基于SSR标记的油橄榄主要栽培品种子代父本分析

[目的]对我国甘肃武都油橄榄品种园主要栽培品种子代进行父本分析,鉴定真实父本,探讨品种亲和性,为品种园授粉品种的选择提供科学依据。[方法]以武都油橄榄品种园114份种质为候选父本,基于14对SSR荧光标记,利用Cervus 3.0软件检测亲本分析相关参数,对‘城固32’、‘豆果’、‘贺吉布兰克’和‘皮瓜尔’4个主要栽培品种子代进行真实父本鉴定。[结果]14个SSR位点多态性高,累积排除概率随位点数增加而增大。对于单亲已知类非父排除概率(NE-2P),14个位点的累积排除概率高达0.999。通过比较子代、母本和候选父本的基因型,计算出每个候选父本的似然对数比,即LOD值,对油橄榄4个品种部分子代真实父本进行鉴定,其中‘城固32’和‘皮瓜尔’子代的主要父本为‘豆果’,‘豆果’和‘贺吉布兰克’子代的主要父本为‘小苹果’。[结论]所选高多态性和高累积排除概率的SSR位点适用于对油橄榄品种子代进行父本分析,为4个品种部分子代鉴定出真实父本,其中仅‘城固32’具有一定的自交亲和性,这为品种建园时授粉品种的选择和配置提供重要依据。     

6个油橄榄品种的花粉特性

为给油橄榄花而不实、坐果率低等问题的解决提供理论依据,以‘城固’‘鄂植’‘莱星’‘皮削利’‘中山’‘佛奥’这6个油橄榄品种为研究材料,对其花粉特性及花粉萌发情况进行了研究。结果表明:6个品种花粉均为长圆形,其纵横径均在150~260μm之间,‘城固’的纵径最小,‘佛奥’的横径最小;‘鄂植’‘莱星’‘中山’‘佛奥’的花粉量均在110 000个/单花左右,‘城固’与‘皮削利’的花粉量均在80 000个/单花左右;6个品种的花粉畸形率均在5%~15%之间,品种间的差异不显著;‘莱星’‘皮削利’‘鄂植’‘佛奥’的花粉生活力均在85%以上,‘莱星’‘鄂植’‘佛奥’‘中山’4个品种在采后24 h内的花粉生活力均大于60%;6个品种的花粉萌发率均在20%~50%之间。     

甘肃油橄榄主要栽培品种结实能力的测定

对甘肃油橄榄主要栽培品种进行了结实能力的测定,结果表明:在陇南油橄榄自孕结实能力为佛奥>莱星>城固32>九峰6号>鄂植8号>皮削利>钟山24>戈达尔>阿斯>配多灵>皮瓜尔;自由授粉结实能力为莱星>皮削利>佛奥>城固32>九峰6号>鄂植8号>戈达尔>配多灵>阿斯>钟山24>皮瓜尔;在使用混合花粉测定结实能力时,参试的5个品种结实能力强弱依次为莱星>皮削利>鄂植8号>九峰6号>城固32。     

甘肃陇南油橄榄主栽品种的最适授粉配置选择研究

对甘肃陇南的莱星、皮削利、城固32、九峰6号、鄂植8号5个油橄榄主栽品种的最适授粉配置选择进行了系列性的研究。经观测此5个油橄榄主栽品种的花期基本一致,均有1天或1天以上的盛花可配期,能保证品种间充分授粉的需要。3种不同授粉方式的试验结果表明,以人工异花授粉的油橄榄植株坐果率为高。在此两项观测试验的前提下,对主栽的5个油橄榄品种所进行的全双列杂交试验结果表明:皮削利和九峰6号、莱星和鄂植8号2个组合,正反交的植株坐果率均高,可互为授粉品种;莱星宜作皮削利的授粉品种,而皮削利不宜作为莱星的授粉品种;莱星和九峰6号、城固32和皮削利这2个组合,品种间的花粉亲和力低,不适宜互作授粉配置。     

云南6个油橄榄主栽品种抗旱性评价

2010～2011年通过对云南省的6个油橄榄主栽品种皮瓜尔、软阿斯、佛奥、城固32、鄂植、科拉蒂在旱季末期和雨季末期叶片中的脯氨酸含量、相对电导率、束缚水/自由水、相对含水量和丙二醛含量5项生理指标进行测定,运用SPSS对测定结果进行数据分析,采用模糊隶属函数进行评价。结果表明,6个油橄榄主栽品种的抗旱性依次为皮瓜尔﹥城固32﹥佛奥﹥鄂植﹥科拉蒂﹥软阿斯,皮瓜尔是抗旱性最强的品种,其次是城固32,适宜在云南旱区推广种植。     

十堰市引种栽培油橄榄品种的叶片与果实表型性状分析

以十堰市引种栽培的6个不同油橄榄品种为研究对象,测定各品种的叶片及果实表型性状，采用方差分析比较不同油橄榄品种间的性状差异，采用Person相关分析研究各表型性状间的相关性，研究结果表明：不同油橄榄品种间的叶片及果实表型性状存在显著差异，‘皮削利’、‘鄂植-8号’和‘云台’果实较大，‘豆果’、‘阿尔波萨纳’与‘奇迹’果实较小；部分表型性状间相关性显著，可根据叶片性状初步筛选果肉率高的优良品种,为油橄榄品种鉴别及良种选育提供依据。     

慈溪盐碱地油橄榄引种试验初报

通过在浙江慈溪盐碱地进行9个油橄榄品种的引种试验,综合植株存活率及株高、地径等生长指标分析,结果表明:1年生‘豆果’‘佛奥’及3年生‘小苹果’‘豆果’品种受盐分胁迫毒害程度较其他品种轻,成活率较高,株高、地径生长上综合表现良好,可进一步结合生产性试验推广应用。     

龙泉山脉低山丘陵区—金堂县油橄榄引种栽植试验初报

金堂县淮口镇于2009年开始先后引进7个油橄榄品种进行栽培试验,试验通过设置标准样地进行物候期观测,表型性状比较,含油率及油脂成分分析;结果表明：各油橄榄品种花期主要集中在4月下旬,果实成熟集中为10月上旬,阿贝基纳成熟期稍稍晚—点为10月中旬;各品种表型性状差异大部分两两显著;鲜重含油率高低顺序依次为鄂植8号＞佛奥＞阿贝基纳＞皮削利＞皮瓜儿＞小苹果＞莱星;单果重依次为皮削利＞莱星＞鄂植8号＞小苹果＞佛奥＞皮瓜儿＞阿贝基纳;果肉占单果比重依次为小苹果、皮削利＞莱星＞鄂植8号＞皮瓜儿＞阿贝基纳＞佛奥;在引种的7个品种中,阿贝基纳表现出较好的适应性,佛奥和鄂植号次之.     

油橄榄不同品种果实性状及品质研究

通过对陇南市普遍栽培的8个油橄榄品种果实外部性状及品质进行测试分析.结果表明:不同油橄榄品种间果实外部性状存在显著差异;各性状中果形指数变异最小.8个品种中,可用作油用品种的有佛奥、皮削利、莱星、配多灵、鄂植8号,果用品种有阿斯.     

城固油橄榄中试园主栽和授粉品种花期、花型及可配性测定结果

<正> 油橄榄丰产栽培中间试验(陕西片) 1981年在城固县进行。建园初期,为选配中试园的主栽和授粉品种,用双列交配法测定了当地主要栽种的六个油橄榄品种(包括无性系,以下同) 间的授粉可配性。根据测交结果和以往的栽培经验,从优良和最优受粉组合中分别选择佛奥作为主栽品种,城固32、城固22为授粉品     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.