不同水分吸附材料对象草青贮发酵品质及好氧稳定性的影响

象草收获时往往具有较高水分，单独青贮发酵品质不佳。为提高象草青贮品质，研究了不同水分吸附材料对象草青贮发酵品质和好氧稳定性的影响。处理设为对照、分别添加象草鲜重10%的米糠、小麦粉、干豆腐渣和麦麸。青贮60 d后分析发酵品质和好氧稳定性。结果表明：所有添加处理均比对照显著增加了青贮原材料的干物质（DM， P<0.01），降低了缓冲能（P<0.05）；青贮后，所有添加处理均显著提高了乳酸含量（P<0.01）。添加小麦粉显著增加了丁酸（0.81% DM）和氨态氮（NH₃-N， 14.40% TN）含量（P<0.05），而其他添加处理无显著影响（P>0.05），添加干豆腐渣的处理丁酸和氨态氮含量最低，分别只有0.04% DM和9.75% TN。添加小麦粉和干豆腐渣对青贮饲料好氧稳定性改善效果最佳。综合比较分析营养特性、青贮发酵品质和好氧稳定性，添加干豆腐渣的处理青贮效果最优。     

北京地区规模化牛场玉米青贮和TMR颗粒度评价及常规营养成分研究

针对我国粗饲料资源较差以及广泛存在的青贮铡切较长等现实问题,本研究旨在为制定适合于中国饲料资源条件的青贮以及不同生长和泌乳阶段奶牛的TMR分级标准提供基础数据。本试验对北京地区规模化奶牛场的玉米青贮和TMR样品进行颗粒度筛分和常规营养成分测定,并与美国宾州颗粒度分级筛（PSPS）的TMR颗粒度和日粮NDF推荐值进行比较。通过比对发现我国玉米青贮的饲料颗粒度普遍偏大,第一层筛网上的饲料比例远超过宾州筛3%～5%的推荐值。新产牛和高产牛TMR样品位于第一层筛网上的饲料比例绝大多数超过了8%,第二层筛网上的饲料比例比美国推荐值要低15%～25%,这可能是由于粗饲料（青贮和干草）颗粒度过长造成的。高产牛和新产牛日粮NDF含量处于35%～42%,基本上在美国宾州筛推荐的中低产奶牛日粮的NDF范围,这与我国的粗饲料资源有限、质量不高、粗饲料铡切长度有关。因而,我国牧场不能照搬美国宾州筛的TMR分级标准,而应根据我国粗饲料的国情,制订适合于中国饲料资源条件的青贮与不同生长和泌乳阶段奶牛的TMR分级标准。     

象草与玉米秸秆混合青贮效果的研究

为研究不同含水率条件下象草（Pennisetum purpureum）与玉米（Zea mays var.rugosa）秸秆混合青贮的效果,用含水率同为71.20%的象草与玉米秸秆调制了含水率为73.86%~73.10%的混合青贮（MC1青贮）,用含水率分别为59.30%与59.10%的象草与玉米秸秆调制了含水率为62.30%~60.91%的混合青贮（MC2青贮）,MC1和MC2青贮均设3种混合比例（象草与玉米秸秆质量比为80∶20、70∶30和60∶40）。每个处理重复3次,常温下贮存60 d,开封后评定青贮的品质。结果表明,所有青贮的品质优良;MC1和MC2青贮均随玉米秸秆比例的升高,乳酸含量极显著增加（P<0.01）,pH值极显著降低,水分、乙酸、氨态氮、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量极显著或显著减少,干物质回收率极显著提高;MC2青贮的品质优于MC1青贮。     

Decreasing the roughage:concentrate ratio of a diet to determine the critical roughage part for beef cattle.

The critical roughage part (CRP) of 2 diet types was determined in a cross-over design with 6 double-muscled and 6 normally conformed Belgian Blue bulls fitted with rumen cannulae. The roughage:concentrate ratio was lowered weekly until signs of a lack of physical structure were observed. For diet 1, consisting of maize silage and concentrates, the initial proportion of maize silage was 25% of DM but it decreased weekly with 5% units of DM. For the second diet, consisting of wheat straw and concentrate, 12% straw (DM basis) was provided during the first week and thereafter the proportion of straw decreased weekly with 3% units of DM. Several directly observable parameters (rumen pH, feed intake, bloat, faecal consistency) were evaluated weekly for each bull. Apart from these direct indicators of acidosis, also other parameters, whose results were only available after the end of the trial, were determined (volatile fatty acid profile, lactic acid concentration, chewing time). The roughage part between the part fed when signs of a lack of physical structure was first observed and the part that was fed the week before, was considered as the CRP. Most animals showed no acute signs of clinical acidosis (directly observable parameters) and finished the trial on a 100% concentrate diet. However, in sacco rumen DM-degradabilities of maize silage, grass silage and wheat grain was depressed considerably when low roughage diets were fed. Based on all observed parameters, the mean CRP was calculated to be 14.7% for diet 1 and 8.1% for diet 2. The beef type (double-muscled or not) had no influence on the CRP.     

纤维素酶和木聚糖酶对象草青贮发酵品质及体外消化率的影响

为探讨纤维素酶和木聚糖酶对象草（Pennisetum purpureum Schumach）青贮发酵品质与体外消化率的影响，试验设对照组（CK）、添加纤维素酶组（CE）、添加木聚糖酶组（XE）和组合添加酶组（CX，纤维素酶+木聚糖酶）。青贮7，30，60，90 d后开窖取样，测定相关指标。结果表明：与对照组相比，CE，XE和CX组显著提高了乳酸含量（P<0.05），降低了pH、氨态氮/总氮和干物质损失；添加酶处理组中性洗涤纤维（Neutral detergent fiber，NDF）、酸性洗涤纤维（Acid detergent fiber，ADF）、纤维素、半纤维素含量均低于对照，并且水溶性碳水化合物、葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖含量增加；体外发酵试验中，CE，XE和CX组青贮饲料干物质消化率、中性洗涤纤维消化率、酸性洗涤消化率和体外产气均显著高于CK（P<0.05），且CX组体外产气量最高，而CE与XE之间差异不显著。综上，添加纤维素酶、木聚糖酶提高了象草青贮发酵品质与体外消化率，组合添加酶效果更好。     

Gastric impaction and obstruction of the small intestine associated with persimmon phytobezoar in a horse

Signs of mild colic, intermittent lethargy, and weight loss of 6 weeks' duration in a 2-year-old Quarter Horse gelding were attributed to persimmon (Diospyros virginiana) phytobezoar formation. Diagnosis of the phytobezoar was facilitated by gastric endoscopy. Signs of gastrointestinal tract obstruction were associated with a large phytobezoar in the lumen of the stomach, gastric ulceration, and obstruction of the small intestine (as a consequence of fragmentation of the primary bezoar). Conservative treatment, using mineral oil and dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, was unsuccessful. A celiotomy was performed, and gastric impaction and partial obstruction of the small intestine associated with phytobezoar formation and fragmentation were identified. The horse made a complete recovery following removal of all phytobezoars. Persimmon phytobezoar should be considered in the fall and winter as a possible cause of lethargy, colic, and weight loss in horses allowed access to persimmon fruit.     

Effect of Silage Sugarcane Leaf Replacing Different Ratio of King Grass on Growth Performance,Nutrient Apparent Digestibility and Serum Biochemical Indices of Hainan Black Goats

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of silage sugarcane leaf replacing different ratio of King grass on growth performance,nutrient apparent digestibility and serum biochemical indices of Hainan Black goats.A total of 20 3-month-old Hainan Black goats with an average weight of (6.96±0.49) kg were selected (half male and hale female) and randomly divided into 5 groups with 4 replicates per group and 1 goat per replicate.The goats in the control group were fed the basal diet including concentrate and roughage,roughage was King grass.The goats in the groups 1 to 4 were fed with the equal concentrate,roughage (fresh King grass) was replaced with 25%,50%,75% and 100% silage sugarcane leaf,respectively.The pre-test period lasted for 5 days and the trial period lasted for 30 days.The results showed that compared with control group,the average feed intake of crude feed and average feed intake of total dry matter in group 3 were significantly increased (P< 0.05),there were no significant differences in the average daily gains,average feed intake of concentrate and F/G among all groups (P> 0.05).Compared with control group,the apparent digestibility of Ash and P in group 3 were significantly increased (P< 0.05),the apparent digestibility of Ash,NDF,ADF and Ca in group 4 were significantly increased (P< 0.05).No significant difference was showed between groups 3 and 4 (P> 0.05).There were no significant differences in serum biochemical indices among all groups (P> 0.05).In conclusion,silage sugarcane leaf replaced certain percentage of King grass in roughage could improve the growth performance and nutrient apparent digestibility to some extent,and had no bad effect on the serum biochemical indices of goats,the optimal proportion of silage sugarcane leaf in roughage was 75%.     

日粮中青贮甘蔗尾叶替代不同比例王草对海南黑山羊生长性能、养分表观消化率及血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究日粮中青贮甘蔗尾叶替代不同比例王草对海南黑山羊生长性能、养分表观消化率及血清生化指标的影响.选用20只平均体重(6.96±0.49)kg的3月龄海南黑山羊羔羊(公、母各半),随机分为5组,每组4个重复,每个重复1只羔羊.对照组饲喂基础日粮,基础日粮包括精饲料和粗饲料,粗饲料为王草;试验1~4组分别在粗饲料中以青贮甘蔗尾叶替代25%、50%、75%、100%王草.预试期5 d,正试期30 d.结果表明,与对照组相比,试验3组粗饲料干物质采食量和平均干物质日采食量显著升高(P< 0.05),各组间平均日增重、精饲料干物质采食量和料重比均无显著差异(P> 0.05);与对照组相比,试验3组粗灰分、磷表观消化率显著升高(P< 0.05),试验4组粗灰分、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、钙表观消化率显著升高(P< 0.05),试验3、4组间差异不显著(P> 0.05);各组间黑山羊血清生化指标均无显著差异(P> 0.05).综上所述,粗饲料中青贮甘蔗尾叶替代一定比例王草可在一定程度上改善黑山羊生长性能,提高养分表观消化率,且对其血清生化指标无不利影响,其中粗饲料中用青贮甘蔗尾叶替代75%王草时饲喂效果最佳.     

不同粗饲料对奶牛能量代谢的影响

本试验选择16头处于干奶期的健康荷斯坦奶牛,各试验牛体重、年龄、胎次相近,随机分成4组,每组4头。试验分为两期,一期饲喂基础日粮,二期以苜蓿、羊草、全株玉米青贮和干玉米秸秆各粗饲料替代30%基础日粮。考察不同粗饲料对奶牛能量代谢的影响。试验结果表明苜蓿的饲草相对饲用价值(RFV)值最高,一定程度上说明了苜蓿的营养价值最高,玉米青贮较玉米秸秆饲草相对饲用价值(RFV)值高,说明青贮改善了玉米秸秆的品质,提高其营养价值。     

象草若干生物学性状与产量的关系分析

为研究不同类型象草(Pennisetum purpureum Schum.)产量与形态特征之间的关系,以杂交狼尾草(Pennis-etum americanum×P.purpureum)为对照,于2007年对16个象草实生苗株系以及紫象草(114)进行研究,对产量、叶/茎比、株高、分蘖数、叶长、叶宽以及茎粗等生物学性状进行了分析。结果表明:所有调查性状品系间存在显著差异(P<0.05);株高、分蘖数与产量成极显著正相关(P<0.01);叶长、叶/茎比与产量成极显著负相关(P<0.01);通径分析认为株高、叶/茎比对产量的直接作用最大;根据产量、株高以及叶/茎比等生物学性状可将参试材料分为矮生多蘖、较高中蘖、较高少蘖以及高大少蘖共4种类型。     

谷氨酸渣对秦川肉牛常见饲料小肠消化率的影响

[目的]研究谷氨酸渣对秦川肉牛血液生化指标和小肠消化率(Idg)的影响。[方法]以3头装有瘤胃瘘管和小肠瘘管的秦川肉牛做为试验动物,试验共120 d。期间测定血液生化指标、6种粗饲料DM和CP的Idg。[结果]谷氨酸渣可提高碱性磷酸酶含量(P<0.05),对6种粗饲料DM和CP的Idg无显著影响(P>0.05),且IdgUDM均小于IdgUDP。[结论]综上,谷氨酸渣可以增强碱性磷酸酶的活性,但6种粗饲料的IdgUDM、IdgUDP无显著影响,且6种粗饲料的IdgUDM均小于IdgUDP。     

Simulation of genetic and environmental interaction of three tropical hair sheep breeds.

The Texas A&M Sheep Simulation Model was used to examine genetic-environmental interactions (GEI) among Brazilian Somali, Morada Nova, and Santa Ines breeds and type and level of feed supplement in northeast Brazil. Two sets of simulations were conducted to examine effects of different supplement quality (napier grass vs cunha legume) and quantity (napier grass only). The analyses indicated the benefits from supplementing lambs at weaning during the dry season and from supplementing lactating ewes at the beginning of lambing season when forage is scarce. The cunha legume was an effective supplement, but choosing between cunha legume and napier grass is an economic consideration. Increasing the amount of napier grass supplement per ewe from 200 g/d to 400 g/d resulted in a significant GEI (i.e., different levels of response such as lamb mortality rate, lamb weaning weight, and lambing rate for different breeds). The Brazilian Somali was the least responsive, whereas the Santa Ines was the most responsive to supplementation. It was concluded that the level of supplement should be higher for the Santa Ines and Morada Nova than for the Somali. The amount of supplement should be regulated so that it neither substitutes for nor lowers the utilization of the native caatinga forage. None of the breeds was simulated to be superior in all environments. Thus, considering the wide range of resources of individual farmers, any one of these breeds may be the preferred choice, depending on the individual set of production resources.     

Roughage intake of simmental,brown Swiss and Holstein Friesian cows fed rations with 0, 25 and 50% concentrates

Two short-term feeding trials (3 weeks on each treatment) using a total of 54 lactating cows in a 3 × 3 Latin square design were carried out to determine the ad libitum roughage intake of Simmental (SI), Brown Swiss (BS) and Holstein Friesian (HF) cows, respectively. The cows were fed rations with 0. 25 and 50% of dry matter (DM) as concentrates, the rest as roughage. The roughage consisted of 31.5% hay, 38.1% grass silage and 30.4% maize silage.SI, BS and HF cows consumed 10.7, 11.0 and 12.2 kg DM day⁻¹ roughage, equivalent to 87, 93 and 105 g kg^−0.75 bodyweight. For concentrate groups 0, 25 and 50%, roughage intake decreased from 12.8 to 11.7 and 9.4 kg DM day⁻¹. The substitution rate derived from linear regression was 0.36 kg DM kg⁻¹ DM. The milk yield was increased from 14.1 to 16.7 and 19.7 kg by feeding concentrates, while milk protein concentration increased from 3.0 to 3.2 and 3.4% and milk fat concentration decreased from 4.3 to 4.2 and 4.1%.The regressions of forage intake (kg DM) on milk yield (kg energy-standardized milk (ESM)) showed big differences between breeds, but also between concentrate levels. The regression slopes were 0.04, 0.23 and 0.28 for SI, BS and HF cows.     

纤维素酶对象草玉米秸秆混合青贮品质的影响

为探明纤维素酶（cellulase,CEL）对象草（Pennisetum purpureum Schum）和甜玉米（Zeamays L．var．rugosa Bona f．）秸秆混合青贮品质的影响。在象草：玉米秸秆为70：30（鲜样质量比）的混合原料中添加CEL进行青贮调制,添加水平分别为0％（对照）、0．001％（1U／g）、0．005％（5U／g）和0．025％（25U／g）。每个处理设3次重复。在常温条件下贮存60d,开封后测定青贮的pH、乳酸、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸,氨态氮等。结果表明,CEL能极显著减少青贮的中性洗涤纤维和半纤维素含量（P〈0．01）,极显著增加乳酸含量（P〈0．01）。在4个处理组中,0．005％CEL组干物质和干物质回收率最高,并且该处理组的pH、乙酸、氨态氮和酸性洗涤纤维极显著（P〈0．01）低于其他处理组,乳酸和可溶性碳水化合物极显著（P〈0．01）高于其他处理组。上述结果表明,添加0．005％CEL的处理效果最佳。     

中国青贮玉米中霉菌毒素的污染情况分析与动物健康风险评估

为了探明中国青贮玉米霉菌毒素的污染状况,评价霉菌毒素对动物健康的风险隐患,分别在东北地区(黑龙江)、西北地区(内蒙古、山西)、黄淮海地区(河南、河北)、华中地区(江苏)、西南地区(贵州、四川)和西藏地区9省(自治区)28县主要生产基地采集全株玉米(90份)和青贮玉米样品(161份),共计251份,基于固相分散萃取-液相色谱串联质谱法,测定样品中黄曲霉毒素(AFs)、呕吐毒素(DON)、伏马毒素(FB)、玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)等12种霉菌毒素含量,并利用暴露评估进行动物健康风险评估。结果表明:①参照中国饲料卫生标准,测定样品ZEN超标率为1.19%。当青贮玉米作为泌乳期奶牛饲粮的主要粗饲料时,参照美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)和欧洲食品安全局(EC)饲料安全标准,FB(FDA)和AFs(EC)的超标率分别为23.90%和13.94%。②全株玉米在青贮前和青贮后,霉菌毒素含量变化差异不显著(P>0.05)。③在黄淮海、华中和西南地区,青贮玉米霉菌毒素检出种类和含量相对较高,而在西藏地区含量相对较低。④当动物食用被霉菌毒素污染的青贮玉米时,动物的健康风险排序为:羔羊>犊牛>奶牛;在羔羊中,霉菌毒素的风险排序为:AFs>ZEN>DON>FB。综上所述,中国青贮玉米中霉菌毒素的超标率较低,污染情况相对严重的地区是黄淮海、华中和西南地区。在这些地区,如果青贮玉米作为泌乳期奶牛饲粮中主要粗饲料时,AFs和FB的超标风险较高;如果青贮玉米作为羔羊和犊牛饲粮中主要粗饲料时,AFs污染可能引起动物健康风险。     

Jejunojejunal intussusception associated with a transmural adenocarcinoma in an aged cow

After 3 days of intestinal obstruction, a proximal jejunojejunal intussusception was resected during surgery in an adult Holstein cow. A transmural adenocarcinoma was found at the proximal margin of the intussusception. The cow recovered well from surgery and produced milk and embryos to expectation. During the seventh month after surgery, the cow developed pneumonia and, therefore, was euthanatized. Disseminated abdominal and thoracic neoplasia was observed at necropsy.     

Comparison of fattening performance in Brahman grade cattle (Bos indicus) and crossbred water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) fed on high roughage diet

The objective of this study was to compare the fattening performance in Brahman grade cattle (crossbred cattle) and crossbred water buffalo at the same young age and fed with high roughage based fattening rations in the Philippines. Ten crossbred cattle and 10 crossbred water buffalo, aged between 18 and 24 months old were used in this experiment. The animals were fed diets consisting of 85% Napier or Para grass and 15% concentrate mixture (CM) on a dry matter (DM) basis. The grass, total DM intake and bodyweight gain were significantly (P < 0.01) higher for the crossbred water buffalo than for the cattle. There was no species significant difference in the digestion coefficient and feed conversion rate between the crossbred cattle and water buffalo. The return over feed cost for fattening was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the crossbred water buffalo than in the cattle. These results clearly indicate that under high roughage‐based fattening rations, young crossbred water buffalo are better able to utilize the roughage and they perform better in terms of feed intake and live weight gains than the crossbred cattle in the Philippines.     

Right flank laparotomy and abomasotomy for removal of a phytobezoar in a standing cow

A 4.5-year-old Holstein-Friesian cow underwent surgery because of left abomasal displacement. Intra-operative palpation of the pyloric region revealed a phytobezoar. The abomasum containing the phytobezoar was exteriorized, and an incision was made directly over the mass in the region of the greater curvature of the pyloric part of the abomasum.     

Heat production, eating behavior and milk yield of lactating cows fed two rations differing in roughage content and digestibility under heat load conditions

The objective of this study was to measure the effect of feeding two total mixed rations (TMRs), differing in their roughage content and in vitro dry matter digestibility, on the respiratory rate, body temperature, eating behavior and energy balance of lactating cows. The partitioning of metabolizable energy intake (MEI) between heat production (HP) and retained energy (RE) of cows held under heat load conditions was measured. Forty-two lactating cows were divided into two similar sub-groups, each of 21 animals, and were fed either a control (CON) ration containing 18% roughage neutral detergent fiber (NDF) or an experimental (EXP) TMR that contained 12% roughage NDF and used soy hulls as partial wheat silage replacer. The in vitro DM digestibility of the CON and EXP TMRs was 75.3 and 78.6%, respectively (P < 0.05). The EXP diet reduced rectal temperature and respiratory rate of the cows while increasing their number of meals per day by 32.7% as compared with the CON fed cows, and these meals were shorter in duration and were eaten faster. The EXP diet increased total DM intake from 19.6 to 21.5 kg/cow/d, milk yield from 32.3 to 34.6 kg, and yield of energy corrected milk from 30.9 to 32.2 kg, as compared with the CON group. Cows fed the EXP TMR had increased RE in milk and body tissue, as compared with the CON group, but the diets had no effect on the measured HP that was maintained similar (121 vs. 127 MJ/cow/d) in the two groups. The measured MEI (MEI = RE + HP) and the efficiency of MEI utilization for RE production, were similar in the two dietary groups.     

Effect of dietary choline on volatile fatty acids in rumen liquid of sheep and rumen dry matter degradability of untreated and ammonia-treated wheat straw

Three rumen fistulated wethers consumed a roughage (1200 g artificially dried grass) or a concentrate/roughage diet (600 g concentrate, 400 g dried grass per animal and day). The diets were unsupplemented or 0.5, 1 or 2 g choline per animal and day were added. After a 14-day feeding period, samples of rumen liquid were taken 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 h after morning feeding. In a second experiment, untreated and ammonia-treated wheat straw were incubated in nylon bags for 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h in rumen of 5 sheep fed on 1.2 kg dried grass and without or with 1 g choline per day. Choline supplementation decreased the total concentration of volatile fatty acids in rumen liquid in both types of diet (roughage: 106, 83, 89 and 87; concentrate/roughage: 142, 114, 91 and 106 mmol/l for 0, 0.5, 1 and 2 g choline per day resp.). Concentration of acetate and branched chain fatty acids in both diets and butyrate in concentrate/roughage diet was reduced as total acids. Butyrate in roughage diet was increased by added choline. Molar propionate concentration was not significantly influenced by choline (P greater than 0.05). Choline resulted in a little increase (P greater than 0.05) of dry matter degradability in rumen, especially when NH3-treated straw was incubated. The effect of choline on milk fat production of cows fed with diets rich in concentrate is probably not related to changes in rumen fermentation and digestion.