Improving the assessment of the economic impact of parasitic diseases and of their control in production animals.

This paper reviews the ways in which the economic impact of parasitic diseases of production animals have been evaluated. It then discusses the shortfalls of such studies, as well as the opportunities for improving the quality of economic impact assessments and their value to decision makers in the future. The paper first identifies the impacts that are specific to parasitic diseases. It then goes on to review the abundant literature on estimating the total costs of diseases. The authors argue that this approach severely limits the opportunity for economic assessments to aid decisions in disease control and research. The paper then reviews the literature on studies of avoidable costs, before discussing ways in which economic impact assessments can be enhanced. These issues include greater emphasis on incorporating the lost productivity potential caused by parasitic diseases, greater emphasis on valuing actual rather than intended control measures, and greater emphasis on quantifying the productivity effects at the societal level, particularly in the developing world.     

Improving decision-making in complicated or rare cases—An approach towards Evidence-based Veterinary Medicine in small animal reproduction

The concepts of Evidence-based Veterinary Medicine (EBVM) provide a methodological and systematic approach to include the best evidence from research into clinical decision-making. These concepts include steps as the search and assessment of relevant research findings and consideration of individual aspects. In addition, owners and other persons involved in animal health care should be included in shared decision-making. Some breeders have good basic knowledge concerning breeding management and characteristics of diseases and concerning advantages and disadvantages of different therapeutic approaches, while others are notable to understand complex medical interrelations or emergency situations. All these aspects need to be addressed when communicating and discussing different diagnostic, prophylactic and therapeutic options. In special fields, such as small animal reproduction, veterinarians often see animals with rare diseases or complex conditions so that an application of standard therapies and well-established textbook recommendations is not possible. To learn more about cases too rare for successful systematic research, the case collection tool REPROCASES ( www.evssar.org/reprocases ) is now available. The aim of this project is to gather information from specialists on small animal reproduction in a multicentre approach. If you see rare or not well-investigated cases such as cystic ovarian diseases, cryptorchidism or others, you are more than welcome to share your findings via the database. Even if this approach cannot completely replace standardized clinical trials, the idea is to gather more information on effects, prognosis, side effects and long-term fertility for specific conditions.     

青海省甘草和麻黄等野生药用植物资源管理现状及对策

阐述了青海省甘草、麻黄等主要野生药用植物资源的基本情况及管理现状 ,对今后如何加强野生药用植物资源管理提出了几点对策 ,旨在引起全社会对野生药用植物资源保护及管理工作的重视     

以复杂性科学观念指导奶牛疾病防治与中西兽医药学结合

面对当前奶牛疾病防治的日益困难,虽然不乏众多新进展与新成果,而其临床防治却依旧是步履维艰；在用复杂性科学理论对其进行分析的基础上认为,其主要原因是传统科学“单因素线性分析”的简单化认识观念与方法不能适应临床疾病的复杂多变性特点,而转变科学观念,以复杂性科学理论为指导,加强其临床疾病复杂多变性特点和规律的认识与把握,也许才是突破其发展瓶颈的关键所在.其次,要实现奶牛疾病防治的复杂性科学转变,离不了中兽医药学辨证施治(状态分析与处理)在认识方法上的支撑与帮助；而奶牛疾病防治,有可能成为中西兽医药学结合发展的最重要用武之地之一.     

青海草坪业的发展概况及存在的主要问题

简述了草坪的社会功能和生态功能以及草坪业在国内的发展概况 ,提出了青海省草坪业发展中在草种选择、建植技术、质量标准及市场秩序等方面存在的主要问题     

Current vaccination strategies in puppies and kittens.

Motivation in writing this article stems from many things: a lack of time spent in the veterinary curriculum discussing vaccines, a growing concern(by the general public and the veterinary community) regarding adverse reactions associated with vaccines, and a desire to prevent a recurrence of preventable infectious diseases resulting from a fear-driven cessation of vaccine administration. The objectives of this article are to present a basic review of immunology as related to vaccines, to discuss general guidelines for pediatric vaccines in canine and feline patients,and to offer suggestions as to how we can most positively influence our patients' health from the first visit.     

试论青海发展草地生态畜牧业的意义和措施

针对青海草地畜牧业环境的严峻形势 ,探讨了发展生态畜牧业的意义和途径     

Diarrhea in growing-finishing swine.

Regardless of the etiology of an enteric disease in nursery age to finisher swine, making a prompt and accurate diagnosis is crucial. Eliciting a complete history, assessing clinical signs and pathology, and selecting and interpreting laboratory tests are essential components in achieving this. Early detection and diagnosis of enteric disease is particularly critical in the nursery through finisher phase because of economic impacts. Recurrent topics when discussing control and prevention of enteric diseases are reducing stress and improving pig comfort and reducing or eliminating exposure through sanitation and biosecurity. These are not new concepts; in fact, prior to the advent of antimicrobials, they were the mainstay of treatment of enteric diseases. With concern over the use of antimicrobials in food animal production increasing, exploiting disease ecology to control enteric diseases is increasing in importance. New vaccines and bacterins for postweaning swine enteric diseases are needed tools to exploit the pig's immune system. Recent advances in diagnostic capabilities allow an increase in understanding and exploitation of disease ecology.     

Management of mineral supplementation programs for cow-calf operations.

Wasting diseases, hair loss, depigmented hair, skin disorders, noninfectious abortion, diarrhea, loss of appetite, bone abnormalities, tetany, low fertility, and pica have all been attributed to dietary mineral deficiencies or excesses in beef cattle diets. When discussing the mineral nutrition of beef cattle, it is common to focus on readily observable problems such as these. It is a fact, however, that the probability of a particular beef operation ever encountering one of these classical symptoms of deficiency or excess is vanishingly small. Most economic losses associated with mineral nutrition stem from less obvious circumstances (ie, sub-clinical deficiencies or toxicities). Problems with animal health or performance are frequently the result of interaction between one or more minerals in the diet and not due to deficiency or excess per se. Even more likely to cause economic harm is a mineral supplementation program that is mismanaged or overpriced. This article will attempt to distinguish between facts and perceptions regarding mineral nutrition of beef cattle and to make suggestions on cost effective supplementation practices.     

禁抗后仔猪细菌性腹泻的临床诊断与防治

为了促进食品安全和养猪业的健康发展，禁止在饲料中使用促生长抗生素势在必行。随着我国的饲料禁抗相关法规的推行，饲料企业被严格禁止在饲料生产过程中加入抗生素，这也导致了猪场疾病尤其是肠道疾病的高发，而仔猪肠道发育未完全，免疫系统未发育成熟，更容易发生严重的腹泻甚至死亡。文章对几种常见的仔猪细菌性腹泻疾病进行了回顾，病原包括大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、魏氏梭菌，讨论了它们的临床症状与防控措施，为猪场在防控这些细菌性腹泻提供参考。     

氨基酸介导的TOR信号传导通路研究进展

TOR(target of rapamycin)是一种进化上十分保守的丝氨酸(Ser)/苏氨酸(Thr)蛋白激酶,可以感知营养状况、能量、生长因子等信号,进而调节细胞的生长、增殖和凋亡等生理进程.本文综述了TOR的上、下游信号传导通路及各种氨基酸对TOR信号传导通路的影响,为探讨氨基酸调控蛋白质合成的作用机制及建立精确...     

海南州低产草地的分布及开发利用

通过调查及资料，论述了海南州低产草地的分布、总量及构成，分析了低产草地的主要成因是过度放牧，牲畜长期超载，草地退化．沙化，加之滥垦草地、鼠虫危害、毒杂草剧增等诸多原因，通过分区论述低产草地的基本概况、低产原因，提出了各自的开发利用方向与关键措施。     

构建山羊传染性胸膜肺炎DNA疫苗的展望

20世纪90年代以来研究诞生的DNA疫苗以经济适用、制作简易、免疫高效及安全可靠为优点,已迅速成为动物疾病预防的研究重点,被称作"疫苗的第三次革命"。文章要概述了DNA疫苗的特点及国内外研究进展,并从山羊传染性胸膜肺炎病原抗原基因研究方面讨论了构建该病DNA疫苗的意义与重要性,对构建山羊传染性胸膜肺炎DNA疫苗作一展望。     

亚热带地区高尔夫球场草坪草的养护与管理--以昆明春城高尔夫湖畔度假村为例

随着改革开放的深入和人民群众生活水平的提高,高尔夫运动已逐步走入大众生活,以其阳光、健康、时尚、优雅而受到人们的钟情.高尔夫球场草坪草的养护与管理直接影响到该项运动在我国的发展,高质量的球场应当通过修剪、施肥、灌溉、杂草与病虫害的防治、覆土打孔、小面积草坪移植与修补等措施来养护与管理,研究以云南昆明春城高尔夫湖畔度假村为案例,探讨亚热带地区高尔夫球场养护管理技术,以期为我国高尔夫运动的发展提供理论支持.     

New approaches in vaccine development

In the last century, vaccines have been one of the most powerful tools for preventing infectious diseases. Smallpox has been eradicated and other diseases such as poliomyelitis or measles have been reduced to very low levels in many regions of the world. However, infectious diseases remain the leading cause of death worldwide. Thus, the development of vaccines to prevent diseases for which no vaccine currently exists such as AIDS or malaria as well as the improvement of efficacy and safety of existing vaccines remains a high priority. Achieving such ambitious goals in a near future will certainly require a strong modification of the methods that have been used so far to identify vaccine candidates. In particular, modern vaccinology could strongly benefit of the latest developments of molecular biology and immunology. Here, we will discuss some potential applications of the increasing knowledge of pathogen genomes as well as the immune system for the discovery of new antigenic targets and the development of new strategies of vaccination.     

Exclusion of infectious diseases from sheep and goat farms

It is important for practitioners and owners to be aware of the risk associated with an open herd. This article has discussed some of the infectious diseases that might be inadvertently introduced. Many others--including most exotic diseases and some that are regulated by governmental agencies, such as tuberculosis and brucellosis--have been omitted. It should be obvious that a simple health certificate is an inadequate guarantee of freedom from infections. Instead, producers should be prepared to invest both time and money in evaluating the health status of the herd of origin. Some of the diseases discussed, such as foot rot, cause tremendous financial losses. Others, such as pinkeye, can be easily "lived with." The point to be made is that producers should consider all these and other diseases and then make informed decisions based on the probable cost of these diseases if they became established in the herd.     

多媒体与外语语言教学探析

随着现代教育技术的不断发展,多媒体被引入了外语语言教学,它将计算机技术与语言教学结合起来,不但可以加强学生对外语语言类课程的理解,还能培养学生在实际语言应用环境中的实践能力。可以说,多媒体是连接学生语言知识和语言运用能力的一座桥梁。文中就多媒体环境下进行外语语言教学所具有的优势、应具备的条件以及存在的问题作了一些探讨。     

Disease threats to sheep associated with intensification of pastoral farming

Sheep farming in New Zealand is based on an outdoor grazing system with various systems of grazing management utilised depending on the type of farm and the time of year. In the current grazing systems, periods of high stocking density, sometimes combined with poor husbandry, contribute to infectious diseases such as abortion and salmonellosis.

Intensification such as housing or intensive stocking of ewes for lambing, or feedlot systems, are unlikely to become common in sheep production in New Zealand. However, should these be utilised on individual farms there is likely to be in an increase in diseases such as coccidiosis, bacterial diseases of lambs, cryptosporidiosis and mastitis. In any management system involving high stocking densities, careful husbandry is essential to minimise the transmission of infectious diseases.     

Recent developments in the epidemiology of virus diseases

There is continual variation in viral epidemics regarding clinical symptoms, duration and disappearance, and the emergence of new diseases. This can be observed in both human and animal diseases. This evolution of virus diseases is mainly related to three factors: aetiological agent, host and environment. As far as genetic alterations of the virus are concerned, two major mechanisms are involved: mutations such as recombination and reassortment; and selection for resistance or susceptibility. This review focuses on the epidemiology of newly emerged virus diseases in man and animals, such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, haemorraghic fevers, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, canine haemorraghic disease and respiratory syndrome in horses.     

疾病对奶牛繁殖性能的影响及其研究进展Ⅱ:生殖器官疾病

在过去几十年，随着奶牛育种和规模化饲养水平的快速发展，中国奶牛群单产水平大幅提高，但是奶牛，特别是高产奶牛繁殖性能呈现不断下降趋势，严重影响了奶牛养殖的盈利能力。繁殖性能的降低受多种因素影响，包括环境、畜群管理、遗传和各种疾病等。近年来，生殖器官疾病（也称繁殖疾病）降低奶牛生殖能力的情况越来越明显，其对奶牛繁殖的影响受到了越来越多的关注。文章简述了国内外生殖道疾病如子宫炎、子宫内膜炎、胎衣不下和卵巢疾病如卵巢囊肿、持久黄体等繁殖疾病发生情况。通过文献检索和数据比较，重点介绍了繁殖疾病对奶牛繁殖性能如空怀天数、产犊间隔、妊娠率、发情检出率、产后首次配种天数、配种指数等繁殖指标的影响和研究成果。同时，重点分析了繁殖疾病通过干扰生殖内分泌，损伤子宫内环境，导致卵巢功能异常影响奶牛繁殖性能的可能机制，并对奶牛繁殖疾病研究方向提出了展望，以期为改进中国规模牧场管理措施、减少繁殖疾病发生、提高奶牛群生产和生殖能力提供数据参考和理论支持。