(P0.01),其余各组大鼠血清和脑的NO含量显著低于模型组(P0.05)。沙棘黄酮各组大鼠的血清、心脏、肝脏、脑的MDA含量显著低于模型组(P0.05),低剂量组大鼠心脏和脑的MDA含量低于模型组,差异不显著(P0.05)。沙棘黄酮中剂量组ANAE阳性淋巴细胞率极显著高于模型组(P0.01),其余各组的白细胞数和ANAE阳性淋巴细胞率显著高于模型组(P0.05),低剂量组与模型组差异不显著(P0.05)。沙棘黄酮低剂量和中剂量组脾脏指数高于模型组,但差异不明显(P0.05),其余各组胸腺指数和脾脏指数显著高于模型组(P0.05)。沙棘黄酮低剂量组血清溶血素高于模型组,但差异不明显(P0.05),高剂量组腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬率极显著高于模型组(P0.01),其余各组血清溶血素和腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬率显著高于模型组(P0.05)。结论:沙棘黄酮具有抗衰老和提高机体非特异型免疫的功能。     

中药与甲氧苄啶复方对小鼠血液学和免疫学指标的影响

为明确中药与甲氧苄啶复方在动物体内抗感染作用的机制,本试验研究了其对小鼠血液学和免疫学指标的影响。将受试药物按1、5、10 g/kg体重连续腹腔注射15 d,通过Coulter-JT血细胞分析仪对血液中的红细胞、白细胞、中性粒细胞、单核细胞和淋巴细胞进行了计数。采用脏器系数测定法、腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞法、比浊法和MTT法分别对小鼠免疫器官指数、腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能、血清溶菌酶含量、血清溶血素水平和淋巴细胞增殖能力进行测定。结果表明中药与甲氧苄啶复方可显著增加血液中的红细胞数、单核细胞比例等(P＜0.05),显著增加免疫器官指数,增强腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能和血清溶菌酶活性,提高血清溶血素水平和淋巴细胞增殖能力(P＜0.05)。因此中药与甲氧苄啶复方对小鼠非特异性免疫和特异性免疫功能均有增强作用。     

桑枝多糖对正常小鼠免疫功能的影响

将桑枝整体干燥粉碎后提取并精制多糖。给正常小鼠灌胃不同剂量的桑枝多糖,通过对小鼠胸腺指数、脾脏指数、腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬率及吞噬指数、淋巴细胞转化率、血清溶血素含量、溶血空斑形成数量等生化指标的检测,研究桑枝多糖对正常小鼠的免疫调节作用。结果表明:桑枝多糖能显著提高正常小鼠的胸腺指数、脾脏指数、腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞的吞噬率与吞噬指数,高剂量组(600 mg/kg)小鼠的胸腺指数和脾脏指数的提高幅度达显著水平(P<0.05),低剂量(200mg/kg)组、中剂量(400 mg/kg)组、高剂量组小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬率与吞噬指数的提高幅度均达极显著水平(P<0.01);桑枝多糖还可显著促进小鼠淋巴细胞的转化以及血清溶血素和溶血空斑的形成,中剂量组、高剂量组小鼠的淋巴细胞转化率提高幅度均达极显著水平(P<0.01),中剂量组小鼠的血清溶血素含量和溶血空斑数量的提高幅度均达显著水平(P<0.05),高剂量组小鼠的血清溶血素含量和溶血空斑数量的提高幅度均达极显著水平(P<0.01)。研究结果显示,桑枝多糖对正常小鼠具有较好的免疫增强作用。     

板蓝根超微粉对大鼠免疫功能调节作用的研究

为研究板蓝根经超微粉碎后对大鼠免疫功能调节的作用影响,利用环磷酰胺构建大鼠免疫低下模型,将80只SD大鼠随机分为4.组,即模型组、普通粉组、超微粉组及空白对照组,每组20只。40 mg/kg环磷酰胺腹腔注射5.d制造免疫抑制大鼠模型,第6.天开始给药,除空白组、模型组灌服生理盐水外,其他组给药5 g/kg。第7.、14天采集血样及大鼠肝脏、脾脏、胸腺组织,测定免疫器官指数、白细胞数量、C3b受体花环形成率（C3b-R）、红细胞免疫复合物花环形成率（ICR）、吞噬百分率、吞噬指数等指标,实时荧光定量PCR检测肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素2（IL-2） mRNA转录水平,Western blotting法检测TNF-ɑ和IL-2蛋白表达水平。结果显示,模型组大鼠白细胞数量、体重、胸腺和脾脏免疫器官指数较空白对照组均显著降低（P<0.05）。第14天时,超微粉组巨噬细胞吞噬百分率达到54.75%,吞噬指数为0.58;C3b-R为9.44%,显著高于普通粉组（8.97%）（P<0.05）,超微粉组ICR为6.09%,低于普通粉组（6.33%）（P>0.05）。与普通粉组相比,第14天板蓝根超微粉组肝脏中TNF-α、IL-2 mRNA转录水平和蛋白水平的表达提高。综上所述,板蓝根超微粉和普通粉均可显著增强大鼠非特异性免疫功能,但超微粉效果优于普通粉。     

附红细胞体自然感染对仔猪免疫水平的影响

为探讨附红细胞体感染是否对仔猪的免疫水平产生影响,本试验从本地区某猪场选择4头附红细胞体自然感染发病仔猪和4头无附红细胞体感染的健康仔猪,进行了若干免疫学指标如红细胞C3b受体花环率、IC花环率;淋巴细胞转化率、T淋巴细胞Ea花环率;B淋巴细胞EAC花环率;外周血嗜中性白细胞吞噬率及吞噬指数的测定,并进行比较。试验结果表明,与健康仔猪相比,附红细胞体自然感染发病仔猪的红细胞C3b受体花环率和IC花环率明显降低;淋巴细胞转化率、T淋巴细胞Ea花环率明显降低;B淋巴细胞EAC花环率明显降低;外周血嗜中性白细胞吞噬率及吞噬指数明显降低,统计学分析表明,差异均极显著(P<0.01)。说明,附红细胞体感染对仔猪的红细胞免疫功能、细胞免疫水平、体液免疫水平及嗜中性白细胞功能均有明显的抑制作用。     

桑枝多糖对免疫抑制小鼠的免疫调节作用

通过腹腔注射80 mg/kg环磷酰胺建立免疫抑制小鼠模型,给模型小鼠灌胃不同剂量的自制桑枝多糖,检测其免疫指标的变化情况。与正常对照组小鼠比较,模型对照组小鼠的脾脏指数、胸腺指数、腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬率与吞噬指数、淋巴细胞转化率、血清溶血素含量、溶血空斑形成数量均极显著降低(P0.01);与模型对照组(灌胃等体积8.5 g/L Na Cl溶液)小鼠比较,桑枝多糖高剂量[600 mg/(kg·d)]给药组小鼠的胸腺指数和脾脏指数以及高剂量、中剂量[400 mg/(kg·d)]给药组小鼠的腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬率与吞噬指数、血清溶血素含量与溶血空斑形成数量均极显著提高(P0.01),中剂量组小鼠的胸腺指数以及高、中剂量组小鼠的淋巴细胞转化率均显著提高(P0.05)。试验结果表明,桑枝多糖能增强免疫抑制小鼠的免疫功能。     

抗菌肽饲料添加剂对小鼠巨噬细胞吞噬功能的影响

对试验小鼠饲喂1‰和3‰抗菌肽饲料添加剂,鸡红细胞吞噬试验检测小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能,研究抗菌肽饲料添加剂对小鼠免疫功能的影响.结果表明,抗菌肽饲料添加剂可以显著提高小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞的吞噬率和吞噬指数,增强小鼠非特异性免疫功能.     

中药复方总多糖对小白鼠免疫功能的影响

试验小鼠口服中药复方总多糖,对照组口服复方水煎剂、黄芪多糖、生理盐水,通过淋巴细胞转化试验、腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬试验、EA花环形成试验,探讨复方总多糖对正常小鼠免疫功能的影响.试验结果显示,该复方总多糖能显著提高小鼠淋巴细胞转化率、腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬百分率以及EA花环形成率,与水煎剂和黄芪多糖组相比差异显著(P<0.05),与生理盐水组相比差异极显著(P<0.01),表明该中药复方总多糖可明显提高机体的免疫功能.     

中药复方对小鼠免疫功能的影响

为了筛选能够提高免疫抑制小鼠免疫水平的中药复方。本试验采用环磷酰胺人工建立小鼠免疫低下模型。将造模成功的小鼠随机分为中药复方高、中、低剂量组(40 g/kg体重、20 g/kg体重、10 g/kg体重),模型组,阳性药物组,设置空白对照组。检测各组小鼠免疫器官指数、血清溶血素水平、腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能、血清中免疫球蛋白Ig G、Ig M含量。结果显示:与模型组比较,复方中、低剂量组小鼠体重增长数较高,脾脏指数显著性升高(P<0.05);复方高、中、低剂量组小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬率、吞噬指数均显著性升高(P<0.05);复方中剂量组小鼠血清溶血素含量、血清中Ig G、Ig M含量极显著性升高(P<0.01)。结果表明,中药复方中剂量组能有效拮抗环磷酰胺的免疫抑制作用,提高免疫抑制小鼠的免疫功能。     

板蓝根超微粉对大鼠免疫功能调节作用的研究

为研究板蓝根经超微粉碎后对大鼠免疫功能调节的作用影响,利用环磷酰胺构建大鼠免疫低下模型,将80只SD大鼠随机分为4组,即模型组、普通粉组、超微粉组及空白对照组,每组20只。40 mg/kg环磷酰胺腹腔注射5 d制造免疫抑制大鼠模型,第6天开始给药,除空白组、模型组灌服生理盐水外,其他组给药5 g/kg。第7、14天采集血样及大鼠肝脏、脾脏、胸腺组织,测定免疫器官指数、白细胞数量、C3b受体花环形成率(C3b-R)、红细胞免疫复合物花环形成率(ICR)、吞噬百分率、吞噬指数等指标,实时荧光定量PCR检测肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素2(IL-2) mRNA转录水平,Western blotting法检测TNF-ɑ和IL-2蛋白表达水平。结果显示,模型组大鼠白细胞数量、体重、胸腺和脾脏免疫器官指数较空白对照组均显著降低(P0.05)。第14天时,超微粉组巨噬细胞吞噬百分率达到54.75%,吞噬指数为0.58;C3b-R为9.44%,显著高于普通粉组(8.97%)(P0.05),超微粉组ICR为6.09%,低于普通粉组(6.33%)(P0.05)。与普通粉组相比,第14天板蓝根超微粉组肝脏中TNF-α、IL-2 mRNA转录水平和蛋白水平的表达提高。综上所述,板蓝根超微粉和普通粉均可显著增强大鼠非特异性免疫功能,但超微粉效果优于普通粉。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.